LIMONENE

MYRCENE

LYCOPENE

MYRCENE

LYCOPENE

LYCOPENE

BETA CAROTENE

CARYOPHYLLENE

GERANIOL

MENTHOL

MENTHOL

ZINGIBERENE

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON

Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures

The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE

3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated

hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds

ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds

AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure

Physical Properties

The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water

Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON

Contain one or more carbon ndash carbon double triple bonds and benzene ring in their structures

The term ldquo UNSATURATION ldquo shows that there are fewer hydrogens attached to carbon than in ALKANE

3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated

hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds

ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds

AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure

Physical Properties

The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water

Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols

3 family ALKENE ndash An unsaturated

hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon double bonds

ALKYNES ndash An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon ndash carbon triple bonds

AROMATIC ndash Organic compounds that contains the characteristics of benzene amp benzene ring in its structure

Physical Properties

The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water

Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols

Physical Properties

The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds They are very slightly soluble in water

Except for aromatic compounds unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds Typical reagents added are hydrogen halides water sulfuric acid elemental halogens and alcohols

ALKENES

Nomenclatureof

ALKENES

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond

(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )

1 - propene

2 - butene

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

ethene

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3

CH21

234

2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3

3HC2HC CH ndash C H36

5 4 3

2 1

5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene

7

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3

3HC CH3 CH3

1 2 3 4 5

234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene

CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2

3HC

CH3CH2

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

12 345678

35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

Nomenclatureof

ALKENES

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond

(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )

1 - propene

2 - butene

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

ethene

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3

CH21

234

2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3

3HC2HC CH ndash C H36

5 4 3

2 1

5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene

7

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3

3HC CH3 CH3

1 2 3 4 5

234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene

CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2

3HC

CH3CH2

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

12 345678

35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 1 Number the carbon chain to give the lowest number to the double bond

(be sure to use the longest carbon chain containing the double bond for the parent chain )

1 - propene

2 - butene

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

ethene

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3

CH21

234

2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3

3HC2HC CH ndash C H36

5 4 3

2 1

5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene

7

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3

3HC CH3 CH3

1 2 3 4 5

234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene

CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2

3HC

CH3CH2

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

12 345678

35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

1 - propene

2 - butene

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

ethene

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3

CH21

234

2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3

3HC2HC CH ndash C H36

5 4 3

2 1

5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene

7

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3

3HC CH3 CH3

1 2 3 4 5

234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene

CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2

3HC

CH3CH2

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

12 345678

35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH3

CH21

234

2 ndash ethyl ndash 1 ndash butene

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2 ndash C ndash CH2 ndash CH2 ndash CH3

3HC2HC CH ndash C H36

5 4 3

2 1

5 ndash methyl ndash 3 ndash propyl ndash 2 ndash heptene

7

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3

3HC CH3 CH3

1 2 3 4 5

234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene

CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2

3HC

CH3CH2

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

12 345678

35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 2 If there are multiple double bonds in a structure we use the prefixes such as di tri tetra penta and so onhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3

3HC CH3 CH3

1 2 3 4 5

234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene

CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2

3HC

CH3CH2

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

12 345678

35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

CH2 C ndash C C ndash CH3

3HC CH3 CH3

1 2 3 4 5

234 ndash trimethyl ndash 13 ndash pentadiene

CH2 C ndash CH2 ndash C C ndash CH ndash C CH2

3HC

CH3CH2

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

12 345678

35 ndash diethyl ndash 247 ndash trimethyl ndash 147 ndash octatriene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 3 If an ALKENE is a ring structure place the prefix ldquocyclordquo in front of the ALKENE name

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

CYCLOPROPENE

1357 ndash cyclooctatetraene

14 ndash cyclohexadiene

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

RULES ON NAMING ALKENES

RULE 4 If CYCLOALKENE has a side groups or chain the double bond is numbered as carbon 1 amp 2 in the direction around the ring that gives the lowest numbers to the first branchhelliphellip

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

CH2CH3

CH3Br

Br

Br

Cl

F

F

3 ndash ethyl ndash 4 ndash methyl ndash 1 ndash cyclobutene

124 ndash tribromo ndash 14 ndash cyclohexadiene

1 ndash chloro ndash 33 ndash difluoro ndash 1 - cyclopropene

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

Physical Properties The physical properties of

alkenes are comparable with ALKANES The PHYSICAL STATE depends on MOLECULAR MASS

The simplest alkenes ethylene propylene and butylene are gases

Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids and higher alkenes are waxy solids

Chemical Properties Alkenes are relatively stable

compounds but are more reactive than alkanes This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes however as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds

A double bond is not as strong as a single bond so it is more easily broken This means that the alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes

Reactions

Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond

In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds

Types of Addition Reaction

Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization

Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product

General Formula of

Halogenation Reaction

Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl

ethene 12 - dichloroethane

Mechanism

CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr

F ndash F

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

F F

12 - difluoropropane

Industrial Application

Addition Reaction Is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound adds to a multiple bond

In the case of addition reaction take place in ALKENES one bond in the double bond is broken in order to form new bonds

Types of Addition Reaction

Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization

Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product

General Formula of

Halogenation Reaction

Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl

ethene 12 - dichloroethane

Mechanism

CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr

F ndash F

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

F F

12 - difluoropropane

Industrial Application

Types of Addition Reaction

Halogenation Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration Polymerization

Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product

General Formula of

Halogenation Reaction

Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl

ethene 12 - dichloroethane

Mechanism

CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr

F ndash F

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

F F

12 - difluoropropane

Industrial Application

Halogenation Is an addition reaction wherein unsaturated hydrocarbon specifically ALKENE reacts with halogens such as chlorine bromine fluorine and iodine that produce haloalkane as a product

General Formula of

Halogenation Reaction

Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl

ethene 12 - dichloroethane

Mechanism

CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr

F ndash F

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

F F

12 - difluoropropane

Industrial Application

General Formula of

Halogenation Reaction

Alkene + Halogen ------------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ------------rarr CH2Cl ndash CH2ClCl ndash Cl

ethene 12 - dichloroethane

Mechanism

CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr

F ndash F

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

F F

12 - difluoropropane

Industrial Application

Mechanism

CH3 ndash CH = CH2 + F2----------rarr

F ndash F

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

F F

12 - difluoropropane

Industrial Application

Industrial Application

Hydrogenation Is an addition reaction

wherein double bond adds hydrogen in the presence of transition metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) and nickel (Ni) that yield to saturated hydrocarbon as product

General Formula of

Hydrogenation Reaction

Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr

AlkanePtNi

Example

CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr

PtNi

CH3 ndash CH3

ethene ethane

H ndash H

MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2

-----------------rarrPt

H ndash H

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3

PROPANE

Industrial Application

HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product

General Formula of

HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl

ethene 1 - chloroethane

H ndash Cl

Mechanism

CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr

CH2 ndash CH2

Cl H

ethene

1 - chloroethane

Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE

SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

General Formula of

Hydrogenation Reaction

Alkene + Hydrogen ------------rarr

AlkanePtNi

Example

CH2 = CH2 + H2 ------------rarr

PtNi

CH3 ndash CH3

ethene ethane

H ndash H

MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2

-----------------rarrPt

H ndash H

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3

PROPANE

Industrial Application

HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product

General Formula of

HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl

ethene 1 - chloroethane

H ndash Cl

Mechanism

CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr

CH2 ndash CH2

Cl H

ethene

1 - chloroethane

Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE

SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H2

-----------------rarrPt

H ndash H

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH3

PROPANE

Industrial Application

HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product

General Formula of

HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl

ethene 1 - chloroethane

H ndash Cl

Mechanism

CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr

CH2 ndash CH2

Cl H

ethene

1 - chloroethane

Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE

SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

Industrial Application

HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product

General Formula of

HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl

ethene 1 - chloroethane

H ndash Cl

Mechanism

CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr

CH2 ndash CH2

Cl H

ethene

1 - chloroethane

Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE

SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

HYDROHALOGENATION Is an addition reaction wherein hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrogen bromide (HBr) hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) is added to unsaturated sites that yield to halogenated hydrocarbon as product

General Formula of

HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl

ethene 1 - chloroethane

H ndash Cl

Mechanism

CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr

CH2 ndash CH2

Cl H

ethene

1 - chloroethane

Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE

SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

General Formula of

HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

Alkene + Hydrogen Halides -----------rarr Haloalkane

Example

CH2 = CH2 + HCl -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2Cl

ethene 1 - chloroethane

H ndash Cl

Mechanism

CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr

CH2 ndash CH2

Cl H

ethene

1 - chloroethane

Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE

SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

Mechanism

CH2 = CH2 + H ndash Cl ----------------rarr

CH2 ndash CH2

Cl H

ethene

1 - chloroethane

Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE

SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION

2 TYPES OF ALKENE STRUCTURE

SYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having the same number of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

UNSYMMETRICAL ndash Is an ALKENE structure having different numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to both sides of the double bond

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

Markovnikov lsquos Rule ldquo the rich get richer ldquo If the two carbon atoms at the

double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms the halogen will attach at the carbon with least number of hydrogen and hydrogen will attach at the carbon with more hydrogen attached to it

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

Vladimir Markovnikov

Russian chemist College Professor University of Kazan in St

Petersburg Director of the Chemistry

Institute 1869 He gave rise to rule for

predicting wc product will be exclusively or predominantly formed

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

Actual Reaction

CH2 = CH ndash CH3 +

CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H ndash Br ---------------rarr

Br H

1 - bromopropane

or CH2 ndash CH ndash CH3

H Br

2 - bromopropane1 2 3 1 2 3

10 90

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

ExamplesCH3 ndash CH = CH ndash CH3 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH ndash CH3 H Cl 2 - chlorobutane

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash Cl -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH2 ndash CH ndash CH2

Cl H 2 - chlorobutane

90

1

234

1234

Industrial Application

Industrial Application

HYDRATIONIs an addition reaction in which the components of water H ndash and OH bond to the carbon ndash carbon double bond in the presence of strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid to form an alcohol

General Formula of

HYDRATION REACTION

Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4

Alcohol

Example

CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH

ethene ethyl alcohol

H2SO4

MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

1 - propene

OH H

2 - propanol

(Isopropyl alcohol)

H2SO4

Industrial Application

POLYMERIZATION

POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT

PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the

single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene

General Formula of

HYDRATION REACTION

Alkene + Water ------------rarrH2SO4

Alcohol

Example

CH2 = CH2+ H ndash O H -----------rarr CH3 ndash CH2OH

ethene ethyl alcohol

H2SO4

MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

1 - propene

OH H

2 - propanol

(Isopropyl alcohol)

H2SO4

Industrial Application

POLYMERIZATION

POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT

PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the

single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene

MechanismCH3 ndash CH = CH2 + H ndash OH -----------rarr

CH3 ndash CH ndash CH2

1 - propene

OH H

2 - propanol

(Isopropyl alcohol)

H2SO4

Industrial Application

POLYMERIZATION

POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT

PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the

single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene

Industrial Application

POLYMERIZATION

POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT

PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the

single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene

POLYMERIZATION

POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT

PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the

single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene

POLYMERIZATION A REACTION THAT

PRODUCES A POLYMERhelliphelliphellip Polymerization - Is the

single most important reaction of alkenes it is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene

Addition Polymerization

A reaction in which monomer units are joined

together to form a polymer without

loss of atoms

MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived

single part (mono + meros)

The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer

Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses

CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials

CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers

CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing

CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran

food packaging

CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates

CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon

nonstick coatings

CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials

CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint

CH2 CCO2CH3

CH3

Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute

POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer

Many part (poly + meros)

A very large molecule made up of repeating units

2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A

polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions

COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers

3 steps in POLYMERIZATION

Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules

Example

In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2

Alkyl radical

TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3

60degC20atm

NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)

Step 2 Chain Propagation

Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer

Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on

Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed

The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH

In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2

------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2

Chain length

radical monomer

Example

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

MONOMERFrom the Greek meaning single part a small building block from which a polymer is derived

single part (mono + meros)

The starting material that becomes the repeating units of polymer

Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses

CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials

CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers

CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing

CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran

food packaging

CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates

CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon

nonstick coatings

CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials

CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint

CH2 CCO2CH3

CH3

Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute

POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer

Many part (poly + meros)

A very large molecule made up of repeating units

2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A

polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions

COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers

3 steps in POLYMERIZATION

Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules

Example

In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2

Alkyl radical

TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3

60degC20atm

NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)

Step 2 Chain Propagation

Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer

Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on

Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed

The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH

In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2

------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2

Chain length

radical monomer

Example

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

Monomer Formula Common Name Polymer Name amp Common Uses

CH2 CH2 ethylene Polyethylene polythene containers amp packaging materials

CH2 CHCH3 propylene Polypropylene herculon textile and carpet fibers

CH2 CHCl Vinyl chloride Poly (vinyl chloride) PVC construction tubing

CH2 CCl211 dichloroethylene Poly (11 ndash dichloroethylene) Saran

food packaging

CH2 CHCN acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile Orlon acrylics and acrylates

CF2 CF2Tetrafluoroethylene Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon

nonstick coatings

CH2 CHC6H5 styrene Polystyrene Stryrofoam insulating materials

CH2 CHCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl acrylate Poly (ethyl acrylate) latex paint

CH2 CCO2CH3

CH3

Methy methacrylate Poly (methyl methacrylate) Lucite Plexiglass glass substitute

POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer

Many part (poly + meros)

A very large molecule made up of repeating units

2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A

polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions

COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers

3 steps in POLYMERIZATION

Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules

Example

In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2

Alkyl radical

TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3

60degC20atm

NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)

Step 2 Chain Propagation

Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer

Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on

Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed

The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH

In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2

------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2

Chain length

radical monomer

Example

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

POLYMER From Greek meaning many parts a large molecule built up from bonding together of smaller units called monomer

Many part (poly + meros)

A very large molecule made up of repeating units

2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A

polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions

COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers

3 steps in POLYMERIZATION

Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules

Example

In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2

Alkyl radical

TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3

60degC20atm

NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)

Step 2 Chain Propagation

Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer

Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on

Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed

The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH

In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2

------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2

Chain length

radical monomer

Example

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

2 Types of Polymer ADDITION POLYMER ndash A

polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions

COPOLYMER ndash An addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers

3 steps in POLYMERIZATION

Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules

Example

In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2

Alkyl radical

TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3

60degC20atm

NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)

Step 2 Chain Propagation

Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer

Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on

Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed

The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH

In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2

------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2

Chain length

radical monomer

Example

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

3 steps in POLYMERIZATION

Step 1 Chain Initiation ndash formation of radicals from non ndash radical molecules

Example

In + CH2 CH2------rarr In ndash CH2 ndash CH2

Alkyl radical

TiCl3Al(CH2 ndash CH3)3

60degC20atm

NOTE LDPE (500degC1000 atm amp Peroxides catalyst)

Step 2 Chain Propagation

Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer

Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on

Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed

The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH

In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2

------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2

Chain length

radical monomer

Example

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

Step 2 Chain Propagation

Is a reaction of a radical and a molecule of monomer

Propagation steps generally repeat over and over (propagate) with the radical formed in one step reacting with a monomer to produce a new radical and so on

Chain propagation steps can continue until all starting materials are consumed

The number of times a cycle of chain propagation steps repeats is called CHAIN LENGTH

In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2

------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2

Chain length

radical monomer

Example

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

In ndash CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2

------rarr In ndash CH2CH2CH2CH2

Chain length

radical monomer

Example

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

Step 3 Chain Termination

The characteristic feature of a chain termination step is coupling of radicals to form a compound with an even number of electrons

Note polymerization of ethylene chain lengthening reaction occur at a very rapid rate often as fast as thousand of addition per second depending on the experimental conditions

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

~ CH2CH2 + CH2CH2 ~

--------rarr ~ CH2CH2 ndash CH2 CH2 ~

Example

Polymer (Polyethylene)

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

Two-liter beverage bottles mouthwash bottles boil-in-bag pouches

1

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

Milk jugs trash bags detergent bottles

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

Cooking oil bottles packaging around meat pipes plastic tiles

Low Density Polyethylene

Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags

PP Polypropylene

Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers

PS Polystyrene

Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases

OTHER

All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic

Low Density Polyethylene

Grocery bags produce bags food wrap bread bags

PP Polypropylene

Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers

PS Polystyrene

Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases

OTHER

All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic

PP Polypropylene

Yogurt containers shampoo bottles straws margarine tubs diapers

PS Polystyrene

Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases

OTHER

All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic

PS Polystyrene

Hot beverage cups take-home boxes egg cartons meat trays cd cases

OTHER

All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic

OTHER

All other types of plastics or packaging made from more than one type of plastic

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON
• UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON (2)
• 3 family
• Physical Properties
• ALKENES
• Nomenclature of ALKENES
• RULES ON NAMING ALKENES
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (2)
• Slide 19
• RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (3)
• Slide 21
• RULES ON NAMING ALKENES (4)
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Physical Properties (2)
• Chemical Properties
• Reactions
• Addition Reaction
• Types of Addition Reaction
• Halogenation
• General Formula of
• Mechanism
• Industrial Application
• Hydrogenation
• General Formula of (2)
• Mechanism (2)
• Industrial Application (2)
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• HYDROHALOGENATION
• General Formula of (3)
• Mechanism (3)
• Conditions under HYDROHALOGENATION REACTION
• Markovnikov lsquos Rule
• Vladimir Markovnikov
• Actual Reaction
• Examples
• Industrial Application (3)
• HYDRATION
• General Formula of (4)
• Mechanism (4)
• Industrial Application (4)
• POLYMERIZATION
• POLYMERIZATION (2)
• Addition Polymerization
• MONOMER
• Slide 59
• POLYMER
• 2 Types of Polymer
• 3 steps in POLYMERIZATION
• Step 2 Chain Propagation
• Slide 64
• Step 3 Chain Termination
• Slide 66
• PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
• Slide 68
• HDPE High Density Polyethylene
• Slide 70
• PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
• Slide 72
• Low Density Polyethylene
• Slide 74
• PP Polypropylene
• Slide 76
• PS Polystyrene
• Slide 78
• OTHER
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82