lectures biology university

Lecture 1

• Course Introduction

– Syllabus

– Tips

– Goals

• Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

– Cell Theory

– Origin and evolution of cells

– Comparison of prokaryotes & eukaryotes

– Cell differentiation

BIOB10H3 Cell Biology

Professor: Monica Sauer

Lectures: Tues 4pm – 6pmAC223

Tutorials:Thurs 5pm – 7pmAC223Sept 10, Oct 1, Nov 5, Dec 3

monica.sauer@utoronto.ca

video

e-mail : monica.sauer@utoronto.ca- include course title in subject header

Dr. Sauer Office Hours: Tuesdays: 2 - 4 pmOffice: SW 563-B or Bb Collaborate

Tutorials: Thursdays 5 – 7pm

Sept 10, Oct 1, Nov 5, Dec 3

Teaching Assistants: Alex Sin

Eliana Vonapartis

Roxanne Fournier

Yiminxue Zheng

Facilitated Study Groups: Priyangkha Alegesam

Discussion Board: Forums for each test

Course Material Assistance?

Contact Course Coordinator: Jennifer Campbelljacampbell@utsc.utoronto.ca

Administrative Questions?

Course Coordinator Office Hours: TBAOffice: SW 421-D

Questions regarding course organization, prereq’s, exam planning, exam viewing and issues pertaining to special accommodation

Course Prerequisites:1) Course Prerequisite: Introductory biology (BIO A01H & BIOAO2H) AND Introductory chemistry (CHMA10H & CHMA11H)

Textbook: “Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments.” 7th edition. Gerald Karp

*6th edition is also acceptable.

**Important: Some figurenumbers have changed fromthe 6th edition, so you must check the last page ofthe syllabus which outlines the figure # changes.

Blackboard

- PDF outline of Lectures will be uploaded onto the course page on blackboard

- Webcasts posted within 24 hours

- Please check blackboard often ** important announcements including dates

of term tests and final exams

- ** Online quizzes (12)- available for limited time each week- 4 MC questions (randomized)

Online quizzes: 12% total

3 Exams:2 Term Tests – each 25%- ~30 MC questions + Short Answer questions

Final Exam- worth 38%- ~75 MC questions

- Lecture notes

+ Assigned Figures & Figure legends

What is on the Exam?

Check “What to Study for Exams” in Syllabus

DATE TOPIC CHAPTER RELEVANT FIGURES*

Sept 8 Course Introduction

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

1 Fig. 1, 2, 8, 10, 17, EPFig.1

Sept 15 Biological Macromolecules

Protein Functions & Sorting

2 Fig. 3,4,5, 7, 10, 11, 17, 21,

22, 46, 55, 56, Ch 3-Fig. 5

Ch 2-Fig. 24, 35

Sept 22 Studying Cells 18 Fig. 1, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, , 19,

Ch.1-HP Fig. 2

Sept 29 Studying Proteins 18 Fig. 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31,

Ch2-Fig.47-50,Ch11-Fig36

TERM TEST 1 Date and Time TBA --- ----

Oct 6 Plasma Membrane: structure

Plasma Membrane: transport

4 Fig. 4, 5, 12, 13, 24, 51,

Ch.18- Fig.16&17

Fig. 27, 28, 33, 44, 46a

READING

WEEK

Oct 20 Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: ER

& Golgi

8 Fig. 2, 3, 9, 12, 13, 20, 23,

24, 28, Ch. 11- Fig. 2,

Ch4.- Fig.11, 19

Oct 27 Trafficking to Lysosomes & Plasma

Membrane

8 Fig. 6, 11, 14, 29b, 31, 33

DATE

TOPIC CHAPTER RELEVANT FIGURES*

Nov 3 Mitochondria 5 Fig. 1, 3, 4, 5(aerobic), 10,

21, 30, Ch8-Fig.47

TERM TEST 2 Date and Time TBA --- ----

Nov 10 Chloroplasts

Nucleus and Other Organelles

6

8, 12

2, 3, 4, 5,16,20,Ch.8-Fig.48

Ch.8- Fig.10,36, Ch.12-Fig.

5, 6, 7, 9

Nov 17 Cytoskeleton: Microtubules 9 Fig. 1, 2, 6, 7, 8c, 9,10, 11,

13, 15c, 16, 17, 18, 19, 29

Table 1,

Nov 24 Cytoskeleton: Actin/

Intermediate Filaments

9 Fig. 42, 43, 44, 46b, 49, 50,

51, 53, 57, 66, 68-72, 74

Dec 1 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) 7 Fig. 1, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 17, 18,

19a, 23, 25, 27a, 28, 30, 32,

33, HP fig 1

FINAL EXAM Date and Time TBA

Tips for doing wellI will do my best to help you learn, but you are responsible

for your own success. Guidelines are given below:

• Do the assigned readings prior to lecture so you are familiar with the concepts

• Attend all lectures and pay attention; slides are not a complete set of notes, and the text is very detailed

• SCHEDULE a time to watch lectures (LEC60) or to watch missed material (LEC01)

• Print lecture notes in advance; add to them in lecture• Take your OWN notes (handwriting is better than

typing)• Re-read relevant sections of the textbook to annotate

your lecture notes

Tips for doing well

• If you are confused by something, let me know

• Rewrite/summarize/condense your notes• Review as you go; don’t wait for the night before exam• Don’t memorize; do understand and relate each lecture to

the rest and consider connections between topics• Use the textbook as a guide and reference• Form study groups; the best way to learn and remember

something is to teach it to someone else • You need to use all 4 forms of communication – read

(text and slides), write (your own version or summary), listen (to me and fellow classmates) and speak (in study group or discussions)

Tips for doing well

• Don’t procrastinate!

• (This is why I added the weekly online quizzes)

Goals of the course:

• Understand basic concepts in Cell Biology

• Emphasis on eukaryotic cells

• Examine the experimental approaches used by cellbiologists. For example:

• Imaging cells• Imaging protein function and cellular

localization

• Develop an appreciation for the field of cell biologyand how scientists think about problems in this field

• An enthusiasm for all things to do with cells!

Atoms

Molecules

Macromolecules

Organelles

CELL

Tissues

Organism

Communityhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/le/m1/s3/

Proteins

How does a Cell

Function?

Enzymes

Make up other

macromolecules

Major Structural

Component

Receptors,

Channels

Hormones, Growth

Factors

Signalling

Components

Gene Activators/

Transcription

Factors

Genes

ER

Golgi

apparatus

lysosome

mitochondrion

chloroplast

nucleus

secretory

vesicles

endosome

nuclear pores

plasma

membrane

ECM

Introduction to the Study of Cell BiologyChapter 1

Narrated video

Early History- Microscopy

Matthias Schleiden, botanist (1838)/ Theodor Schwann,zoologist (1839), Rudolf Virchow (1855)

Cell Theory:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.2. The cell is the structural unit of life for all organisms3. Cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell.

Robert Hooke (1665)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1665-1675)

- “cell”- examining cork

- “animicules”- lookingat pond water organisms

The Sizes of Cells and Their Components

- Micrometers/ Micron (µm; = 10-3 mm),

- Nanometer (nm; = 10-6

mm),

- Angstrom (Å; 10-7 mm),

Figure 1.8

Basic Properties of Cells

Structures of plant cell

Structures of animal cell

Figure 1.8

Basic Properties of Cells

1. Cells are highly complex and organized

2. Cells possess genetic program & the means to use it

- transcription and translation machinery

genes proteins

Basic Properties of Cells

1. Cells are highly complex and organized

2. Cells possess genetic program & the means to use it

3. Cells are capable of reproducing more of themselves - mitosis and meiosis

Basic Properties of Cells

4. Cells acquire & utilize energy to develop & maintain complexity

6. Cells engage in numerous mechanical activities

5. Cells carry out many chemical reactions

- photosynthesis & respiration

sun carbohydrates ATP

enzymes (proteins)- use ATP

i) intracellular transport

ii) whole cells can move (cell migration)

Basic Properties of Cells

7. Cells able to respond to stimuli

8. Cells are capable of self-regulation

9. Cells evolve

via surface receptors (proteins)

eg. DNA repair enzymeseg. immune cells

-beneficial genetic mutations/ cellular changeswill be kept/retained in future generations

Origin and Evolution of Cells

• All present-day cells are descended from a single primordial ancestor.– First cells emerged > 3.8 billion years ago.

• Spontaneous synthesis of organic molecules provided the basic materials.

• Macromolecules may have formed by spontaneous polymerization under plausible prebiotic conditions.– Critical characteristic from which life evolved

must have been the ability to replicate itself e.g. RNA.

• First cell probably arose by enclosure of self-replicating RNA in a membrane composed of phospholipids.

Origin and Evolution of Cells

Origin and Evolution of Cells

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

- structurally simpler

B. Eukaryotes (eu - true)

• protists, fungi, plants, animals

- structurally more complex

- on earth for 3 billion years

- over 1 billion years before first eukaryote

• all bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-greenalgae)

A. Prokaryotes (pro - before; karyon -nucleus)

Evolution of Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells are believed to be descended from prokaryotic cells

Believed to have arised from endosymbionts

An endosymbiont is a combination of two cells living in a symbiotic relationship with one of the cells resident inside the other one.

EP Figure 1

Phagocytosis

Similarities between Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes

3. Both types of cells share common structural features - cell membrane, cell walls (same function, different chemical composition)

1. Both types of cells share an identical genetic language

2. Both types of cells share a common set of metabolic pathways

Prokaryotes have nucleoid (poorly demarcated region)

1) Eukaryotic cells are internally much more complex (structurally and functionally)

- have membrane-bound nucleus with complex nuclear envelope & other organelles

3) Most eukaryotes have significantly more DNA

2) Eukaryotes have complex cytoskeletal system

4) No mitosis or meiosis in prokaryotes

- no membrane-bound organelles

- binary fission instead

Differences between Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Unicellularity vs. multicellularity

- Protists- must do everything an organism needs to survive

-Multicellular organisms - exhibit differentiation

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Unicellularity vs. multicellularity

- Protists - must do everything an organism needs to survive

Differentiation– Process by which a relatively unspecialized cell becomes highly specialized - expresses “cell specific” genes

Fertilized egg differentiates into 100’s of different cell types

Figure 1.17

-“cell specific” or differential geneexpression

Differentiation of each eukaryotic cell depends primarily on signals received from environment

Signals, in turn, depend on position of cell within embryo

As a result, different cell types acquire distinctive appearance & functions

- therefore have unique proteins

Differentiation

Human development video

Human development

• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/gastrulation-and-the-3-germ-layers-ectoderm-endoderm-mesoderm.html

http://www.biochemweb.org/fenteany/research/cell_migration/neutrophil.html

http://astro.temple.edu/~jbs/courses/204lectures/neutrophil-js.html

http://bcs.wiley.com/he-

bcs/Books?action=resource&bcsId=3675&itemId=0470042176&resourceId=10793

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzcTgrxMzZk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgT5rUQ9EmQ

Voyage inside the Cell – video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ao9cVhwPg84