limonene. myrcene lycopene beta carotene caryophyllene
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LIMONENE
MYRCENE
LYCOPENE
BETA CAROTENE
CARYOPHYLLENE
GERANIOL
MENTHOL
ZINGIBERENE
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
MYRCENE
LYCOPENE
BETA CAROTENE
CARYOPHYLLENE
GERANIOL
MENTHOL
ZINGIBERENE
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
LYCOPENE
BETA CAROTENE
CARYOPHYLLENE
GERANIOL
MENTHOL
ZINGIBERENE
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
BETA CAROTENE
CARYOPHYLLENE
GERANIOL
MENTHOL
ZINGIBERENE
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
CARYOPHYLLENE
GERANIOL
MENTHOL
ZINGIBERENE
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
GERANIOL
MENTHOL
ZINGIBERENE
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
MENTHOL
ZINGIBERENE
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
ZINGIBERENE
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures
The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated
hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds
ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds
AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Physical Properties
The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water
Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
ALKENES
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Nomenclatureof
ALKENES
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond
(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
1 - propene
2 - butene
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
ethene
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3
CH21
234
2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
3HC2HC CH ndash C H36
5 4 3
2 1
5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene
7
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3
3HC CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene
CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2
3HC
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3
12 345678
35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
CYCLOPROPENE
1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene
14 ndash cyclohexadiene
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
CH2CH3
CH3Br
Br
Br
Cl
F
F
3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene
124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene
1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Physical Properties The physical properties of
alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS
The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable
compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds
A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Reactions
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond
In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Types of Addition Reaction
Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
General Formula of
Halogenation Reaction
Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl
ethene 12 - dichloroethane
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Mechanism
CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr
F ndash F
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
F F
12 - difluoropropane
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Industrial Application
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction
wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
General Formula of
Hydrogenation Reaction
Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr
AlkanePtNi
Example
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr
PtNi
CH3 ndash CH3
ethene ethane
H ndash H
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2
-----------------rarrPt
H ndash H
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3
PROPANE
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Industrial Application
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
General Formula of
HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane
Example
CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl
ethene 1 - chloroethane
H ndash Cl
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Mechanism
CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr
CH2 ndash CH2
Cl H
ethene
1 - chloroethane
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE
SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the
double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Vladimir Markovnikov
Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St
Petersburg Director of the Chemistry
Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for
predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Actual Reaction
CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +
CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H ndash Br ---------------rarr
Br H
1 - bromopropane
or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3
H Br
2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3
10 90
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2
Cl H 2 - chlorobutane
90
1
234
1234
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Industrial Application
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
General Formula of
HYDRATION REACTION
Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4
Alcohol
Example
CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH
ethene ethyl alcohol
H2SO4
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr
CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2
1 - propene
OH H
2 - propanol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
H2SO4
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Industrial Application
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT
PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the
single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Addition Polymerization
A reaction in which monomer units are joined
together to form a polymer without
loss of atoms
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived
single part (mono + meros)
The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses
CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials
CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers
CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing
CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran
food packaging
CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates
CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon
nonstick coatings
CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials
CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint
CH2 CCO2CH3
CH3
Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer
Many part (poly + meros)
A very large molecule made up of repeating units
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A
polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions
COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules
Example
In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2
Alkyl radical
TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3
60degC20atm
NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Step 2 Chain Propagation
Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer
Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on
Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed
The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2
Chain length
radical monomer
Example
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Step 3 Chain Termination
The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons
Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~
--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~
Example
Polymer (Polyethylene)
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches
1
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
Low Density Polyethylene
Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
PP Polypropylene
Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
PS Polystyrene
Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
OTHER
All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
- UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
- 3 family
- Physical Properties
- ALKENES
- Nomenclature of ALKENES
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
- Slide 19
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
- Slide 21
- RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Physical Properties (2)
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions
- Addition Reaction
- Types of Addition Reaction
- Halogenation
- General Formula of
- Mechanism
- Industrial Application
- Hydrogenation
- General Formula of (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Industrial Application (2)
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- HYDROHALOGENATION
- General Formula of (3)
- Mechanism (3)
- Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
- Markovnikov lsquos Rule
- Vladimir Markovnikov
- Actual Reaction
- Examples
- Industrial Application (3)
- HYDRATION
- General Formula of (4)
- Mechanism (4)
- Industrial Application (4)
- POLYMERIZATION
- POLYMERIZATION (2)
- Addition Polymerization
- MONOMER
- Slide 59
- POLYMER
- 2 Types of Polymer
- 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
- Step 2 Chain Propagation
- Slide 64
- Step 3 Chain Termination
- Slide 66
- PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
- Slide 68
- HDPE High Density Polyethylene
- Slide 70
- PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
- Slide 72
- Low Density Polyethylene
- Slide 74
- PP Polypropylene
- Slide 76
- PS Polystyrene
- Slide 78
- OTHER
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
-
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