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The Presentation
Theory of Catchment Management Integrated Water resources Management Water Management: The International Arena The trigger of the reforms in Zimbabwe Activities leading to reforms in Zimbabwe Formation of Catchment Councils
Theory of Catchment Management
Human activities Causes of Erosion Catchment management Catchment Planning Water Management
Human activities
Humans are at the center of the activities Keeps animals
– overgraze– trump grass and vegetation
cultivate the land Puts various forms of infrastructure
– roads, industries, mines, waste dumps, waste treatment , etc – which discharge toxic waste
cuts down trees burns grass
All this result in bare land & water degradation
Causes of Erosion
Erosion is a result of a imbalance in the following forces
– Energy forces rainfall intensity runoff volume slope steepness slope length
– resistive forces soil erodibility organic matter content infiltration capacity
Causes of Erosion
– protective forces vegetation cover population pressure conservation practice conservation education
when resistive and protective forces are low compared to energy forces erosion occurs
What weakens protective & resistive forces
Protective forces– population pressure
cultivation trumping by animals
– conservation practices cultivation down the slope lack of stable slopes lack of vegetation cover
Resistive force– cutting down trees– overgrazing– burning of vegetation
Consequences of Erosion
Land degradation– creation of gullies – depletion of the soil– loss of soil nutrients– loss in agricultural yields
water degradation – siltation of dams – siltation of rivers– chemical water pollution
Catchment management
Catchment Management attempts to introduce good management land & its resources practices in order to avoid land & water degradation
Areas of focus are– Catchment Planning– Land Management– Forestry management– Animal management – water management
Catchment Management
Main Beneficiaries of catchment management– Soil conservation – water resources conservation
the following are areas covered – land management
cultivation along the slope contour ridging stabilization of slopes deforestation gradients and stabilization of roads streambank cultivation
Catchment Management
– forestry management protection against fires afforestation avoiding indiscriminate cutting of trees avoiding overstocking
– animal management no overstocking no overgrazing grazing land (paddocks)
– water management
Catchment Planning
Land use planning land development & management planning Forestry deve. & management planning Animal dev. & management planning water dev. & management planning
Effect of poor Catchment management on water
Less groundwater recharge decline of fish habitats (pools) less water is available
– in dams– as ground water– as baseflow
the incidence of flooding is increased moisture recycling is reduced Chemical and biological pollution increases
Water Management
Water Management (WM) is a subset of Catchment Management (CM) and is the subject of our discussion
The benefits of CM accrue to water conservation and WM
WM involves dealing with some of the following:– Socio-economic issues– Institutional Set up– legal processes– technical issues
Socio-economic issues
Some of the socio-economic issues dealt with are as follows
Water is important for life– Equal access– Stakeholder participation– equitable allocation– water for basic needs– affordability
subsidies
Socio-economic issues
water as an economic issue– water for productive purposes
cost recovery water use efficiency Competing demands ( Allocation) demand management Sustainability of water resources polluter pays the user pays
Institutions Set up
Hierarchical (Regional) set up– national– 1st tier (basin)– 2nd tier (catchment)– 3rd tier (sub-catchment)– 4th tier (water user)
Institutions Set up (cont.)
Responsibilities– policy– judiciary– regulatory– implementation– monitoring water use
the main issues here are :– water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level– Management should be streamlined as given above
legal processes
Institutions– what is institutional set up?– what are the functions ?– and what are the powers?– what procedure do they follow?
Allocation– who is eligible to apply?– Who allocates water?– what is the procedure?– under what conditions?
legal processes (cont.)
Shortages– who has priority over who?– what are the procedures of informing users of the situation?– how to deal with shortage?– legal obligation of users?
Dispute resolution– who deals with disputes?– what is the procedure?– where does one appeal if not satisfied by a decision
Technical issues
Surface & Groundwater– hydrological monitoring
quantity– scarcity (drought)– abundance (flooding)
quality utilization
– allocation systems– assessment methods– water balance
monitor
Allocate
Water balance
Assess
Technical cont.
Water Development– flood control– supply and demand
Water supply irrigation energy
– demand management– conjunctive use– environmental impact assessments
International events
Global consultation on safe water & san.(New Delhi 2000)
Intertn. Conference on water & environment (Dublin 1992)
UN Conference on Envir. And Dev. (Rio 1992) Rio +5 2nd World Water Forum & ministerial conf. (Hague
2000) Water for 21St Century: vision to action (Southern
Africa 2000)
International events
Millenium Development goals 2000 International conference on freshwater (Bonn 2001) Ministerial Conference on water
(AMCOW Abuja 2002) Water and sustainable development (Accra 2002) World Summit on Sustainable Development (Joburg
2002) 3rd World Water Forum (Kyoto 2003)
Global cons. On safe water & san.(New Delhi 2000)
Provide Access to water in sufficient quantities and sanitation for all
Principles– protection of environment from solid and liquid
waste– institutional reforms to promote integrated approach– community management of services– sound financial practices
Intertn. Conference on water & environment (Dublin 1992)
Dublin Principles– fresh water is vulnerable and essential for life and
the environment – water development and management to be
participator (users planners, policy makers)– woman a central to provision, management and
safeguarding water– recognize that water has an economic value in all
competing uses and is an economic good
UN Conference on Envir. And Dev.(Rio 1992)
Dublin principle also echoed at the Earth Summit in Rio (also emphasized social good)
Principle were a basis for programme of action in 7 areas– integrated water resources development and
management– water resources assessment
The 7 areas continue
– protection of water resources(including water quality)
– drinking water supply and sanitation– water and sustainable urban development– water for sustainable food production and rural
development– the impact of climate change on water resources
Rio +5
Revision of the Earth Summit emphasizing on– strengthening of regional and international
cooperation in technology transfer and and financing of IWRM programmes
– sustainable development of international water courses taking into account interests of watercourse states
2nd World Water Forum & ministerial conf. (Hague 2000)
World Water vision was presented with the following objectives
empower people to decide on how to use water to get more crops and jobs per drop to manage the use so as to conserve
freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems
Five critical action to achieve the objectives
Involve all stakeholders in integrated management
move to full cost recovery (pricing) increase public finding for research cooperate on managing international basins massive increase in investment in water
Water for 21St Century: vision to action (Southern Africa 2000)
– Equitable social and economic development– equitable access to water of acceptable quality and
quantity– proper sanitation and safe disposal of waste– food security for all households– energy security for all households– sustainable environment– security from natural disasters– integrated water resources development and management
International conference on freshwater (Bonn 2001)
Themes of the Ministerial declaration– governance- primary responsibility rests with GVT– funding gap-making more efficient use of existing
source & raising finding from all source (public, private, community international)
– role of international community-official development assistance to reach 0.7% of GDP
– capacity building and technology transfer-– gender-strengthen role of women and participation
Millenium Development goals 2000
Millenium development goals include reduce by half the proportion of people without
access to safe drinking water by 2015 reduce by half the number of people living on
less than a dollar a day by 2015 improve lives of at least 100 million people
living in slums by 2020
Ministerial Conference on water(AMCOW Abuja 2002)
AMCOW to support measures which– encourage stronger and better performing institutions
in the sector– strengthen monitoring and assessment of available
water resources– ensure sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure
and services delivery– promote policies for appropriate allocation of water for
domestic use, food security and competing demands
Water and sustainable development (Accra 2002)
Water can be used to eradicate poverty, reduce water related diseases & achieve sustainable development, through– improved access to portable water and sanitation– water use for food security and income generation– IWRM in national and shared basins– water related disaster prevention, mitigation and management– empowerment and capacity building to improve equity and gender
sensitivity– Pro-poor water governance & policies and protection of
environment
World Summit on Sustainable Development (Joburg 2002)
Affirmed the millenium development goals and agreed to half the proportion of people without basic sanitation by 2015, through– development and implementation of efficient
household sanitation systems– improved sanitation in public institutions e.g. schools– promotion of safe hygiene practices– promotion of outreach on children as agents of
change
continue
– Promotion of affordable socially and culturally acceptable technologies and practices
– development of innovative financing and partnerships mechanism
– integration of sanitation into water resources management strategies
continue
Plan of implementation develop IWRM and water use plans by 2005
– a) develop and implement i) national/regional strategies, plans & programmes with
regards to ii) integrated river basins, water shed and aquifers iii) put measures to reduce loses & increase recycling of water - balance with requirements for restoring or conserving
environment in fragile environment
continue
– b) employ the full range of policy instruments including
regulation, monitoring, voluntary measures market and information tools land use management and cost recovery tools (without
cost recovery being a barrier to safe water by poor people) adoption of river basin approach
– c) improve efficient use of water resources - promote allocation among competing uses giving priority
to basic human need
continue
– d) develop programmes to mitigate extremes events– e)support the diffusion of technology and capacity
building – f) facilitate establishment of public private and other
forms of partnerships give priority to needs of poor provide transparent national regulatory framework improve accountability of public and private institutions
3rd World Water Forum (Kyoto 2003)
Declaration noted that– Water is a driving force for sust. Deve. and
eradication of poverty &hunger prioritizing water issues is an urgent global requirement primary responsibility lies with each country international community plus international and regional
organizations should support this
Cont.
in managing water, good governance should be ensured focusing of household and neighbourhood community base approaches by
addressing equity in sharing benefits with due regard to poor and gender perspective in water
policies participation of all stakeholders, transparency and
accountability should be promoted in all actions
Cont.
With regard to capacity building,commitment should include
to fortify capacity of people and institutions with assistance from intern. Community
ability to measure and monitor performance to share innovative approaches, best practices, information
knowledge and experience relevant to local conditions
Cont.
Ministers declared that addressing the financial needs is a task for all they should create an environment to facilitate investment they call for prioritization of water issues and reflect the in
national development plans explore financing arrangements including including private
sector participation they will identify and develop new mechanisms of public-
private partnerships
Summary of the International agenda
Principles New Delhi- “some for all” instead of “all for some” Dublin- economic good, gender, participation IWM Rio- added social good, affirmed IWRM Rio + 5- called for cooperation on international rivers,
technology transfer, cost recovery WW Vision- cost recovery, increase in investment, role
of private sector, targeted subsidies
continue SA Vision-right to basic services, promote polluter pay but soft on cost recovery
Bonn declaration- important role of governance, capacity building, Gvt to promote IWRM
NEPAD- increased private sector involvement MD goals-reduce poverty and improve conditions in
urban sums, reduce people without water supply by half
WSSD-added reduce people without sanitation by half by 2015
SADC
Regional Strategic Action Plan (RSAP) projects– legislation, policy and strategic planning– capacity building and training– awareness,consultation & participation
– information: collection, analysis, management, dissemination. Transboundary river management, Planning, coordination
– infrastructure investment– stand alone special priority areas
Water resources Management
A set of– technical practices– Institutional framework– legal framework– managerial skills– operational activities
Water resources Management (cont.)
Required for:– Planning– development– operation and– Management of
management of water resources
Integrated Water Resources Management
This implies integration of– different physical aspects of water– different interests of water users– different interests of economic sectors– spatial variability– institutional & legal framework– national objectives
Def. Integrated water resources Management (GWP 2000)
A process to promote– coordinated Development – and management of
land, water & related resources
in order to maximize– economic – Social welfare without compromising– sustainability of the ecosystems
The trigger of the reforms
The drought of 1991/92 Increased conflict Delays in conflict resolution Delays in processing water rights degradation of water due to pollution recognition of groundwater as a public resource The need to protect people in urban area vs
agricultural activities
The drought of The drought of 1991/921991/92
Problem– fish and animal death– water shortages in most urban centers– conflict between farmers and urban– conflict among farmers
The drought of 1991/92
Measures– Water rationing– water shortage area declared– Groundwater shortage areas declared– Water redistribution– emergency schemes started– deepening of borehole in rural areas
Harare
Concentrations of pollution in Chivero were greatly increased
fish died in the lake The hyacinth weed went wild in the lake It was realized that pollution of river degraded
the resource
Bulawayo
There was a serious water shortage Are was declared a groundwater control area severe water rationing introduced boreholes were drilled in the City water supply was erratic Nyamadhlovu project was started
Mutare
There was a serious water shortage Area was declared a groundwater control area severe water rationing introduced boreholes were drilled in the City water supply was erratic Odzi project was started (but not finished up to
now)
Chegutu
There was a serious water shortage Area was declared a groundwater control area severe water rationing introduced boreholes were drilled in the City water supply was erratic Manyame-Chegutu canal project was started
(but not finished)
Mupfure catchment
Conflict between Chegutu and farmers peaked Mupfure catchment was declared a water
shortage area committee was set up to produce a status
report it was realized that the process was lengthy
Increased conflict
Conflict among users increased tremendously the administrative court was flooded with court
cases reports of illegal water abstraction increased
Delays in conflict resolution
Conflict resolution mechanisms took a long time to be dealt with
many cases were concluded after the period of drought
the water shortage declaration in Mupfure was only realized after the drought period
plans to alleviate drought should form an integral part of the long term plan of a city by involving the local authorities
Delays in processing water rights
The years flowing the drought saw a marked increase in water right applications
The administrative court failed to clear the back log in applications
and many smaller ones
Lessons learnt
Groundwater was a valuable resources for combating drought the existing conflict resolution institution could not cope with
water cases the declaration of water shortage areas was cumbersome primary uses in urban areas were not protected against other
uses It was realized that pollution of river degraded the water resource many illegal structures were being erected e.g. Masembura dam,
Arcadia dam (in Mazoe)
Activities leading to the Water Reforms
The Halcrow Report 1993/4 White Paper to Cabinet 1994 the WRMs 1996-2001 the GTZ initiatives- Mazoe pilot project 1996 the Dutch initiatives -Mupfure pilot project 1998 The Water Act 1998 The ZINWA Act 1998 Groundwater Guidelines & regulations 2000 Water Pollution Control Guidelines & regulation 2000 Water allocation Guidelines and regulations 2000 Catchment and Sub-catchment Councils regulations 2000
The need for a WRMS
Reinforced by the occurrence of the drought of 91/92 Attribute of of the WRMS
– Sound basis for Equitable &sustanable allocation of water Cpmprehensive Water resources planning and management Pricing and subsidy structure Guidelines for dev. And action plans Investiment scheduling
Clear assignment of responsibilities Improved horizontal and vertical communication Well defined objectives for capacity building
Form of strategy
Strategy was to define methods for water resources management in a sustainable manner consistent with national policies
Strategy was to be developed by the gvt agencies with stakeholder participation
Sttrategy was to provide framework for drawing up compatible and inegrated action plans
Essential components of the strategy
Planning and management requirements– Quantification of the water resource– Understanding relation between people, water and
land– Quantification of current and forecast demand– Basis for equitable allocation nationally and
internationally– Sound methodmethods for investiment priorities
Essential components
Guidelines for– Resource management– Demand managemend and efficient use of water– Maintenance of appropriate water quality standards– Planned response to water scarcity
Essential components
Establishment of an enabling environment– Definition of institutional forms and responsiblities– The identification of necessary capacity building– Identification of requirements for legislation
The establishment of steering groups, committee and subcommittees
Strengthening of the planning branch– Hydrology– planning
Key activities
Coordination and management of dev. and implem. Of WRMS
Exploration of key issues, policy options and establish policy
Devise and implement natonal guidelines,resource assessment methods and framework for water resource allocation and management
Strengthen technical and management capacity of participating organisation
Implement institutional and legal activities required to enable the above
White Paper to Cabinet 1994
Adoption of IWRM principles Holistic approach (integration) management at catchment level Environmental sustainability Cost recovery Demand management Stakeholder participation Gender consideration
WRMS 1996 - 2001
In 1995 the water resources management project document was developed with the support of 4 donors
The project document proposed – The institutional setup for development and management of the
strategy– Institutional strengthening– The capacity building elements of the project– The external technical support that was required– And the costing of the project
In 1996 the WRMS project was adopted and the staffing and equipment were gradually brought into the project
The institutional setup
The Ministry of Lands and Water Resources was the lead government agency
A steering committee comprising of major stakeholders that deal with water was overseeing the development of the strategy
A technical secretariat did the day to day activities of the WRMS formulation, comprised of
– Coordinator– WRM strategist– Economist– Enviromentalist– Publicity officer– Project secretary– Driver/ messenger
Strengthening of technical capacity
This was targeted at the water resources planning aspects i.e.
– The hydrology Water resources assesment
– Surface water– Groundwater– Water quality
Geographic information syatems– The water planning
Land use planning Water resources planning Economic planning
Strengthening of technical capacity
The following professional were recuited– External based in the Groundwater branch
Hydrologist Systems analyst
– External based in the groundwater branch Hydrogeologist
– Internal based in the planning branch Catchment planner Development economist
– Internal based in agritex Landuse planner
The capacity building
This was in the form of – Training
A broad range of proffessionals were to be trained in MSc degrees
Others were to be trained under short course Others were to have visiting tours
– Provision of equipment Computers Software Vehicles Hydro & lab equipment
The repeal of the Water Act & the Regional Water Authority Act in 1998
In 1998 the new water Act and the ZINWA Act were passed by parliament and accented by the president
In 2000 the Water Act and ZINWA Act were operationalised thus the reforms entered the implementation phase
Aims
– improve equity in access to water– improve the management of the resource– strengthen environmental protection– to improve the administration of the Act
Principles governing
– ownership of both surface and ground water is vested in the state, hence authority is needed except for primary use
– involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and management of the resource
– water should be managed on catchment boundaries not provincial o0r district boundaries
– development of the resource should be environmentally friendly
Principles governing
Principles governing– pricing of the resource should based on the user pays and
polluter pays principle– water should be recognized both as an economic good and a
social good
Water as an economic good would achieve– water use efficiency– equity of use– encourage conservation– encourage protection
Changes to the water Act of 1976
Changes to the Act– cease granting water rights in perpetuity but water permits
for 20 years– cease the use of priority date system– eliminate theory of private water (underground)– end the differentiation of flood flow, normal flow and storm
flow– Minister to declare water shortage not president– Secretary of water to delegate some administration to
ZINWA and catchment councils
Changes to the water Act of 1976
Changes to the Act– Replace registrar with the catchment manager– Replace advisory councils with catchment Councils– replace river-boards with sub-catchment councils– expand the source of assessor to include farmers– prohibition orders not to suspend operation– make the environment a legitimate water user– Introduction of the polluter pays principle
Division of responsibilities
Administrative Court for appeal cases Department of Water Development for policy issues
and regulation Zimbabwe National Water Authority for operational
activities Catchment Councils for water allocation and dispute
resolution Sub-Catchment Councils-day to day resources
accounting
The ZINWA Act
The ZINWA Act amalgameted the functions of the regional water Authority and some of the Department of water
The Board of ZINWA has nine members– 4 from catchment councils– 5 from the bussimess community– 1 a gvt water engineer– and the Chief Executiver
Functions of ZINWA
Planning of the water resources Development of the water resources
– Dams– Boreholes– Water suplies
Management of the water resources– In dams– Water suplies
Provide secretariat to cachment councils Monitoring the wter resources in terms of
– Quality– quantity
Financing of the Authority
From monies collected from their operations– Sale of clean Water – Sale of raw water– From engineering services
Water fund– Pollution levies– Water levies– Water permit charges
Fund appropriated by government Other sources eg donation
Functions of catchment Managers
Provide secretariate to catchment councils– Receipt of applications and registering them– Keeping a register of applictions and permits and their status
Application, Provisional, Granted, Expired, renewal– Keeping records of permit performance as submited by permit
holders– Technical advisor to catchment councils on application and
dispute resolution– Allocation of unopposed permits when the councils are not
sitting
Repeal of all regulations 2000
River boards regulation repealed sub-catchment council regulation catchment council regulations introduced water allocation regulations introduced water pollution control regulation
water allocation regulations
Introduces the proportinal system of water allocation Introduces the proedures for applying for a permit
– Subcatchment council– Catchment council
Introduces the application forms for– A permit– Revision of a permit– Cancellation of a permit– etc
water allocation regulations
Introduces the reports to accompany an application– Engineers report– Agricultural report– Mining engineer’s report– Environment report– etc
Introduces the relevant fees that have to be paid on application
Introduces the standard form of– Provisional water permit– Final water permit
the WRMs Document 2001challenges
Equitable access to water for all Zimbabweans supply approach vs demand management financing the water sector pricing of water stakeholder involvement environment management land/water use planning gender & water resources management shared transboundary waters
Equitable access to water for all Zimbabweans: strategies
– legal and institutional granting permit for fixed period removal of priority system principals to be observe in considering allocation establishment of catchment councils
– water allocation planning stage
– no priority in allocation in uncommitted area
strategies permits in management stage
– sufficient water– insufficient water
priority by use reallocation ... Water generated ....water in storage fractional allocation
drought stage– declaration of shortage area– reallocation allocation
supply approach Vs demand management: strategies
– market base water pricing effluent charges
– technology based reduction of unaccounted for water recycling
– recycling plant– pricing high such that recycling is an option
water demand management in Agriculture– water saving technology– irrigation potential based on water loss
financing the water sector: strategies
– government financing– commercialization of utilities– use of the money market– external funding– private sector participation
service contracts management contracts lease contracts concessions joint ownership
pricing of water stakeholder involvement: strategies
– average cost pricing blend pricing catchment pricing
– site specific– targeted subsidies– levies and fees
environment management: strategies
– instreamflow requirement– environmental impact assessment– integrated catchment management– water quality monitoring
command and control market based approaches
– environmental protection– polluter pays
best management practices– prevention approaches– control of diffusion sources
stakeholder approaches
Land & water use planning: strategies
Lack of integration the cause of– land degradation– water degradation
Integrated catchment management has been sited as the reason for the above
implementation
Catchment and subcatchment councils formed end of 1999
Water act operational 2000 ZINWA formed 2000 ZINWA staffing 2001 Irrigation department formed 2002
CONTENTS
BRIEF HISTORY OF STAKEHOLDER INSTITUTUTIONS EVOLUTION OF THE INSTITUTIONS
– OLD INSTITUTIONAL SETUP– CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL SETUP– DESIRED INSTITIONAL SETUP
THE ROLE OF CCs– BRIEF HISTORY– MEMBERSHIP– POWERS– FUNCTIONS
CONCLUSION
BRIEF HISTORY OF STAKEHOLDER INSTITUTUTIONS
Institutional reforms dates back to the 70s The Water Act of 1976 introduced Water
Development Advisory Council (WDACs) based on Catchments
Water Act revision of 1984 introduce Riverboards
1994 a National Steering Committee introduced to develop a WRMS
BRIEF HISTORY (cont.)
Water Act Revision of 1998 Introduced – Catchment and Subcatchment Councils– abolished WDAC and River-boards
2000 Catchment institutions operationalized 2000 WRMS NSC was Disbanded (debate NSC) 2002 Association of Catchment Councils Launched Sept 2002 ZACPRO NSC Launched
EVOLUTION OF WATER INSTITUTIONS
Local informal stakeholder groups (where there are few users and plenty of water)
Localised formal groups that do not interact (where there are localised problems but plenty of water)
Localised groups, formalised with defined structure of interaction and co-ordination (where water problems are shared by many upstream and downstream)
Old institutional Set up
Institution have no relation to each other
1994 WRMS NSC
1976 WDAC
1984 Riverboards
NATIONAL ( WRMS)
CATCHMENT(Rivers System Plans)
ICA (conservation Areas)
Combined irrigation schemes Scheme specific
Current Institutional Set up
Inter-linked and relate to each other
CC Forum
Catchment Councils (CC)
Sub-Catchment Councils
ZACPRO NSC National Level
Catchment Level
Sub-Catchment
Combined Schemes Scheme specific
Desired institutional Set up
Technical FunctionsBasin Inst. (eg ZAMCOM)
National Steering Com.
Catchment Councils
Sub Catch. Councils
CS, Water User Ass.Water Utilities etc.
Basin resource allocation
National resource Distribution
Catchment resource distribution
Permit resource distribution
Consumer resource distribution
Desired institutional Set up (cont.)
Operational FunctionsBasin Inst. ZAMCOM
National Steering Com.
Catchment Councils
Sub Catch. Councils
CS, Water User Ass.Water Utilities etc.
Negotiation
Strategic Planning
Water Budgeting & allocation
Water Accounting (river)
Operational
Desired Institutional (cont.)
Government involvementBasin Inst. ZAMCOM
National Steering Com.
Catchment Councils
Sub Catch. Councils
CS, Water User Ass.Water Utilities etc.
Gvt takes the lead
Gvt participates
Government observes and directs
Govt observes & regulate
Government regulate
Brief History of catchment Councils
Water Development Advisory Councils
Mazoe pilot project
Mupfure Pilot Project
Formation of Catchment Councils.
Water Development Advisory Councils
The WDACs had a responsibility to plan water resources, on behalf of stakeholder in river systems.
The WDAC were only active in the late 70s and early 80s but latter became dormant.
In the 90s the institutions were found not to be serving the interests of all the water users minority of the society hence new institutions were introduced
they were upgrade: RWA was upgrade to ZINWA, river boards to Sub-catchment councils and WDAC to Catchment councils.
New institution have expanded roles, powers and geographic area of responsibility
Mazoe pilot project (stakeholder driven)
The history of catchment and sub-catchment councils started at a workshop in Bindura 1996
an interim working group was established to form Mazoe catchment council and the sub catchment councils.
At the on set this group was stakeholder driven Government official were technical
a number of committees were formed as back up to the working group:
Mazoe pilot (cont.)
the catchment Planning committee – water availability, – division of the sub-catchment, – preparation of catchment plans,– preparation of an allocation system etc
the logistics committee– to find ways of accessing the people in the Mazoe– to decide on the logistical arrangements e.g. seminars
and works shops.
Mazoe pilot (cont.)
Public relations committee– to devise on means of interfacing with the public – making sure that people knew their role in the
process The fund raising committee
– to devise means of accessing funds to finance publicity material, workshops, travel costs etc.
a secretariat that had – to do day to day work– to co-ordinate these committees,– provide secretarial and secretariat services.
Mazoe pilot (cont.)
A number of problems were encountered – finances, logistics, talking the same language and to understand
each other.– lower tears were facilitated through political structure and the
lowest level was the Ward. Water User Boards: chairman was automatically a member of the
sub-catchment council Sub-catchment councils: chairmen and vice chairmen were appointed
to the catchment council Catchment Councils: members elected chairmen and vice The process took a period of about 1 year
Mupfure Pilot Project (gvt driven)
Mupfure pilot project was borne out of documentation prepared by consultants.
the project was approved by a donor hence it was fully funded,
the two pilot projects stated at the same time & they launched their catchment councils at about the same.
The delay for Mupfure was on the documentation approval process.
it gained ground on implementation because of access to finances and the process had already been prescribed.
Mupfure Pilot (cont.)
The project had a manager, a chief executive and supporting staff.
the strategy was to work with target groups divided on sectoral lines e.g. rural and re-settlement,urban centres etc.
It did not take long to appoint members of the sub-catchment councils. However, it took a bit of time to come up with members from the resettlement and rural areas.
First water user associations were formed. From were representatives to the sub-catchment councils were elected.
The chairmen and vice chairmen were automatically made members of the catchment council
Formation of Catchment Councils
The ZINWA Act and Water Act of 1998 were to be operational on the 1st of January 2000.
Therefore, there was pressure to establish the ZINWA board whose 4 members came the Catchment Councils
the quickest way to have these people in place had to be adopt, thus the Mupfure approach was adopted country wide.
by the end of 1999 seven catchment councils namely, Sanyati, Mazoe, Save, Runde, Mzingwani, Gwayi and Manyame had been formed.
Formation (cont.)
The Mazoe system took a longer time to develop but at full development people were already aware of the purpose of their mission.
the Mupfure method was quicker to establish but the people elected did not know what they were supposed to do,
It took exactly a year for the people elected in the new CC to be in control of the situation a period equal to that spend establishing Mazoe Catchment Council.
hence would like to believe the that both systems were equally good.
Catchment Council membership
Rural district councils, large scale and small scale miners, large scale and small scale farmers, communal and resettlement farmers, urban local authorities and industrialists,and other government institutions
Election of Catchment Council members
Members are nominated by the sub-catchment councils to be on the catchment councils
The chairman and vice-chairman are elected by the these people from the group.
One third is supposed to leave office and be replaced after a year. This is done to allow knowledge transfer from the old member.
The catchment councils are expected to funded from a water levy fund administered by ZINWA
a treasurer, elected at an annual general meeting, keeps the council’s financial record.
Functions of Catchment Councils
Preparation of outline plans in conjunction with ZINWA, for its river system
determine and grant water permitsregulate and supervise the exercise of permit with
respect to the river systemsupervise the performance of sub-catchment
councilsensure users comply with the provisions of the Water
Act
Powers of Catchment Councils
Employ or discharge persons conducting it affairs
Pay expenses allowances or fees to member attending meetings
Defend legal proceedings on behalf of committee
Pay salary or wages to members engaged by NSC
Meetings of Catchment Councils
The catchment council have the following meeting and two thirds represent a quorum:
An annual general meeting of stakeholder representatives
- receive and consider chairmen’s report- consider adoption of accounts - elect new member to fill vacancies- select treasurer- consider other matter
Meetings (cont.)
an extra ordinary annual general meeting following a petition by not less than on quarters of members
when the requested by a stake holder group or a group of sub-catchment councils sharing a public stream
A week after any sub catchment council meeting of with it has the notice
Work Currently of High Priority
Understanding water management in general Preparation of catchment outline plans Revision of water rights Allocation of Water permits Collection of Water levies Regulate and supervise the exercise of permit ensure measuring devices are in place to facilitate water
measurements monitor flows and water use in accordance with a permit
CONCLUSION
Catchment management is a complex process Most countries have been able to implement it under environmental
agency the Zimbabwean context has been driven by the drought of 1991/92 this included legal reforms, institutional reforms and a water resources
management strategy even thought we have not completely managed to capture all the
aspects the Law is an important instrument to standardize and operationalize it. This entails an institutional set up with roles and responsibilities set followed by regulations to enforce compliance on certain provision
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