living by chemistry...living by chemistry second edition unit 1: alchemy matter, atomic structure,...

Living By Chemistry

SECOND EDITION

Unit 1: ALCHEMY

Matter, Atomic Structure, and Bonding

In this unit you will learn:

• what matter is composed of

• to use the language of chemistry

• to decode information contained in the

periodic table

• how new substances with new properties

are made

• what holds substances together

Lesson 1: Tools of the Trade

Lab Equipment and Safety

ChemCatalyst

List at least four tools or pieces of equipment

you think a chemist might use in a chemistry lab.

Key Question

What tools and equipment do chemists use?

You will be able to:

• recognize common chemistry tools and

equipment that you will be using in the course

• find all the safety equipment in the laboratory

and understand its use

• understand the rules of safety in the chemistry

laboratory

Discussion Notes

Safety Equipment:

fire blanket first aid kit

fire extinguisher aprons/lab coats

eye wash shower

safety goggles

Check-In

1. Sketch or describe these items.

2. Where are these items located in your

classroom?

graduated cylinder test tube rack

Erlenmeyer flask balance or scale

eye wash fire extinguisher

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Lesson 2

Living By Chemistry

SECOND EDITION

Unit 1: ALCHEMY

Matter, Atomic Structure, and Bonding

Lesson 2: A Penny for Your

Thoughts

Introduction to Chemistry

ChemCatalyst

Long ago, early scientists tried to turn ordinary

things into gold. This pursuit was called

alchemy, and the people who engaged in

alchemy were called alchemists.

Do you think these early scientists were

successful in turning things into gold? Explain

your thinking.

Key Question

What is chemistry?

You will be able to:

• observe a procedure and write observations

• define and formulate a hypothesis to explain

observed phenomena

• define chemistry and begin to describe what

chemists study

Prepare for the Demonstration

In this demo, you will observe a chemical

transformation firsthand.

Discussion Notes

To determine whether the new penny is gold, you

need to study its properties.

Property: A characteristic of a substance.

Physical Properties: color, hardness, size,

weight

Chemical Properties: how a substance reacts

Discussion Notes (cont.)

Chemistry: The study of substances, their properties, and how they can be transformed. The study of matter and how matter can be changed.

Discussion Notes (cont.)

Scientists use a systematic approach to solve

problems in science.

Hypothesis: A testable explanation for an

observation.

Wrap Up

What is chemistry?

• Chemistry is the study of what substances are

made of, how they behave, and how they can be

transformed. It is the study of matter and how

matter can be changed.

• A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an

observation.

• Scientists use a systematic approach to solving

problems in science.

Lesson 3

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Living By Chemistry

SECOND EDITION

Unit 1: ALCHEMY

Matter, Atomic Structure, and Bonding

Lesson 3: What’s the Matter?

Defining Matter

ChemCatalyst

Modern chemistry is defined as the study of

matter.

1. What do you think matter is?

2. Name two things that are matter and two

things that are not matter.

Key Question

What is matter?

You will be able to:

• define matter

• classify an item as matter or not matter

Prepare for the Activity

Work in groups.

Discussion Notes

The items that are clearly matter are all objects, or

things, that are tangible.

Energy and ideas are not matter, but they involve

matter.

Matter has some sort of dimension and substance

to it.

Discussion Notes (cont.)

A good definition should work 100% of the time.

Here are some textbook definitions of matter:

Matter: Anything that has substance and takes up

space.

Matter: Anything that has mass and volume.

Discussion Notes (cont.)

Energy is the ability to do work or make reactions

happen.

Wrap Up

What is matter?

• Matter is everything that has substance and takes

up space, or that has mass and volume.

• Ideas and energy are examples of things that are

not matter.

• Chemists study all kinds of matter.

Check-in

Which of the following can be classified as

matter?

a. a beam of sunlight b. an automobile

c. an idea d. your breath

e. rain f. sadness

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Lesson 4

.

Living By Chemistry

SECOND EDITION

Unit 1: ALCHEMY

Matter, Atomic Structure, and Bonding

Lesson 4: Mass Communication

Mass and Volume

ChemCatalyst

1. Which has more mass and weighs more, 5

kilograms of bricks or 5 kilograms of

feathers? Explain your thinking.

2. Would it hurt more to be hit with 5 pounds of

feathers or 5 pounds of bricks? Explain your

thinking.

Key Question

How do you determine the masses and volumes of

different substances?

You will be able to:

• measure mass using a balance

• measure the volume of regularly and irregularly

shaped objects

Prepare for the Lab

Work in groups of four.

Prepare for the Lab (cont.)

In this lab, you will be measuring volume with a

graduated cylinder.

To the nearest hundredth

of a milliliter, the volume of

liquid is 5.52 mL.

Discussion Notes

Mass is commonly measured in units of grams (g)

or kilograms (kg).

1 kg = 1000 g

Discussion Notes (cont.)

Volume is a measure of the amount of space occupied by something.

1000 mL = 1 L

Mass: A measure of the quantity of matter in an object.

Volume: The amount of space a sample of matter occupies.

1 mL = 1 cm3

Wrap Up

How do you determine the masses and volumes of

substances?

• Mass is a measure of the amount of substance.

Mass can be measured using an electronic or

triple beam balance.

• Volume is the amount of space occupied by an

object. The volume of a liquid can be measured

in a graduated cylinder.

• Objects with similar volumes can have different

masses, and vice versa.

Check-In

A penny has a mass of 2.498 g.

a. What is the mass to the nearest tenth of a gram?

b. How would you determine the volume of a penny?

c. What is the difference between mass and volume?

d. Suppose you find that the golden penny has a mass of 2.6 g. If you compare it with the mass of this penny, what can you conclude?

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Lesson 5

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Living By Chemistry

Unit 1: ALCHEMY

Matter, Atomic Structure, and Bonding

Lesson 5: All That Glitters

Density

ChemCatalyst

In the year 250 B.C.E., King Hiero commissioned

a goldsmith to make him a crown out of pure

gold. However, when he received the crown, he

suspected that the goldsmith had taken some of

the gold and replaced it with a cheaper metal,

even though it still weighed the same. He asked

Archimedes to determine whether the crown was

solid gold.

How do you think Archimedes determined

whether the crown was solid gold?

Key Question

How can you use mass and volume to determine

the identity of a substance?

You will be able to:

• define density as the amount of mass in a

certain space, or mass per unit volume

• solve problems for density, mass, or volume

using the equation D = m/V

• explain how and why density can be used to

identify a substance.

Prepare for the Lab

Work in pairs.

Discussion Notes

Extensive property: A characteristic that is

specific to the amount of matter.

Intensive property: A characteristic that does not

depend on the size or the amount of matter.

Density: The mass of a substance per unit volume.

D = m/V, where D is density, m is mass, and V is

volume. Density is usually reported in g/cm3 or

g/mL.

Discussion Notes (cont.)

Common materials and their densities.

Material Density Material Density

zinc 7.1 g/cm3 gold 19.3 g/cm3

paper 0.9 g/cm3 brass 8.4 g/cm3

water 1.0 g/mL copper 9.0 g/cm3

aluminum 2.7 g/cm3 lead 11.4 g/cm3

Wrap Up

How can you use mass and volume to determine the

identity of a substance?

• One substance can be distinguished from

another by examining its intensive physical

properties, such as density.

• Density is a measure of the mass per unit

volume of a substance.

• The density of any given substance is always the

same (as long as the temperature remains

constant).

Check-in

In 1999, the United States Mint produced a coin called the Golden Dollar. It features an image of Sacagawea, the famous Native American guide for Lewis and Clark. It has a mass of 9.8 g and volume of 1.1 mL.

Is this coin truly gold? Explain. (The density of gold is 19.3 g/mL.)

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