k class 2 tg terms ct skeletal

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CLASS 2: TERMS,CONNECTIVE TISSUE

& SKELETAL SYSTEMREVIEW TG

Kinesiology

Positional Terms Directional Terms Movement Terms

Terminology

Positional Terms FES p. 66

Anatomical Position : term used in Western medicineto describe position of body & location of its regions &parts

Body standing upright with feet slightly apart

Arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forwardwith thumbs outwardFunctional Position:

Body standing upright with the feet slightly apart,Arms hanging at the side, palms fac ing s ides ofbody, thum bs fo rw ard

Supine Position : body lying horizontally with the faceupProne Position : body lying horizontally with the facedown

Functional Position

Varus & Valgus

Joint Movement TermsFES p. 69 and p. 249 Box 8-2

Flexion & ExtensionHyper-extension

Adduction & abduction

Diagon al adduc t ion &abduc t ion

Horizontal adduction &abductionHyperadductionRight & left lateralflexionRight & left rotation

Joint Movement Terms

Upward ro ta t ion o fthe sc apu la

Involves rotating the

glenoid cavityupward while movingthe inferior anglelaterally

Occurs during flexionand abduction of theshoulder to increasethe range of motion

Downw ard ro tat ionof th e scapula

Involves rotating the

glenoid cavitydownward while theinferior angle movesmediallyUsed to increase therange of motion of thehumerus duringshoulder extensionand adduction

Upward & dow nw ard ro tat ion o f sc apu la

Medial/internal & lateral/external rotationCircumductionProtraction & retractionElevation & depressionSupination & pronationInversion & eversionPlantar flexion & dorsiflexion

Pronation &supination of footFES p. 536

Pronation:eversionSupination:inversion

Radialdeviation/wristabduction & ulnardevia t ion/wris tadduc t ion

Opposition of thumb

• Planes• Movements within Planes• Axes

Cardinal or Body Planes

Cardinal Planes FES p. 247

Definition: 3 imaginary planes

Sagi t ta l or m edianFronta l or co ron al

Transv ers e or h or izon tal

Cardinal Planes

Arrangedperpendicular (atright angles) to

each otherWhere theyintersect is thebody’s center ofgravity (COG)

Sagittal Plane - Definition

Vertical plane thatdivides body intoright & left segments

Midsagittal orMedian: equal right& left portionsParasagittal: sagittal

plane of unequal leftand right portions;obsolete term?

Movements in Sagittal Plane

Imagine a wall onyour right and leftside. The ONLYmovement this would

allow is along thatplane-or front andback movements. Flexion, extension& hyperextensionExample: swingingarms & legs backand forth in walking

Frontal or Coronal Plane -Definition

Divides body intoanterior & posteriorportions

Movements in Coronal Plane

Imagine a wall in frontand in back of you. TheONLY movement thiswould allow is along thatplane-sidewaysmovements.

Abduction &adductionRight & left lateralflexionWrist: radial & ulnardeviation

Example: movements ofarms & legs in jumping

Transverse, Horizontal, or Cross-sectional Plane - Definition

Divides body intoupper & lowerportions orsuperior & inferiorportions

Movement in a Transverse Plane

Rotational or turningmovementsMedial & lateralrotation

Supination &pronationHorizontaladduction &

abductionExample is turningyour head to lookover your shoulder

Lateral Axis• Sagittal or Anterioposterior Axis• Longitudinal or Vertical Axis

Axis: a pivot point

Lateral or Frontal Axis

Imaginary line that

goes through bodyfrom right to leftFront-to-backmovements pivotaround this axis

Movements of arms

in walking occur insagittal plane & arepivoting aroundlateral axis

Definition Sagittal Plane

Lateral Axis & Sagittal Plane

Sagittal or Anterioposterior Axis

Imaginary line that

goes through bodyfrom front to backSide to sidemovements pivotaround this axis

Movements of arms &legs in jumping jacksoccur in frontal plane& pivot aroundanterioposterioraxis

Tipping head to side(lateral flexion) – axispasses throughcervical vertebrae

Definition Frontal Plane

Anterioposterior Axis & Frontal Plane

Longitudinal or Vertical Axis

Imaginary line that

runs superiorly – inferiorly throughspineTurning movementspivot around thisaxis

Turning your head to

look over yourshoulder occurs intransverse plane &pivots aroundvertical axis

Definition Transverse Plane

Vertical Axis & Transverse Plane

Planes & Axes

PLANE AXES MOVEMENTS

Sagittal Lateral Flex/Ext & Hyperextension(Frontal)

Frontal Sagittal Abduction/Adduction(Anterioposterior)

Transverse Vertical Rotation & Horizontalabduction & adduction

Planes and Axes

Sagittal axis : formed by sagittal andtransverse planesFrontal axis : formed by the frontal and

transverse planesVertical axis : formed by the sagittal andfrontal planes

Planes & Axes

A plane that divides the body into equalright and left halves areA. Midsagittal

B. CoronalC. SagittalD. Frontal

A plane that divides the body into equalright and left halves areA. Midsagittal

If during postural analysis, you observethat a landmark appears to be locatedeither more anterior or posterior of theclient’s body than normal, you candetermine that is a deviation is off whichplane of division.A. Transverse

B. SagittalC. FrontalD. Lateral

If during postural analysis, you observethat a landmark appears to be locatedeither more anterior or posterior of the

client’s body than normal, you candetermine that is a deviation is off whichplane of division.

C. Frontal

What movement is created when movingparallel to the sagittal plane and the angleof the joint increases?

A. AbductionB. ExtensionC. Hyperextension

D. Flexion

What movement is created when movingparallel to the sagittal plane and the angleof the joint increases?

B. Extension

The movement is created when movingparallel to the coronal plane with the bodypart moving further from the midline?

A. FlexionB. AbductionC. Adduction

D. Extension

The movement is created when movingparallel to the coronal plane with the bodypart moving further from the midline?

B. Abduction

If you wish to make a drawing of a sectionthrough the human body that showed theheart and both of the lungs, your section

could be in which of the following planes?A. Frontal (coronal)B. Transverse

C. SagittalD. Frontal and Transverse

If you wish to make a drawing of a sectionthrough the human body that showed theheart and both of the lungs, your section

could be in which of the following planes?

D. Frontal and Transverse

The sagittal axis is formed by theintersection of which of the following 2planes?

A. Frontal and transverseB. Sagittal and frontalC. Sagittal and transverse

D. Coronal and frontal

The sagittal axis is formed by theintersection of which of the following 2planes?

C. Sagittal and transverse

Which axis passes through the body fromleft to right?A. Frontal

B. SagittalC. VerticalD. Inferior

Which axis passes through the body fromleft to right?A. Frontal

FES p. 14 & p. 298Anatomy Class 2: Cells & Tissues

Connective Tissue Overview

Connective Tissue

Most abundant & widely distributed tissue in bodyForms framework upon which epithelial tissuerests & within nerve & muscle tissue is embeddedDerived from embryonic mesenchymeConsists of individual cells scattered within anextracellular matrixUnlike epithelial cells, CT tissue cells are not

directly connected to each other & are separatedfrom each other by varying amounts ofextracellular matrix

Connective Tissue

Forms a significant & vitally important partof each organPerforms many universal functions ratherthan being viewed as a separate system2 major locations for CT are:

Epithelial tissue surfacesOrgans supported by stroma

Epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissuesurfaces include alayer of epithelialtissue supportedupon connectivetissue

Stroma

Organs supported bystroma which is thenon-functioningsupporting frameworkof an organ.Stroma is the CT andthe associated bloodvessels & nerveswhich pass through it.

Stroma of ovary

1. Outer covering.1’. Attached border. 2. Central stroma.

3. Peripheral stroma .4. Blood vessels

Functions of Connective Tissue

• Transport of nutrients & metabolites• Immunological support• Mechanical support• Tissue repair• Inflammation• Functions of specialized sites:

• Reserve energy storage as fat• Heat generation as brown fat• Hemopoiesis in red bone marrow

Connective Tissue Functions

Most cells are notlocated directly against

blood capillariesThe watery portion ofground substanceprovides finalpathway for diffusion

of nutrients, oxygen,& metabolites to &from cells

Can serve astransportation routefor invading cells somacrophages & mastcells deployedthroughout CTWandering WBCs canalso move out ofblood stream into CTto fight pathogens

Transport of Nutrients &Metabolites Immunological Support

Main source ofsupport is non-livingextracellular matrixMechanical supportcomes from fiber

portion of extracellularmatrix (collagen,elastin & reticular)

Fibroblasts can‘activate’ after an injury

to produce fibers &ground substance ofextracellular matrix ofCTFibroblasts can multiply

as part of woundhealingScars formed byfibroblasts depositingcollagen during tissue

repair

Mechanical Support Tissue Repair

Specialized type of

adipocyte that ismore common ininfants & may berelated to metabolic

rates in adults

Blood cell formation

that occurs in redbone marrow

Heat generation asbrown fat Hemopoiesis

Components of Connective Tissue

• Cells:• Resident cells• Immigrant or wandering cells

• Extracellular Matrix:• Fibers

• Ground substance

•Fibroblasts•Adipocytes•Mast cells•Macrophages

Connective Tissue: Resident cells

Fibroblasts

Secrete the non-living fibers &ground substanceof extracellular

matrixEssential for normaldevelopment & tissuerepair

Related cells arematrix producing cellschondroblasts(cartilage) &

osteoblasts (bone)

Adipocytes

Store fatFunction aswarehouses for reserveenergyMasses of these cellsassist in maintainingbody temperature &cushion organs such askidneys

Adipose tissue is termreserved for areas oflarge masses of themsuch as in hypodermis

Types of Adipocytes

Most common type

of adipocyteEach cell containsone single fatdroplet surroundedby a thin rim ofcytoplasm

White fat Brown FatEach cell containsnumerous small lipiddropletsEnergy produced isreleased as heatInfants have a lot of brownfat – pad between shoulderbladesIn adults positively relatedto BMR & less inoverweight persons than inmore lean persons

White & Brown Fat

Resident cells – Mast Cells

Referred to assecretory alarm cellsIf disturbed, releasechemical signals that

diffuse throughground substance &trigger inflammatoryresponse byreleasing histamine

Occur as smallindividual cells thatcontain histamine &heparin

Resident cells - Macrophages

Ingest & remove foreignmaterial or damaged cellsMobile over shortdistances within a localregion of CTMost CT contains apopulation ofmacrophagesIn trauma or infections,monocytes can leaveblood stream, enter CT, &change into macrophagesto increase macrophagepopulation

Immigrant or wandering cells

Include WBCs (lymphocytes, monocytes &neutrophils) which are all involved in immunedefense & inflammation

Lymphocytes:Circulate freely throughout body moving fromblood into CT & back to bloodstreamManufacture antibodies which proteins whichhave ability to recognize & bind to foreignsubstances

Collagen Fiber

Most abundantprotein in bodyFibers give tensilestrength &flexibility to CTMore abundant intissues requiring

resistance to forcesuch as tendons &ligaments

Collagen Fiber

Collagen fibers canlengthen inresponse to pulling

forces.Has piezoelectricproperties thatgenerate smallelectric currentswhen deformed

C ll Fib

Collagen Fiber

Non-elastic butprovides somelimited mobility

Have a wavyconfiguration calledcrimp which canstraighten out whichgives flexibility

T f C ll Fib

Types of Collagen Fibers

Over a dozen types of collagen fibersType I: in fibrous CT such as in dermis,tendons, organ sheaths & fascia; appears as awhite tissue

Type II: reinforces hyaline & elastic cartilageType III: forms reticular fibers & is in basementmembranes & boneType IV: occurs in basal lamina around smooth &skeletal muscleType VII: an interlocking form important inbasement membranes

R i l Fib

Reticular Fibers

Made from CollagenType III fibersThin proteins that providea very sheet-like or web-

like delicate network ofcells in organs ( lymphnodes , spleen & liver) &linings of blood vesselsCan resist force inmultiple directions & helphold structures togetherHelp hold blood vessels& nerves in place

El i Fib

Elastin Fibers

Another fibrousprotein

Appears branched &wavyMinor component inmost CTFibers are elastic &have resiliency orhelp it return to itsoriginal shape afterbeing stretched

El i Fib

Elastin Fibers

Can deteriorate withage & exposure tosunPinching up skin onback of elderly hand& of youthful handdemonstratesdifference in howquickly skin returnsto its originalposition

Ground Substance (GS)

( )FES p. 237

Background material in which all other CT elements areembeddedLike raw egg whites in appearance & consistencyMainly water whose major role is to be a route forcommunication & transport by diffusion between tissuesWater is stabilized by complex of glyco-saminoglycans(GAGs), proteoglycans & glycoproteinsIts proteins are responsible for attracting & holding waterCan be a watery liquid (sol) or firm solid (gel) dependingon chemical composition, amount of tension, &temperature

G d S b t

Ground Substance

Modified in different forms of CT:In blood, lacks stabilizingmacromolecules & is called plasmaIn bone, can be rigid due to deposits ofcalcium saltsIn cartilage, more solid than most CT butmore resiliency than bone

G d S b t

Ground Substance

Types of GAGs: hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid,chondroitin sulfate, dermantan sulfate, keratinsulfate & heparin sulfate

Hyaluronan:Dominant GAGServes as ‘backbone’ for assembly of otherGAGs in CT & skeletal tissue

Also component in synovial fluid & vitreousfluid in eye

D i & Th i F ti

Domains & Their Functions

Domain: spherical spaceformed by coiledarrangements of GAGsNeighboring domainsoverlap to make a more orless continuous 3-dimensional molecularsieve in the interstitialspaces of CTThe water held in domainsforms a medium for

diffusion of gases, ions &small molecules so theycan take the shortest routefrom blood capillaries toCT cells

Domains & Their F nctions

Domains & Their Functions

Large molecules are excluded from domains &have to find their way through spaces indomains

Restricted mobility of larger molecules inhibitsthe spread of microorganisms such as bacteriaMost invasive pathogenic bacteria producesan enzyme that breaks down the hyaluronicacid & allows bacteria to spread through tissuecausing condition known as cellulitis

Ordinary or properSpecialSupportive

Types of Connective Tissue

Contains all basiccomponents inreasonable proportionincluding cells,extracellular matrix &extracellular ground

substanceTerm CT used to referto ordinary connectivetissue

Watery consistency

Includes bloodplasma & lymph

Ordinary or Proper Special – Fluid CT

Strong & solidbecause of calciumsalts deposited inGSIncludes cartilage &

Supportive

CT Classification Systems

If you hit a freshsample of freshloose CT with ahammer, it would‘squish’.

If you hit a sampleof really dense CTsuch as a tendon,the hammer wouldbounce back.

Loose Dense

Loose Connective Tissue

Large proportion of ground substance, cells orboth cells & ground substance.Lacks the large amount of fibers that arepresent in dense CT

Fibers are present but fewer in number & moredelicateIs easily distorted which permits tissues on eitherside to move freely.When distorted significantly, it becomes tough &resists further deformationExamples: hypodermis (superficial fascia),submucosa, mesentery, & fascia

•Areolar•Adipose•Reticular

Loose CT Types

Widely distributedComposed of fibers ina loose, sticky gelUsed to holdadjoining structurestogetherExample: mesenteryof digestive system

Dominated byadipocytes or fat cellsReserved for largemasses or grosslyvisible of fat cells

Protects, insulates &cushions internalorgans

Areolar p. 16 Adipose p. 16

Loose CT Types - Reticular

Tissue woven form anetwork of fineinterlacing fibers withsome phagocytesForms framework of certain organs such asliver, spleen & lymphnodesHelps to bind togethersmooth muscleFound in bloodvessels & in bonemarrow

Liver Lymph Node

Loose CT Types Reticular

Spleen Artery

•Classification by fiber types:• Collagenous• Elastic

•Classification by fiber orientation:• Regular• Irregular

Dense Connective Tissue

Named for its high density of extracellularfibers and relatively small amounts ofground substance and cells

Classified as to which fiber is dominant &the orientation of the fibers

Dense CT by Fiber Types

Found where tensilestrength of collagen isneeded such as indermis, tendons,ligaments, jointcapsules, periosteum& organ sheaths suchas sclera of eye

Contains moreelastin than collagenFound whereelasticity is neededsuch as ligamentum

flavum & aorta

Collagenous/Fibrous Elastic

Elastic Connective Tissue

Ligamentum flavum

In highconcentrations, itappears yellow as inligamentum flavumwhere flavum meansyellowLigamentum flavum

is series of bands ofyellow elastic tissuefrom C2-S1

Dense CT by Fiber Orientation

FES p. 16

Fibers are allaligned in a singledirection whichcreates tensilestrength in that

directionExamples: tendons& ligaments

Fibers are arrangedrandomly in alldirections

Regular Irregular

Other Types of CT

Loose connectivetissue with a largenumber oflymphocytesProvide a 2 nd line ofdefense againstinvadingmicroorganisms

Specialized formwith no fibers, highlyfluid groundsubstance & mobilecells

Lymphoid Blood

Supportive CT

Composed of closelypacked collagenous fibersin a rubbery gelatinsubstance called chondrinDoes not contain bloodvessels or nerves so has alimited ability to healfollowing injury

Functions to support parts,provide frameworks &attachments, & protectunderlying tissues

Contains collagen &calcium phosphatewhich give bone itsfirmness

Cartilage Bone

Types of Cartilage FES p. 238

Fibrocartilage orWhite CartilageHyalineCartilageElastic Cartilage

or Yellow ElasticCartilage

Fibrocartilage or White Cartilage

Rigid & densenetwork of collagenfibers which help itresist pulling,compressing, &shearing forces thatstill allow slightmovementMakes up meniscus &intervertebral disksCushions jointsurfaces & helpsbones fit together

Hyaline Cartilage

Semitransparent, smooth& rubbery, flexible &insensitiveWater is most abundantcomponent & combines

with proteins in groundsubstance to form a stiffgelHelps to reduce frictionduring movement

Nourishment is fromback-and-forth movementof synovial fluid frommovement & jointcompression

Hyaline Cartilage

Responds to increasedactivity by increasingnumber & size ofcartilage cells whichthickens tissues &

increases its ability tocushion & lubricate jointsFound in larynx, costalcartilages, & articular

cartilageDamage can result inchronic inflammationcalled osteoarthritis

Elastic Cartilage or Yellow ElasticCartilage

Cartilage

Highest proportion ofelastic fibersCreates a structure that isself-supporting but flexibleMore opaque, flexible &elastic than hyalinecartilageNot as involved inmovement as other 2 typesGround substance ispenetrated in all directionsby frequently branchingfibersFound in nose, ears &epiglottis

What reduces friction and absorbs shockin the joints at the end of long bones?A. Articular cartilage

B. Haversian canalsC. CanaliculiD. Concentric lamellae

What reduces friction and absorbs shockin the joints at the end of long bones?A. Articular cartilage

In which of the following would you findfibrous connective tissue?A. Adipose

B. BoneC. TendonD. Blood

In which of the following would you findfibrous connective tissue?

C. Tendon

Which is a band of strong, fibrous tissuethat connects the articular ends of bonesand binds them together?

A. TendonB. FasciaC. Cancellous tissue

D. Ligament

Which is a band of strong, fibrous tissuethat connects the articular ends of bonesand binds them together?

D. Ligament

Which of the following is true aboutcartilage?A. Except for that in the perichondrium,cartilage has no blood vessels or nervesB. The cells of mature cartilage are knownas lacunaeC. The resilience of cartilage is due to its

collagen fibersD. There are 3 kinds of cartilage: hyaline,mosaic, and elastic

Which of the following is true aboutcartilage?A. Except for that in the perichondrium,

cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves

Viscoelasticity

Elasticity : ability of a material to return to its originalstate after being stretchedViscosity : resistance to a change of form offered by afluid

Plasticity : tissue is permanently deformed & nolonger able to return to its original shape even afterremoval of deforming force. Chewing gum is anexample of a plastic material. Once chewed ordeformed, it can’t return to original shape. Resiliency: the physical property of a material thatcan return to its original shape or position afterdeformation that does not exceed its elastic limit

Viscoelasticity

Creep: ability of viscoelastic materials to initiallymodify in direction of applied force & then slowlyreturn to their original stateWhen constant compression deforms CT, tissue moves

in the direction of the force & then attempts to return toits original state.If the CT structure is held in a deformed state for anextended period of time, days or weeks, the viscous

creep pattern may become permanent which altersthe structure & function of joints

Viscoelasticity

When CT is subjected to sudden, prolonged or excessiveforces, it may exceed its elastic limits.

This is what happens to ligaments are overstretched &become lax.

The ligaments can no longer offer the same level ofstability to the joint & makes it more easily injured.

When the plastic range is exceeded, a break or tear canresult.

In tendons or ligaments, the tear or rupture may occurin middle or at the point of attachment (an avulsion)In bones, a fracture can result

Piezoelectric

Definition: ability to generate an electricalfield when compressed or stretchedCT in its various forms can be regarded as afluid or liquid crystal, a largely non-livingmaterial that change its state:

From sol to gelHere watery, there gelatinousHere dense & elastic, there hard as stone

Like other crystals, when compressed CT cangenerate piezoelectric fields that spreadsthrough the surrounding tissues

Piezoelectric

Since collagen is a semiconductor, CT is anintegrated electronic network that allows all partsof the organism to communicate with each other.Electrical fields generated within the tissuesregulate tissue replacement so body structure canchange in response to changes in activity.

Athletes & other performers, in practicing a

movement again & again, generate electricalfields which can maximize their body’s structure &function in response to the repeated deformingstress.

Piezoelectric

The energetic model of the body in which parts oforganism are joined together by CT – the electronicfabric – whose properties (elasticity, flexibility, length,resilience) depend on continuous flow ofenergy/information.When the flow of communication is diminished orrestricted due to physical or emotional trauma orlack of movement, the mechanical properties of thetissue are affected & individuals can lose theirawareness of body areas & feel pain.The flow of energy/information can be re-establishedby applying appropriate pressure to the affectedtissue or by restoring movement.

Thixotropy

Definition: ability of ground substance tobecome more liquid as movement & temperatureof the tissue increases (gel-sol-gel)In the physics of gels, pressure or movement maycause the ground substance of CT to dissolve for ashort period of time.CT becomes more liquid when stirred up & heatedup and more solid when it sits without beingdisturbed.

Consider a bottle of catsup. You hold the bottleupside down and nothing comes out, so you shakethe bottle vigorously and the catsup begins to flowout and onto your French fries. This is thixotropy.

Thixotropy

Our body is determined by our genetics & then modified byspecific stresses & strains put on it. As adults, the sol-gel continuum should continue all our livessince it supports:

Our metabolic efficiency

Healing of injuriesPhysical adjustments for new muscle bulk, new habits & newskills

Physical work, aerobic exercise, & stretching produces the heatenergy & movement we need that softens the CT.

As we age, we can become less active & more sedentary.With disuse, CT becomes colder, less energized, & thixotrophicreactions make them gel more & lose their ability to soften,stretch & flex.

Thixotropy & Bodywork

Thixotropic effect plays a major role in bodyworkWhen a body part loses some degree ofmovement & vitality from trauma or disuse, aperson may not be able to comfortably move itenough to keep its CT warm, most & resilient.The therapist’s hands can provide the body heat &movements & pressure that raises the metabolic

rate & restores some fluidity to the CT.The effect is like turning up the heat in agreenhouse that has been too dry & cold.

The substance between cell tissues madeup of ground substance and fibers iscalled:

A. MatrixB. Nucleic acidsC. Basement membraneD. Meiosis

The substance between cell tissues madeup of ground substance and fibers iscalled:

A. Matrix

What property of collagen may make itviable in the generation of body energy?A. Resistance to deformation

B. Piezoelectric aspectsC. Colloid formationD. Macrophagic activity

What property of collagen may make itviable in the generation of body energy?

B. Piezoelectric aspects

The diverse forms of connective tissue areattributed toA. Properties of cells and composition ofmatrixB. Extensive distribution of blood vesselsC. Distribution of chondroblasts in thematrixD. Collagen formation of ground substance

The diverse forms of connective tissue areattributed toA. Properties of cells and composition ofmatrix

The property of connective tissue thatcauses it to modify in the direction of theforce applied and then slowly return to theoriginal state is called _____.A. Plastic rangeB. FibrousC. CreepD. Viscoelectric

•Marfan Syndrome•Scurvy•Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome•Osteogenesis Imperfect•Sarcoma

Disorders of CT

Marfan Syndrome Salvo p. 115

Scurvy FES p. 195

Caused by a dietarydeficiency of VitaminC leading toformation ofabnormal collagen

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Genetic disease causing progressive deterioration of collagenSymptoms include:

Double-jointednessEasily damaged, bruised, and stretchy skinEasy scarring and poor wound healing

Flat feetIncreased joint mobility, joints popping, early arthritisJoint dislocationJoint pain

Premature rupture of membranes during pregnancyVery soft and velvety skinVision problemswww.endf.org

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Disorders of CT

Brittle bone diseaseCaused byinsufficientproduction of a goodquality collagen thathelps strengthenboneswww.oif.org

A tumor formingprocess in CT

Osteogenesis ImperfectFES p. 193 Sarcoma Salvo p. 420

FES p. 192 Chapter 7

Anatomy Class 3 – Skeletal System

Skeletal System Overview

•Support & shape•Protection•Movement•Mineral storage•Levers•Hemopoiesis

Functions of Skeletal System

Serves as structuralframework for the body

by supporting tissuesand providingattachment points forthe tendons of most

skeletal muscles

Protects the mostimportant internal organs

from injurySkull protects brainVertebral columnprotects spinal cordThoracic cageprotects heart & lungs

Support & Shape Protection

Functions of Skeletal System

Provide movementbegun by theattached musclesCovered in a futureclass

Formation of red &white blood cells &platelets in red bonemarrow

Levers Hemopoiesis

•Bones: spongy & compact•Articular cartilage•Ligaments

•Bursa•Interosseous membranes

Composition of Skeletal System

Compact & Spongy Bone

Ligaments

Composed of denseregular fibrous CTConnects articulatingbones & stabilizes jointsPrimarily bundles of CTfibers, primarily collagenUneven collagen fibersthat remain tautDo contain some elastinfibers so demonstratesome elasticity

Considered staticstabilizers since they donot move

Small, flattened sacs that contain synovial fluid Are fibrous, soft & pillowy when palpated but difficult topalpate since located between bones & large tendonsLocated in areas of friction where tendons & muscles

have to glide over bony surfacesMajor bursa found around shoulder, elbow, knee, & hipTypes include subcutaneous, subtendinous, &submuscular

Bursitis can result when a bursa is exposed to excessivefriction causing it to become enlarged & swollen & willfeel like a bag of fluid when palpated

Interosseous Membranes

Broad sheets ofdense CT that isthinner than ligamentsConnect bones alongtheir entire lengthFound betweenradius & ulna andtibia & fibulaToo deep to palpate

A sac-like membrane that contains synovialfluid and is provided around joints toprevent friction is theA. SutureB. TendonC. PeriosteumD. Bursa

•Long•Short•Flat•Irregular•Sesamoid

Classification of Bones by Shape

Characteristics of a Long Bone

•Diaphysis•Epiphysis•Articular Cartilage•Medullary Cavity•Spongy Bone

•Compact Bone•Periosteum & Endosteum (lines medullary cavity)•Red & Yellow Bone Marrow

Divisions of Skeleton

•Axial Skeleton•Appendicular Skeleton

Divisions of Skeleton

Skull Auditory ossiclesHyoidThoracic cageVertebral column

Pectoral girdleHumerus, ulna,radius, carpals,metacarpals &phalangesCoxal bonesFemur, tibia, fibula,tarsals, metatarsals,& phalanges

Axial Appendicular

Bony Landmarks

•Depressions & openings•Processes that form joints•Processes to which muscles &

ligaments attach

Canal Groove

Fissure MeatusForamen NotchFossa Sinus

Depressions or Openings:

Condyle

HeadFacetProcessRamus: Arm-like bar of a bone; ramus ofmandibleSutureTrochlea

Processes that form Joints:

CoracoidCrestEpicondyleLineMalleolusSpinous process or spine

StyloidTrochanterTubercleTuberosity

Processes to which tendon andligaments attach:

Which of the following is not part of theaxial skeleton?

C. Clavicle

Which sequence of terms names axialskeleton bones?A. Coccyx, occipital, sternum

Sprains Dislocations Factures Epiphyseal injuries Bursitis Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Patellofemoral Syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis

Common Injuries & Pathologies

Dislocations – FTM p. 572

Fractures – FTM p. 573

Osteoporosis – FES p. 224

Sprains – FTM p. 572

Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritisFES p. 273

Bursitis – FES p. 273

Epiphyseal Injuries

10% of all acute skeletal injuries in children &teensIncludes injuries to cartilaginous growth plate,articular cartilage, & sites of tendonattachmentsCan result in premature closing of growth plate& ending bone growth

•Osteochondrosis•Aprophysitis

Types of Epiphyseal Injuries

Osteochondrosis orOsteonecrosis FES p. 224

Disruption of bloodsupply to epiphysiswhich in tissuedeath (necrosis) &potential of adeformed epiphysis

Aprophysitis

Traumatic avulsionof a tendonCommon locationsare calcaneus(Achilles tendon) &tibial tuberosity(patellar tendon or

ligament)

Patellofemoral syndrome – Salvo p. 224

h k ll b h d

The knee pain usually behindkneecap & often duringactivities that require kneeflexion & forceful contractionof quadriceps (ex. duringsquats, ascending &descending stairs).Pain may be exacerbated bysitting with knee flexed for along period of time, such aswhile watching a movie.

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