lucas read grammar book

2nd Semester Grammar Book

Lucas Read

Table of Contents

3: Conditional4: Irregulars5: Present6: Present perfect irregulars7: Past8: Subjunctive perfect9: Tanto y Tan10: Impersonal ‘se’11: Saber vs. Conocer12: Informal Commands13: Formal Commands14: Nosotros commands15: Subjunctive16: Irregulars17: Trigger phrases18: Demonstrative Adjectives

Conditional

• Used to express wonder, probability, conjecture, or possibilityUse when you use would: I would go

Infinitive + = Conditional

Same irregulars as the futureCan be used to make polite requests – Me gustaría

ía ía

ías íais

ía ían

Irregulars

• Caber Cabr• Poner Pondr• Decir Dir• Haber Habr• Salir Saldr• Hacer Har• Poder Podr• Tener Tendr• Querer Querr• Valer Valdr• Saber Sabr• Venir Vendr

Present Perfect

• The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb.– AR- ado– ER- ido– IR- ido

• True in past and still true in the present.

• Action was completed recently• To tell what you have done or have

not done.

He Hemos

Has Habeís

ha han

Irregulars

Abrir - abiertoCubrir - cubiertoDecir - dichoEscribir - escritoHacer - hechoMorir - murtoPooner - puestoResolver - resueltoRomper - rotoVer - vistoVolver - vueltoIr - ido

Past Perfect

• habíahabíashabíahabíamos + Verb = Past perfecthabíaishabían

• Use when you had/have done something in the past

• Remove (er, ir) and add ido• Remove (ar) and add ado

Subjunctive Perfect

• The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same clauses as the present subjunctive, and is normally used to indicate a completed action with verbs in the present or future tense.

• Use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle

Haya

Hayas

Haya

Hayamos + Participle

Hayan

Tanto y Tan• Tan… como (as…as)

• Tanto… como (as much/as many… as)

• Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs

• Tanto is used with nouns and verbs

• El es tan alto como yo.

• Ella tiene tanto amigos como yo.

Impersonal Se

• Se prohibe fumar• Se prohbio fumar.

• Use se to state when something is done in general (Smoking is prohibited.)

• When using 'se' the verb is always in the 3rd person.

• Can be used in ALL tenses.

Saber v Conocer

• Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works.

¿Conoces a Taylor Swift?

• Saber is used when you need to state facts

Yo sabo que Senora Linares es la mejor maestra en el mundo

Informal Commands

Affirmative: Conjugate to the usted form

Negative: Drop ending add opposite ending and 's'

+ Habla, Come, Escribe

- No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas

-- Comelo, No lo comas

--Di haz ve sé sal ten ven pon * add infinitive to end: venlo, tenla

Formal Commands

Affirmative: Yo form, opposite ending

Negative: Yo form opposite ending

if plural, add 'n'

Affirmative: Hablen, compre, escriba

Negative: No Hable, No compren, No escriba

– Hablelo, No la compren

– Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga, venga, ponga

Nosotros Commands

• Simply add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation...

• Hablamos-> Hablemos

• Mono Verbs- When making the verb reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemosnos->Hablemonos

Subjunctive

• Represents attitudes, uncertain, will, hypothetical, influence, emotion, or doubt.

• Put in ‘yo’ form, change to the opposite ending

• Que- connects to subjunctive• When there is no change in subject from

clause to clause, use the infinitive

Irregulars

• Car, Gar, Zar- formed same way as always

• Conducir, decir, oir- conduzca, diga, oiga• Dar-> dé, des, den, demos• Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos

Trigger Phrases

• Impersonal expressions- es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario que, etc. Express order, need, piece of advice, or desire.

• Expressions of emotion- alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que, temer que, etc. Shows fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity

• Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past. Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.

Demonstrative Adjectives

este (this) estaese (that) esaaquel (that over there) aquellaestos (these) estasesos (those) esasaquellos (those over there) aquellasMALE FEMALE