jrxgef;atmif · 4 jrxgef;atmif rsufesmzhk;cgifhjykcsuftrswf - 84^95(2) pmrlcgifhjykcsuf trswf -...
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jrxGef;atmif4
rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 84^95(2)
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf trSwf - 538^94(9)
apmifa& - 500
wefzdk; - 85 usyf
xkwfa0onfhtBudrf - yxrtBudrf
xkwfa0onfhv - 1995-ck? Zlvdkifv
- yHkES dyfol -- yHkES dyfol -- yHkES dyfol -- yHkES dyfol -- yHkES dyfol -
a':cifa<u(04780)? &wemrÍÆLyHkESdyfwdkuf?
207? a0Z,EÅmvrf;? 16^2 &yfuGuf? oCFef;uRef;/
- xkwfa0ol -- xkwfa0ol -- xkwfa0ol -- xkwfa0ol -- xkwfa0ol -
OD;&Jjrifh (01049)
wufvrf;pmay
967? ya'om&yfuGuf? apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;?
tif;pdef? &efukefNrdKU/
- jzefYcsDol -- jzefYcsDol -- jzefYcsDol -- jzefYcsDol -- jzefYcsDol -
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
c^55 (at)? uRef;a&T0gvrf;? bk&ifhaemifyGJ½Hkwef;?
r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 5
ud kvd ke Db0ud kvd ke Db0ud kvd ke Db0ud kvd ke Db0ud kvd ke Db0 a&T jynf&cd ki fa& T jynf&cd ki fa& T jynf&cd ki fa& T jynf&cd ki fa& T jynf&cd ki fJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
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jrxGef;atmif6
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- pmayonf vlrsdK;\ aoG;aMum jzpfonf/
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- pmayr&SdvQif vlrsdK;r&SdEdkif
- pmayjrifhrS vlrsdK;wifhrnf
- rdrdpmayudk wdk;wufjrifhrm;atmif
tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm; av;pm;½dkaoatmif
pmay? ordkif;? ,Ofaus;rI tawGUtMuHKrsm;udk
tu©&mwifxm;Edkifatmif
0dkif;0ef;aqmif&GufMuygpdkY ----/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay&cdkifom;BuD;pmay&cdkifom;BuD;pmay&cdkifom;BuD;pmay&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 7
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pma&;ol\ trSm .... 9
xkwfa0ol\ trSm .... 11
1/ ]20}&mpk q,fpkESpf(3)cktwGif;
xif&Sm;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; .... 15
2/ awmfvSefa&;pmqdk a';0ef;BuD;\ b0rSwfwrf; .... 26
3/ ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif; .... 33
4/ OD;OwårESifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; .... 48
5/ ukrÜPDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ,if;\trIxrff;rsm; .... 62
6/ ESpf (150)NrdKUppfawG .... 85
7/ 'kwd,urÇmppf &cdkifppfrsufESm .... 100
8/ ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh
vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; .... 114
9/ NAdwdoQcGmppf .... 130
10/ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; .... 137
11/ ESpf&Spfq,fausmfu ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu;
aumfrwD .... 156
12/ &cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pmrsm; .... 167
13/ ]a[;} \ &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;
azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI .... 176
14/ &cdkifpmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm; .... 186
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jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 9
pma&;ol\ trSmpma&;ol\ trSmpma&;ol\ trSmpma&;ol\ trSmpma&;ol\ trSm
pm½Iolrsm;odk Ypm½Iolrsm;odk Ypm½Iolrsm;odk Ypm½Iolrsm;odk Ypm½Iolrsm;odk Y
&cdkifwefaqmifESif h &cdkifr*¾Zif;wdk YrSm &cdkifpmayavmuwGif
oufwrf; t&SnfqHk;r*¾Zif;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif; ESpfapmifrSm ikyfwpfcg
ay:wpfvSnfh tm;oGefBudK;pm;quf vufcsDwufaeqJ jzpfygonf/ tjcm;
&cdkifrS pmapmifrsm;? r*¾Zif;rsm;rSm wpfBudrfESpfBudrffavmufom xkwfa0EdkifNyD;
&yfqdkif; cJhMu&ygonf/
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enf;yg;ygonf/ oHk;av;ESpfMumonfhwdkif xGufrvm EdkifcJhyg/ &cdkifvli,frsm;
u &cdkifa&;&mESifhywfoufonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk zwf½Ivdkí ar;jref;onfh
tcg ñTefjyay; Edkifonfh pmtkyfpmwrff;rsm; tvGefenf;aeojzifh tm;rvdk
tm;r& jzpf&ygonf/
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tcGifhtcgBuHKwdkif; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;avh&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfa&;onfh
aqmif;yg;aygif; (20)ausmf &Sdygonf/ ,if; aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm q,fhudk;&mpkESifh
ESpfq,f&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; &cdkifwdkY\ ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ESifh
tjcm;taMumif; &mrsm;udk a&;om;xm;onfh aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfygonf/ tcsdKU
aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm vGefcJhonfh ESpfESpfq,fausmfu xkwfa0cJhonfh pmapmifrsm;
wGif azmfjycJhojzifh ,cktcg zwf½I&ef rvG,fawmhyg/ uRefawmfhxHrSmyif
rl&if;pmrlrsm; r&Sdawmhyg/
ppfawG? txu trSwf(4)rS ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;Aodef;ESifh
OD;vSjrifhwdkYu uRefawmfa&;cJhonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk jyefxkwf&ef wdkufwGef;
Muygonf/ OD;Aodef;u olUrSm&Sdonf &cdkifhwefaqmifESifh &cdkifr*¾Zif;wdkUrS
oifhawmfonfh uRefawmfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;ygonf/ OD;vSjrifhu
jrxGef;atmif10
wm0ef,l xkwfa0&ef ajymojzifh vufcHvdkufygonf/ ,if;aMumifh aqmif;yg;
rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;ay;onfh a&;azmf OD;Aodef;ESifh OD;vSjrifhwdkYtm; aus;Zl;
wif&SdaMumif; azmfjyvdkygonf/
aqmif;yg;yg vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifh ,if;wdkY\ &mxl;bGJUwHqdyf awmfrsm;rSm
,if;acwftcgu tac:ta0:rsm; jzpfonfudk owdjyK&ef jzpfygonf/
aqmif;yg;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk jyifqifjznfhpGuf xkwfEkwfxm;jcif; r&SdbJ
r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmf jycJhonfhtwdkif; jyefvnfwifjyxm;ygonf/
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 11
xkwfa0ol trSmpmxkwfa0ol trSmpmxkwfa0ol trSmpmxkwfa0ol trSmpmxkwfa0ol trSmpm
udkvdkeDqdkaom a0g[m&udk i,fpOfynmoifMum;cJhcsdefrSpí rMum
cP Mum;emrSwfom;cJh&onf/ udkvdkeDb0odkY wpfEdkifiHvHk; usa&mufcJhpOfu
udkvdkeDb0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf cufcJeufeJ tepfemcH BudK;yrf;vIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;\ t&if;tESD;rsm;yif r[kwfygavm/
udkvdkeDjyKaom EdkifiHwdkY\ tusdK;tjrwfum;rsm;pGmyif/ udkvdkeDjyK
cH&aom EdkifiHESifhvlrsdK;wdkYrSmum; qHk;½HI;rIrsm;pGmyif/ udkvdkeDjyKcH&aom vlrsdK;wdkY
onf olUuRefb0wGif qHk;½HI;cJhaom tcGifhta&;wdkYudk jyefvnf&&Sdatmif
BudK;yrf;Mu&onf/
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onf/ jyKolwdkYudkvnf; &GH&Smonf/ w&m;aomenf;jzifh Opöm&Smvdkolrsm;
r[kwf/ avmbBuD;olwdkY\ rw&m;vdkcsif wyfrufrI[k i,fpOfu oifMum;cJh
&aom ausmif;oifcef;pmwdkYrS ay;aomtodudk &&SdcJhonf/
wpfEdkifiHvHk; udkvdkeDb0odkY a&mufcJhpOfu uREkfyfwdkY&cdkif jynfonf
vnf; olUuRefb0 a&mufcJhonf/ olUuRefb0wGif rw&m;rIudk &ufpufpGm
cHcJh&onf/ jyKorQ EkcJhMu&onf/ olUuRefqdkaom a0g[m&ESifhtnD cg;pnf;cH
&aom 'Pf&mwdkY onf ,aeYwdkif raysmufjy,fEdkifao;yg/ tppt&m&mwGif
acwfaemufusjcif;? tawG;tac:t,ltq ysufpD;jcif;? acwfrrDjcif;?
pnf;urf;ysufjcif;? pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI uif;rJhjcif;? wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;?
pD;yGm;a&; crwfjcHKusjcif; paompaom tarGqdk;rsm; &&SdcJhonf/ xdkqdk;arGrsm;
ESifhqufEG,fí aoG;xdk; rI? aoG;cGJrIjyKjcif;wdkY\ 'Pf&m'PfcsufwdkYudk ,aeYwdkif
cHpm; ae&qJyif r[kwfygvm;/
odkYaomf udkvdkeDacwfudk tav;xm;a&;om;cJhMuol &cdkifpma&;q&m
um; &Sm;yg;vS\/ q&mjrxGef;atmifum; &SmrS&Sm;? wjcm;olrsm; ravhvm
rwD;acgufrdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aphpyfaocsmpGm avhvma&;om;
EdkifcJhonf/ aemifvm aemufom;wdkY od&SdEdkif&ef pHjy(wifjycsuf)yif jzpfygonf/
jrxGef;atmif12
uRefawmfonf i,fpOfuyif q&ma&;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
ESpfoufcHkrifrdonf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf&SdrS wdk;wufEdkifrnfqdk aom pum;&yfonf
,cifvnf; rSefonf/ ,aeYvnf; rSefonf/ aemifvnf; rSefrnf/ udkvdkeD
jyKolwdkYonf nDñGwfjcif;? pnf;½Hk;jcif;udk aMumufonf/ aoG;cGJ&eftwGuf
vmbfudk jy wwf\/ pum;<u,fonf/ rm,mrsm;onf/ vSnfhpm;wwfonf/
rufvHk;ay;wwfonf/ odkYaomf rsdK;cspfpdwf&SdolwdkYtwGufum; ,if;tcsuf
tvufwdkYonf ydef;Mumzufay: a&rwif ouJhodkY t&mra&muf c&D;rayguf
Edkifay/
,ck cufcJpGm pk½Hk;pDpOfxkwfa0aom q&mhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfí
rSwfí aemifvmaemufom;rsm; ]]wpfOD;wpfa,muf}} rQavmufcefY ZmwdaoG;?
Zmwdrmefwuf<uNyD; udkvdkeDb0 jzpf &yfrSefrsm;ESifh olUuRefb0\ 'ku©t00udk
em;vnfoabm aygufum rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf &SifoefEdkifygap[k qkawmif;rdyg
onf/
þaqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;ay;aom uRefawmhfi,fq&m armifAodef;
(ppfawG)tm; þpmtkyfxkwfa0rIjzifh uefawmhyg onf/
&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;
(5-7-1995?(5-7-1995?(5-7-1995?(5-7-1995?(5-7-1995?
Ak'¨[l;aeY)Ak'¨[l;aeY)Ak'¨[l;aeY)Ak'¨[l;aeY)Ak'¨[l;aeY)
03 ; 50 em&D/03 ; 50 em&D/03 ; 50 em&D/03 ; 50 em&D/03 ; 50 em&D/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 13
(pmjyKpkol)(pmjyKpkol)(pmjyKpkol)(pmjyKpkol)(pmjyKpkol)
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
jrxGef;atmif14
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
(1940)(1940)(1940)(1940)(1940)
(udk,fa&;tusOf;)(udk,fa&;tusOf;)(udk,fa&;tusOf;)(udk,fa&;tusOf;)(udk,fa&;tusOf;)
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifppfawG?
ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif; ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;?
a':rrBuD;wdkY\ q|rajrmufom; jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU abmif;'Gwfom;pk
Zmwdjzpfonf/ trnf &if;rSm jrxGef;atmif jzpfonf/
&cdkifvlrIa&; toif;tzGJUrsm;wGif i,fpOfuyif yg0ifaqmif&Guf
cJhonf/
&cd kifpmayaumfrwD (&efukef)rS xkwfa0onfh &cd kifñGef Yzl;
,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;rsm; pmtkyfESifh &cdkifñGefYzl;uAsmrsm; pmtkyfudk pkaygif;
acgif;aqmifwm0ef,l xkwfa0cJhonf/ &cdkif o[m,toif; (&efukef)\
aiG&wkpmapmifwGif wm0efcH pmwnf;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1968-ckrS pwifNyD; &cdkifordkif;a&;&mESifhywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;
rsm;udk &cdkifhwefaqmif? &cddkifñGefYzl;ESifh &cdkifr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a&;om;cJhonf/
&cdkifordkif;a&;&m? txl;ojzifh NAdwdoQudkvdkeDacwf &cdkifwdkY\ tajctaeudk
tav;ay; a&;om;onf/ jrxGef;atmif trnfjzifh vnf;aumif;? xGef;atmif
(abmif;'Gwf) trnfjzifhvnf;aumif; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/
tdrfaxmif&SdoljzpfNyD; om;ESpfa,muf &Sdonf/ tpdk;& trIxrf;
wpfOD;jzpfNyD; &efukefwGifaexdkifvsuf &Sdonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 15
ESpfq,f&mpk
q,fpkESpfoHk;cktwGif;
xif&Sm;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
jrxGef;atmif
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf (1824 rS 1885-cktxd) ESpfaygif; (60)
ausmftwGif; ppfoHk;Budrf qifETJNyD; tavmif;rif;w&m;? bdk;awmfbk&m;wdkY
odrf;ydkufwnfaxmifcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk tNyD;tydkif odrf;,lvdkufonf/
,if;jrefrmEdkifiHudk r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;u trSL;jyKí ta&;ydkif? e,fydkif?
NrdKUtkyfpaom t&m&SdwdkYjzifh tpyxrwGif tkyfcsKyfaponf/ odkY&mwGif t&m&Sd
tkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;om jzpf onf/
1897 ck? arv (1) &ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfudk tdEd,EdkifiH\ jynfe,f
wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHtm; tkyfcsKyfaponf/ 'kwd,
bk&ifcHtm; ulnDwdkifyif&ef rif;wdkifyiftrwf(9)OD;yg0ifaom Oya'jyK
tzGJUwpfckudkvnf; zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ odkY&mwGif Oya'jyKjcif;? jyifqifjcif;?
zsufodrf;jcif; tmPmwdkYrSm 'kwd,bk&ifcHüom &Sdonf/ twdkifyifcH rif;wdkif
yiftrwf (9)OD;rSm bk&ifcHtm; tMuHay;½Hkomjzpfonf/ 1919-ckwGif rif;wdkif
yiftrwf (15)OD;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 1920-ckwGif rif;wdkifyif trwf (28)OD;
jzifh vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,bk&ifcH twdkifyifcH Oya'jyKtzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh
onf/ AsL½dkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfom jzpfonf/
1917-ckESpfavmufwGif EdkifiHa&;Edk;Mum;pjyKvmonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
,if;ESpf Mo*kwfv(20)&ufwGif rGefaw*l aMunmcsuf xGufay:vmonf/
0dkif-trf-bD-at toif;rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIonfvnf; EdkifiHa&;toGif wjznf;
jznf;ajymif;vJvm onf/ 1910-ck 'DZifbmvwGif 'kwd,bk&ifcH qmtmom
jrxGef;atmif16
u&ufa'gufu tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (u&ufa'gufpuif;)udk xkwfjyefcJh&m
q&mawmfOD;Owår trSL;&Sdaom jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvHk;u uefYuGufrIrsm;
ay:aygufcJhonf/
1920-ckwGif &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'udk qefYusifonfhtae
jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1923-ck
Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYrSpí 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzifh jrefrmjynfudk NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u tkyfcsKyfonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufcHolrsm;ESifh
vufrcHolrsm;[lí uGJjym;vmNyD; *sDpDbDattoif;rSmvnf; ESpfjcrf;uGJ&onf/
[kr®½l;tkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&ef awmif;qdkonfh a<u;aMumfoHrSm jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;
wkef[nf;vsuf&Sdaeonf/
1922-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf yxr
tBudrf rif;wdkifyif a&G;aumufyGJudk jyKvkyfonf/ ,if; 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;
pepft& Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif rif;wdkifyiftrwf (79)OD; &Sdonf/ bk&ifcHrSm
qm[mukwfbwåvmjzpfonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf rif;wdkifyifa&G;aumufyGJudk
1925-ckwGif jyKvkyfonf/ 'dkiftmcDvTwfawmftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfae
onfhtcsdef 0ef;usifwpf0dkufumvtwGif; EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh
tkyfcsKyfa&; u@toD;oD;wGif yg0ifcJhMuaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;xJrS xif&Sm;
aom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; &SdcJhonf/
,if;xif&Sm;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;rSm t*Fvdyf-jrefrm 'kwd,ppfyGJ
rjzpfrDESifh jzpfNyD;aemufydkif;umvtwGif; zGm;jrifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ azmfjycJh
aom jrefrmhordkif;pOfwGif u@pOf wpfckckü yg0ifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/
1927ckESpf aemufydkif; umvxd ESpfaygif; (40)ausmf (50)udk jzwfausmfcJhol
rsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;\ udk,fa&;rSwfwrf;
rsm;udk BudK;pm;jyefqdkwifjyygonf/ ,if;odkY jyefqdkwifjy&mrSm NyD;jynfhpHkatmif
wifjyjcif;r[kwfbJ tydkif;cGJNyD; tydkif;(1)tjzpf pkpnf;wifjyvdkufygonf/
OD;apmvSatmifOD;apmvSatmifOD;apmvSatmifOD;apmvSatmifOD;apmvSatmif
Oya'jyK rif;wdkifyiftrwf jzpfonf/ a&SUaewpfOD;jzpfNyD; ppfawGNrdKU
wGif aexdkifonf/ 1888-ck? Mo*kwfv 14-&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrif
onf/ pdeftefY(pf)aumfAef? ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukef
pdef*Ref;aumvdyfwdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1911-ckwGif a&SUaerSwfyHkwif
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 17
onf/ 1921-ckwGif ppfawGrJqE´e,frS Oya'jyKvTwfawmf rif;wdkifyif
trwftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1926-ckwGif 'kwd,tBudrf Oya'jyK
vTwfawmf rif;wdkifyiftrwftjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fcH&onf/ wpfoD;yk*¾v
rif;wdkifyiftrwf jzpfonf/ tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm
vrf;rBuD; ppfawGNrdKUjzpfonf/
OD;pHatmif OD;pHatmif OD;pHatmif OD;pHatmif OD;pHatmif (K.S.M, A.T.M)
XmecsKyfvufaxmufESifh ppfawGc½dkif &mbufw&m;olBuD; jzpfonf/
1879-ck Mo*kwfv (13)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ uG,fvGefol
tNidrf;pm; txl;vufaxmufrif; BuD; OD;pHvSabmf\ om;jzpfonf/ ppfawG
tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;? pdefYZAD;,m;ESifh umvuwåm; a'ADwefaumvdyfwdkY
wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
1899-ck? rwfv(24)&ufaeYwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifonf/ 1900-jynfhwGif ,m,DNrdKUtkyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? udk,fpm;
vTJtyfjcif;cH&aom ,pfrsdK;t&m&Sd tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ar(5)&ufrS 1902ck?
'DZifbm(23)&ufaeYtxd wm0efxrff;aqmifonf/ txl;vufaxmuf
wdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpfvnf; 1916-ck? pufwifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifonf/ ,m,Dc½dkif0eftjzpf 1920-ck? rwfv(27)&ufaeYwGif
wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ti,fwef;tpdk;&twGif; 0eftjzpf 1923-ck?
Mo*kwfv(28)&ufwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ XmecsKyfvufaxmufESifh
ppfawGc½dkif &mbufw&m;olBuD;tjzpf 1925-ck? atmufwdkbmv(24)&uf
aeYwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/
1913-ckwGif A.T.M bGJUudk vnf;aumif;? 1922-ckwGif K.S.M
bGJUudk vnf;aumif;? csD;usL;*kPfjyKxdkufaom trIxrf;aqmifrItwGuf
tpdk;&\ csD;jr§ifhjcif;udk cH&onf/ 1926-ck? vTwfawmfwGif bk&ifcHrdefYMum;
onfh rdefYcGef;ü trnfxkwfazmf ajymMum;jcif; cH&oljzpfonf/ tdrfaxmif&Sdol
jzpfonf/ xl;cRefaom tm;upm;orm;wpfOD;jzpfonf/
umvuwåm;wGif ynmoifMum;pOfu aoewfudkif uRrf;usifrI
aMumifh bk&ifcHcsKyf\ qkwHqdyfcsD;jr§ifhjcif; cH&oljzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm
ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/
jrxGef;atmif18
OD;a&TZHatmif OD;a&TZHatmif OD;a&TZHatmif OD;a&TZHatmif OD;a&TZHatmif (B.A, K.S.M, A.T.M)
1871-ck Zefe0g&DvwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ uG,fvGefol
c½dkif&J0ef OD;a&Tom I.S.O, K.S.M, A.T.M \om; jzpfonf/ 1881-ckwGif
ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ü ynmoifMum;onf/ 1885-ckwGif
tv,fwef;ynm&nfcRefqkudk qGwfcl;cJhonf/ 1891-cktxd &efukef
aumvdyfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ rpö½dkif;a';ApfESifh yl;wGJ
bmomjyefqdkcJhaom bmoma&;qdkif&mpmayrsm;rSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ EdkifiH
twGuf rSwfwrf;wifwm0efxrf;aqmifcsufrsm; jzpfonf/
Ak'¨\ eufeJcufcJaom oabmw&m;rsm;udk bmomjyefqdkcJhonf/
Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;\ av;pm;jcif;cH&aomausmfMum;xif&Sm;onfh yxrqHk;
jrefrmtrsdK;om; wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ol\bmomjyefqdkrIaMumifh taemufwdkif;
om;rsm;\rsufpdudk yGifhaponf/ ol\*EÅ0ifpmayrSm Ak'¨\tbd"r®mudk
tusOf;csHK;NyD; a&;om;xm;aom The Compendium of Philosophy pmtkyf
jzpfonf/
,if;rSm t*FvefEdkifiH\ Ak'¨pmaye,fwGif vufudkifxm;&aom
pmtkyfjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHokawoe*sme,fwGifvnf; wefzdk;&Sdaom aqmif;
yg; tajrmuftjrm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
1892-ckwGif aMu;wdkif;ESifh ajrpm&if;XmewGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ,if;XmewGif ESpftawmfMum wm0efxrf;aqmifNyD;
aemuf 1902-ckwGif jrefrmEdkifiH ti,fwef;jynfolU0efxrf;tjzpf ajymif;a&TU
wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1907-ckwGif wdkif;tqifhjynfolU0efxrf;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf 1909-ckwGif ajrusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; ae&mcsxm;
iSm;&rf;cudpöESifh ywfoufí txl;wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;udkcH&onf/
,if;vkyfief;rSm xdktcsdefumvwGif tvGefcufcJaom udpöwpf&yf
jzpfonf/ OD;a&TZHatmif\ axmufcHwifjycsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&mu
vufcHoabmwlMu&onf/ ol\pmtkyfjym (Blue Print)rSm ,cktcsdefxd
rSDjirf;jyKudk;um;tm;xm;&onf/ &efukefNrdKU ajrt&m&Sd½H k;wGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifpOf ol\wefzdk;&Sdaom wm0efxrf;aqmifrIaMumifh 1914-ckwGif
A.T.M bGJUudk tyfESHjcif;cH&onf/ wGHaw;wl;ajrmif;azmuf&ef ajrodrf;qnf;
a&;twGuf tvGefta&;BuD;aomwm0efudk 1902-ckwGif tyfESif;jcif;
cH&onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 19
oefvsifNrdKUwdk;csJUjr§if hwif&ef ajrtoHk;csa&; txl;pH kprf;a&;
(aumfrwD)wGifvnf; 1913-ckwGif a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/
c½dkifcGJt&m&Sdtjzpf ausmufwef;NrdKUwGif 1918-ckwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf
'kwd,tBudrfppfacs;aiG tjzpf aiGaMu;tajrmuftjrm; wdk;jr§ifhfay;cJhonf/
[Hom0wD c½dkif0eftjzpf ESpfBudrfwdkif ,m,Dwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
b@mawmfrif;BuD;\ ,m,DtwGif;0eftjzpf 1920-ckwGif wm0ef rxrf;
aqmifrDumv jzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf c½dkif0eftjzpf ajymif;a&TUwm0ef
xrf;aqmif&onfh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh 0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; oxHkNrdKUol
NrdKUom;rsm;\ tNrJowd& cspfcifjcif;cH&oljzpfonf/
OD;a&TZHatmifrSm oufaomifhoufomtcsdef[lí r&SdcJh/ odkY&mwGif
pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGif atmifjrifcJhol jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1923 ckwGif K.S.M
bGJUudk csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/ tdEd´,EdkifiH jrLeDpDy,f tcGefpnf;MuyfaumufcHrI
pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDtzGJU0if tjzpfvnf; a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ ,if;aumfrwD\
Ouú|u OD;a&TZHatmif\ wm0efxrf;aqmifrIudk azmfxkwfcsD;usL; ajymqdk
jcif;udkvnf;cH&onf/ yxrqHk;jrefrmtrsdK;om; ,pfrsdK;rif;BuD;tjzpf
wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onfrSm ol\ *kPf &nfxl;jcm;ay:vGifrIyifjzpfonf/
ESpfaygif;(30)ausmf wm0ef \0wå&m;rsm;udk opöm&Sd&Sdxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
,if;aMumifh wm0eftqifhqifh wdk;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onfh 0efxrf;rsm;wGif xdyfwef;
u yg0ifcJholjzpfonf/
tpdk;&trIxrf; t&mxrf;rsm;wGif OD;a&TZHatmif\ aqGrsdK;
awmfpyfolrsm;&Sdonf/ a'gufwmomEdk; K.S.M, A.T.M rSm OD;a&TZHatmif\
wpf0rf;uGJnDtpfudkawmfpyfol jzpfonf/ xm;0,f&mbufw&m;olBuD;
OD;apmvSjzLESifh &efukeftaxGaxGaq;½Hk vufaxmufBuD;Muyfa&;t&m&Sd
a'gufwmom'dk; M.B., Ch.B(Edin) wdkYrSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ wlrsm;jzpfonf/
uG,fvGefoltxl;vufaxmuf wdkif;rif;BuD;OD;xGef;atmif\orD;ESif h
tdrffaxmif jyKcJhonf/
OD;atmifBuD;OD;atmifBuD;OD;atmifBuD;OD;atmifBuD;OD;atmifBuD;
a&SUaewpfOD; jzpfonf/ 1864-ck? {NyDv 24&ufwGif oHwGJNrdKUü
zGm;jrifonf/ umvuwåm; pdef Y*s d K UZuf txufwef; ausmif;wGif
ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmif jrifcJhonf/ 1883-84wGif
ynma&;Xmeü wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH ti,fwef; y#dnmOf
jrxGef;atmif20
cH0efxrf;tjzpf 1891-ckwGif a&SUaepmar;yGJudk atmifjrifonf/ ausmufjzL
jrLeDpDy,ftzG JU\ Ouú| jzpfonf/ jrefrmEd kifiH Oya'jyKvTwfawmf
rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
a':cifESifh tdrffaxmifjyKcJhonf/ orD;oHk;OD;? om;oHk;OD; xGef;um;
cJhonf/ uyÜwdef H.atmifcif? I.Ms, B.WbxGef;? M.A, LL.B jrefrm
EdkifiHw&m;a&;0efxrf;ESifh vef'efvif;uGef;tif; ausmif;om; P.atmifBuD;wdkY
jzpfMuonf/ tyef;ajztm;upm;tjzpf vrf;avQmufonf/ tNrJwrf;
ae&yfrSm ausmufjzLNrdKU jzpfonf/
OD;ausmfZHvSOD;ausmfZHvSOD;ausmfZHvSOD;ausmfZHvSOD;ausmfZHvS
zsmyHk&mbufw&m;olBuD;ESifh puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; jzpf onf/ 1877ck?
Edk0ifbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ ppfawGNrdKUESifh &efukef
aumvdyfwdkYwGif ynmoifMum; cJhonf/ NrdKUtkyf? w&m;olBuD;? &efukef puf&Sif
w&m;olBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ &efukef&mbufw&m;olBuD;ESifh
ppfudkif;c½dkifw&m;olBuD;? puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;tjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU c&pfvrf;rS OD;zdk;rif;\orD;ESifh tdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf/
tyef;ajztm;upm;tjzpf wif;epfupm;onf/ &efukef tdk&D,ifhuvyf?
&efukefjrefrm0efxrf;rsm;uvyftzGJU0if jzpfonf/ ae&yfrSm zsmyHkNrdKU jzpfonf/
OD;yef;vS OD;yef;vS OD;yef;vS OD;yef;vS OD;yef;vS A.T.M
txl;vufaxmuf wdkif;rif;BuD; tNidrf;pm;jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU jrLeD
pDy,ftzGJUOuú|vnf;jzpfonf/ 1862-ck? Edk0if bmv(16)&ufaeYwGif
ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifpHeDBuD; aemufawmfyg; oif;0efrSL;
qiftkyfbGJUwHqdyfawmf& OD;&JpH\
1
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bk&ifvufxufawmftcgu a&wyfAdkvfcsKyfjzpfonf/
1/1/1/1/1/ Mre-So-Za-Taung-Zan-Ni-Gri-Nauk-Ba-Thin Winmu-Sin-Ok-Resan.
[k azmfjyxm;onfudk awGGU&ygonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifyHeDBuD; aemufyg[k azmfjyxm;onfudk awGGU&ygonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifyHeDBuD; aemufyg[k azmfjyxm;onfudk awGGU&ygonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifyHeDBuD; aemufyg[k azmfjyxm;onfudk awGGU&ygonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifyHeDBuD; aemufyg[k azmfjyxm;onfudk awGGU&ygonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifyHeDBuD; aemufyg
oif;0efrSL; qiftkyf&JpH[k xifygonf/ awmifpH^ZHeDrSm awmifyHudk t*Fvdyfoif;0efrSL; qiftkyf&JpH[k xifygonf/ awmifpH^ZHeDrSm awmifyHudk t*Fvdyfoif;0efrSL; qiftkyf&JpH[k xifygonf/ awmifpH^ZHeDrSm awmifyHudk t*Fvdyfoif;0efrSL; qiftkyf&JpH[k xifygonf/ awmifpH^ZHeDrSm awmifyHudk t*Fvdyfoif;0efrSL; qiftkyf&JpH[k xifygonf/ awmifpH^ZHeDrSm awmifyHudk t*Fvdyf
t*Fvdyftu©&mjzifh t*Fvdyftu©&mjzifh t*Fvdyftu©&mjzifh t*Fvdyftu©&mjzifh t*Fvdyftu©&mjzifh Pan/Ban rS ta&;csK dU,Gif;rIaMumifh rS ta&;csK dU,Gif;rIaMumifh rS ta&;csK dU,Gif;rIaMumifh rS ta&;csK dU,Gif;rIaMumifh rS ta&;csK dU,Gif;rIaMumifh Zan jzpfvm[efjzpfvm[efjzpfvm[efjzpfvm[efjzpfvm[ef
wlygonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;\ ol&Jaumif;bGJUwHqdyfwpfck jzpfojzifh okawoewlygonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;\ ol&Jaumif;bGJUwHqdyfwpfck jzpfojzifh okawoewlygonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;\ ol&Jaumif;bGJUwHqdyfwpfck jzpfojzifh okawoewlygonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;\ ol&Jaumif;bGJUwHqdyfwpfck jzpfojzifh okawoewlygonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;\ ol&Jaumif;bGJUwHqdyfwpfck jzpfojzifh okawoe
jyKoifhonfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfygonf/jyKoifhonfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfygonf/jyKoifhonfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfygonf/jyKoifhonfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfygonf/jyKoifhonfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfygonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 21
OD;yef;vSonf OD;pHvSabmf\ 'kwd,om;jzpfonf/ OD;pHvSabmfudk
c&pf,meftrnf rpöwm*syfawmh? odkYr[kwf q&m,mukyf[k odMuonf/
ppfawGtpdk;&ausmif;rS t*Fvdyfpmjy q&mjzpfNyD; OD;udkvmz&D(umvmjzL)\
ajr; jzpfonf/ bk&iftif*sifeD,mcsKyf OD;i'gBuD;\jrpf jzpfonf/ OD;i'gBuD;\
zcifrSm qifOD;pD; ausmfZHa0jzpfNyD; a&wyfAdkvfcsKyf jzpfonf/ OD;ausmfZHa0\
tbdk;rSm txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh OD;&JpHjzpfonf/
OD;yef;vSonf ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;
cJhonf/ ESpfaygif; 36ESpfwdkif NAdwdoQtpdk;&xH trsdK;rsdK;aom pGJrSwfcH,lEdkifaom
owdåjzifh trIxrf;cJhonf/ NrdKUtkyftjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
c½dkifcGJt&m&Sdtjzpfjzifh 1897-ckrS 1911ckxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
umv&Snfvsm;pGm opöm&Sd&Sdwm0efxrf;aqmifrItwGuf 1911-ckwGif yÍör
ajrmufa*smhbk&ifxHrS *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;wif vufrSwf csD;jr§ifhjcif;udk cH&onf/
a'vDNrdKUwGif bk&ifrif;jrwf\ bdodufcHtcrf;tem;wGif jzpfonf/ tdEd´,
ppfacs;aiGESifh ywfoufí OD;yef;vS\wm0efxrf;aqmifcsufudk todtrSwf
jyKonfhtaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH 'kwd,bk&ifcH\ *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;wif vufrSwfudk
1917-ckwGif csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/ 1918-ck? ZGefv(3)&ufwGif tdEd´,
bk&ifcHcsKyfxHrS xif&Sm;onfh pGrf;aqmifcsuftwGuf A.T.M bGJUwHqdyfudk
csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/
e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;t&m&SdESifh ae&mcsxm;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpf
&SpfBudrfwdkiftxl;wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ ,if;tjyif 1919-ckwGif
,m,Dc½dkif0eftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ ppfawGc½dkif0ef\ yxrXme
csKyfvufaxmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ajroHk;cspHkprf;a&;aumfrwDESifhe,fed
rdwft&m&Sd tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1922-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpfrS tNidrf;pm;,lonf/
1924-ckrS 1926-cktxd ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f aumfrwDwGif 'kwd,Ouú|
tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? 1927-ckwGif Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,f
wifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ 1924-ckwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,fausmif;bkwftzGJU\
em,utjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
OD;yef;vSrSm tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif aexdkifol
jzpfonf/
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OD;armifomxGef;OD;armifomxGef;OD;armifomxGef;OD;armifomxGef;OD;armifomxGef;
bPfocifwpfOD; jzpfonf/ 1883-ck? azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif
ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ tNidrf;pm;txl;vufaxmuf wdkif;rif;BuD; OD;jrOD;
A.T.M \ om;jzpfNyD;? ausmif;'um OD;aumif;vSjzL\ ajr;jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKUwGif armfuGef;ausmufwdkiftjzpf wnf&Sdaeonfh a&TapwDESpfqludk
ol\udk,fydkifaiGjzifh wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhol jzpfonf/ umvuwåm;NrdKU a'ADZef
aumvdyfwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ ppfawGaq;½Hk aumfrwD\ a&G;cs,f
cefYxm;onfh tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ "mwfrSefud&d,mwyfqif&eftwGuf
taqmufttHk aqmuf vkyf&mrSm rdbrsm;udk &nfpl;NyD; tvSLaiG tajrmuf
tjrm; vSL'gef;cJhonf/
tdrfaxmif&S dol jzpfonf/ ppfawGuvyftoif;0ifjzpfonf/
tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm vrf;rBuD; ½ly&Gm? ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/
OD;ausmfxGef; OD;ausmfxGef; OD;ausmfxGef; OD;ausmfxGef; OD;ausmfxGef; (Barrister at Law)
ppfawGNrdKU ukefonfOD;xGef;atmif\ om;jzpfonf/ 1889-ckwGif
ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ umvuwåm; a'ADZefaumvdyf? udef;b&D;vfpdef;
uufo&if;aumvdyfwdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1911-ckwGif 0wfvHkawmf&
a&SUaetjzpf *a&tif;toif;rS &,lcJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU w&m;vTwfawmf
a&SUaejzpfonf/ ae&yfrSm rGefeD;taqmufttHk? Zmz&ufvrf;? &efukefjzpf
onf/
uyÜwdefOD;atmifcif uyÜwdefOD;atmifcif uyÜwdefOD;atmifcif uyÜwdefOD;atmifcif uyÜwdefOD;atmifcif MB,CB. B,F.R.C.S(Edin)I.M.S
1887-ck? 'DZifbmv(8)&ufaeYwGif oHwGJNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ &efukef
pdefaygvftxufwef;ausmif;? tD'ifbm&mwuúodkvf? ½dkwGefwmaq;½Hk?
'lvbifvef'eftyl;ydkif;a'o aq;ausmif;wdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
uyÜwdef OD;atmifcifonf ppfrIxrf;tjzpf 1915-ckrS 1920-cktxd
rufqdkydkaw;eD;,m;? yg&Sm;? tmz*efepöwefESifh taemufajrmufe,fpyfrsm;
wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1922-ckwGif aq;bufXmewGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 23
Oya'jyKvTwfawmf rif;wdkifyiftrwfESifh ausmufjzL jrLeDpDy,f Ouú|
OD;atmifBuD;ESifh a':cifwdkY\om;jzpfonf/ tyef;ajztm;upm;rSm wif;epf
½dkufupm;jcif; jzpfonf/
ae&yfrSmwpfqifh taxGaxG tifpywfawmf? jynfolUaq;½HkBuD;
&efukefNrdKUjzpfonf/
a'gufwm ausmfcdkif a'gufwm ausmfcdkif a'gufwm ausmfcdkif a'gufwm ausmfcdkif a'gufwm ausmfcdkif L.M.P
ppfawGNrdKU ukefonfOD;xGef;\om; jzpfonf/ ppfawGtpdk;&
txufwef;ausmif;ESifh r'&yfaq;ausmif;wdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHaq;XmewGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf xrf;aqmifonf/ ,if;Xme
wGif(11)ESpf wm0efxrf; aqmifNyD; tvkyfrSEkwfxGufcJhonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif
udk,fydkif aq;cef;zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ ppfawGor0g,rtoif; bPfvDrdwuf\
em,u jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU jrLeDpDy,faumfrwDtzGJU0if wpfOD;vnf;
jzpfonf/
tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm xD;wef;vrf;? ppfawGNrdKU
jzpfonf/
OD;armifndKOD;armifndKOD;armifndKOD;armifndKOD;armifndK
jrefrmEdkifiH y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;tNidrf;pm;jzpfonf/ 1871-ck Zlvdkifv
(15)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ umv&Snfvsm;pGm opöm&Sd&Sd
wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;twGuf usufoa&r*FvmESifh jynfhpHkaom 0dwdk&d,
bk&ifr\ *kPfjyKvTmudk 1877-ckü csD;jr§ifhcH&ol OD;armifumvm\ajr;jzpf
onf/ OD;armifumvmonf udk,fydkifp&dwfjzifh rif;jym;NrdKUESifhaps;udk wnf
aqmufcJholjzpfNyD; ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f tzGJU0ifjzpfonf/
OD;armifndKonf ppfawGtpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukef
aumvdyfwdkYwgif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1892-ckwGif bJGU&&Sdonf/ 1896ck
wGif ,SOfNydKifajzqdk&onfh pmar;yGJwGif yxrwef; ta&G;cs,fcHpm&if;0if
wpfOD;jzpfNyD; 1897-ckwGif NrdKUtkyftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1914-ckwGif
vufaxmuf w&m;olBuD;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhjcif; cH&onf/ 1925-ckwGif
tNidrf;pm;,lonf/
jrxGef;atmif24
tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ 1911-ckü a'vD'gbm bGJUwHqdyfudk csD;jr§ifh
jcif;cH&ol jzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm rdZH&yf? ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/
twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;
azmfjyygyk*d¾Kvfrsm; trnfESifh ,SOfwGJí bGJU? *kPfxl;? wHqdyfrsm;udk
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ,if;wdkYudk azmfjy&mrSm pmvHk;tjynfhtpHk azmfjyxm;jcif;
r[kwfbJ tusOf;csKyfa&;om;azmf jyxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ ,if;pmvHk;
twdkaumufrsm;rSm ,ckacwfwGif toHk;jyKMuonfh twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ ,if;wdkYudk em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef pmvHk;aygif; tjynfh
tpHkudk wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
- A.T.M: Ahmudan Gaung Tazeilk Ya Min
trIxrf;aumif; wHqdyf&rif;?
- K.S.M: Kyettaye Zaung Shwe Salwe Ya Min
usufoa&aqmif a&TpvG,f&rif;?
- T.D.M: Thuye Gaung Ngawe Daya Min
ol&Jaumif; aiG"m;&rif;?
- I.S.O: Inperial Service Order
- I.S.M : Indian Medical Service
- E.A.C: Extra Assistant Commissioner
jyefqdka&;om;wifjycJhaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;rSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJU orm;rsm;\
trIawmfxrf;rsm;yg0ifonf/ udk,fydkifvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom a&SUae? q&m0ef
rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ ,if; tcsdftcguqdkvQif wifjycJhaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf
&cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;xJrS xif&Sm;onfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm; jzpfygonf/ pmayynm&Sifrsm;?
aq;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh Oya'a&;&m ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;wdkY\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmygu wpfq,fhudk;&mpk
aESmif;ydkif;ESifh ESpfq,f&mpkESpf oHk;pktwGif;umv &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;\ pD;yGm;
a&;? ynma&;? vlrIa&;? tajctaersm;udk awGU&Sd rSwfom;&rnf jzpfygonf/
wpfenf;qdk&vQif &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ ordkif;uGufvyfwpfckudk
wifjycJhonfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\taMumif;csif;&mrsm;ESifh qufET,fí avhvm
rSwfom;azmfxkwfEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/ wifjycJhonfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ b0rSwfwrf;
rsm;rSm NyD;jynfhpHkonfh rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; r[kwfyg/ qufvufavhvm
azmfxkwf&ef vdktyfaeygao;onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 25
,if;rSwpfqifh ruGma0;onfh umvtwGif;u xif&Sm;cJhonfh &cdkif
trsdK;om;pmayynm&Sifrsm;? Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;? aq;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh
EdkifiHtwGuf toufay;vSLcJhonfh rsdK;cspfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ udk,fa&;ordkif;rsm;
azmfxkwf&ef txl;vdktyfaeNyD jzpfaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
H.E. Sir Harcourt Butler \ Who's who in Burma pmtkyfrS
xkwfEkwfwifjyjcif; jzpfygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(13)?&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(13)?&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(13)?&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(13)?&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(13)?
1990- azazmf0g&Dv/1990- azazmf0g&Dv/1990- azazmf0g&Dv/1990- azazmf0g&Dv/1990- azazmf0g&Dv/
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twGJ-13? trSwf-13? 1973-74 rS/twGJ-13? trSwf-13? 1973-74 rS/twGJ-13? trSwf-13? 1973-74 rS/twGJ-13? trSwf-13? 1973-74 rS/twGJ-13? trSwf-13? 1973-74 rS/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 33
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jrxGef;atmif34
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Idea Committee) rS csrSwfay;onfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;
tm; ½dkufoGif;ay;onf/ NAdwdoQtifyg,mtwGif;&Sd udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh
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uRefouf&Snfapaom ynma&;pepfom jzpfonf/
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atmif(v,fydkif&Sif) trd a':oleE´mjzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;atmif(v,fydkif&Sif) trd a':oleE´mjzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;atmif(v,fydkif&Sif) trd a':oleE´mjzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;atmif(v,fydkif&Sif) trd a':oleE´mjzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;atmif(v,fydkif&Sif) trd a':oleE´mjzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;
ausmif;rS 1897-ckESpfwGif umvuwåm; wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJudkatmifjrifausmif;rS 1897-ckESpfwGif umvuwåm; wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJudkatmifjrifausmif;rS 1897-ckESpfwGif umvuwåm; wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJudkatmifjrifausmif;rS 1897-ckESpfwGif umvuwåm; wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJudkatmifjrifausmif;rS 1897-ckESpfwGif umvuwåm; wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJudkatmifjrif
onf/ &efukefaumvdyfESif h onf/ &efukefaumvdyfESif h onf/ &efukefaumvdyfESif h onf/ &efukefaumvdyfESif h onf/ &efukefaumvdyfESif h Emmenual College Cambridge wdk YrS wdk YrS wdk YrS wdk YrS wdk YrS (B.A)
udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk (Grey's Inn) rS 1910ckwGifrS 1910ckwGifrS 1910ckwGifrS 1910ckwGifrS 1910ckwGif
&&Sdonf/ jynftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; &&Sdonf/ jynftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; &&Sdonf/ jynftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; &&Sdonf/ jynftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; &&Sdonf/ jynftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; (Inspector
of School Pegu Circle) tjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawGtjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawGtjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawGtjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawGtjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawG
tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpfESif h tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpfESif h tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpfESif h tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpfESif h tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpfESif h (Inspector of
Schools Akyab Circle) tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/
,if;aemuf tvkyfrSEIwfxGufonf/ 0wfvHktjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ oufBuD;,if;aemuf tvkyfrSEIwfxGufonf/ 0wfvHktjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ oufBuD;,if;aemuf tvkyfrSEIwfxGufonf/ 0wfvHktjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ oufBuD;,if;aemuf tvkyfrSEIwfxGufonf/ 0wfvHktjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ oufBuD;,if;aemuf tvkyfrSEIwfxGufonf/ 0wfvHktjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ oufBuD;
wuúodkvf wnfaxmifcJhol jzpfonf/ oufBuD;wuúodkvf wnfaxmifonfrSwuúodkvf wnfaxmifcJhol jzpfonf/ oufBuD;wuúodkvf wnfaxmifonfrSwuúodkvf wnfaxmifcJhol jzpfonf/ oufBuD;wuúodkvf wnfaxmifonfrSwuúodkvf wnfaxmifcJhol jzpfonf/ oufBuD;wuúodkvf wnfaxmifonfrSwuúodkvf wnfaxmifcJhol jzpfonf/ oufBuD;wuúodkvf wnfaxmifonfrS
vkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGifvkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGifvkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGifvkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGifvkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGif
xif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ckxif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ckxif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ckxif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ckxif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ck
pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 35
]]&cdkifc½dkif ppfawGNrdKUü wnfaqmufxm;aom t*Fvdyf-jrefrm
ESpfbmomtpdk;&ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif ausmif;om; OD;& (700)txd&Sdí
arNrdKUü wnfaxmifxm;aom Oa&mywdkufom;uav;i,frsm;twGuf tpdk;&
pmoifausmif;ürl ausmif;om;ta&twGuf(120)rQom&SdaMumif;? odkYaomf
arNrdKUausmif;twGuf tukeftuscHaomp&dwfaMu;aiGrSm ppfawGNrdKUausmif;
twGuf ukefusaom p&dwfrsm;xuf(2)q ausmf(3)qrQ ydkrdkrsm;jym;aMumif;?
xkdYtjyif ppfawGNrdKU pmoifausmif;wGif "mwfcef;½Hkwpf½HkaqmufvkyfvdkaMumif;
ESifh avQmufxm;aomtcg rdrdwdkYxHü aiGaMu;r&Sdao;[k tpdk;&u ajymqdk
avonf/
arNrdKUpmoifausmif;ürl "mwfcef;½Hkaqmufvkyfí xm;apavonf/
,if;uJhodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf rsufESmvdkufonfrnf\/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrmESpfbmom
ausmif;rsm;twGuf rnfonfht&mudkrqdk vdkíawmif;vQif rdrdwdkYxHü aiGaMu;
r&Sdao;[k tBudrfBudrftzefzef jyefMum;cJhzl;avonf/ odkY&mwGif arNrdKUü
xD;eef;ozG,f (pmoifausmif;)taqmufttHkBuD;rsm; aqmufvkyf&ef
twGufrl ¤if;wdkYxHü aiGaMu;&SdMuayonf}}[k NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;\
ynma&;ESifh ywfoufí wpfzufapmif;eif;&SdyHkrsm;udk rn§mrwmxkwfazmf
a0zefxm;onf/ ,if;wdkY\ ynma&;pepf bufvdkufrIrsm;udk ay:vGifap
onf/
wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; ynma&;pepfudkcsrSwfNyD;onfhtcsdefrS
&mpkESpfwpf0ufcefYtxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wuúodkvfwpfckrQ r&Sdao;? &efukef
aumvdyfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyfrsm;om &Sdao;onf/ wuúodkvf zGifhvSpfa&;
twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd toif;tzGJUrsm;u tpOfwpdkuf awmifqdkcJhMuonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; 1920-ckwpf0dkufwGif q&mawmf OD;OwårESifh
0dkiftrfbDatacgif;aqmifrsm;\ pnf;½Hk;vHIUaqmfrIaMumifh EdkifiHa&;t&Sdef
t[kefjrifhrm;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ wpfcsdef wnf;rSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf
yxrurÇmppf'PfaMumifh vufatmufcHudkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;\ tNidKtjiifudk rcH
vdk/ vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; jyK vkyfvm
&onf/
,if;aMumifh 1920-ck? &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya' tMurf;udk
ynmrif;BuD; rpöwmrwf[efYum;onf jrefrmEdkifiH aumifpDtpnf;ta0;odkY
jrxGef;atmif36
1920-ck? Mo*kwfv 12 &ufwGif wifoGif;onf/ ,if;Oya'udk jrefrmjynfol
wpf&yfvHk;u uefYuGufMuonf/ owif;pmrsm;uvnf; uefYuGufa&;om;Mu
onf/ &efukef? rEÅav;? ykodrf? armfvNrdKif? ppfawGtp&Sdaom NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif
tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yíqE´jyMuonf/ ,if;odkY uefYuGufqE´jyaeonfh
Mum;rS jrefrmEdkifiHbk&ifcHESifh tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyfwdkY oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
,if;Oya'udk jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&onf 1920-ck? 'DZifbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif
twnfjyKvdkufonf/
ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;
,if;twnfjyKvdkufaom &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya't&
wuúodkvfrSm &efukefwGif&Sd&rnf/ &efukefrStytjcm;NrdKUrsm;ü aumvdyf
ausmif;rsm;r&Sd/ rEÅav;? ppfawG? armfv NrdKif? ykodrfNrdKUrsm;uJhodkY ynma&;wGif
A[dkusaomNrdKUrsm;ü aumvdyfausmif;xm;&Sd&ef jynfolvlxku vdkvm;onf/
wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;aomfvnf; wuúodkvf ynmudk
oifMum;cGifhr&ao;/ wuúodkvfynmudk oifvdkygu aemufxyfwpfESpfoif&ef
(cGwef;)udk ,if;Oya't& xm;&Sdonf/ wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;
olwdkif; wuúodkvf0ifcGifhay;&efvdkvm;onf/ ,if;tjyif jrefrmpmudk,lí
wuúodkvfpmar;yGJudk ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef vdkvm;Muonf/ tpdk;& ausmif;csif;wl
aomfvnf; tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;rIudk rvdkvm;Mu? wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;udk
awmif;qdkMuonf/ ,if;tjyif tvGwfynmoifMum;olrsm;twGufvnf;
pmar;yGJ&Sdoifhonf[k ,lqMuonf/ atmufajcjzpfaom tajccHynma&;
pepf udk wdk;wufap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonf[k xifjrifMuonf/
vufawGUtoHk;csEdkifaom ynma&;pepfudk awmif;qdkMuonf/
vuf&Sdynma&;pepfrSm twef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifa&;udkom t"duxm;
onf/ ausmif;om;wdkY\ b0tajctae ESifh rqDavsmfrtyfpyf jzpfaeonf/
wuúodkvfynma&;wGif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfESifh jrefrmjynftwGuf
vdktyfaeaom odyHÜynm&yfudk tm;ay;oifhonf/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwGif
EIwfajzppfaq;jcif;? 0dZÆmodyHÜ *kPfxl;wef;om;rsm; pmar;yGJudpö? Oya'ynm
oifMum;a&;udpö? atmifjrifNyD;aom bmom&yfrsm;udk xyfrHajzqdk&ef rvdkbJ
us½HI;onfhbmom&yfrsm;udkom ajzqdkcGifhjyKa&;udk tav;ay;NyD; jynfolrsm;
awmif;qdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfolwdkY\ vdkvm;csufESifh rudkufnDaom
wuúodkvftufOya'udk NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;u twnfjyKay;cJhonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 37
,if;tufOya'rSm jynfolwdkY vdkvm;csufESifh rudkufnDaom ynma&;tHacsmf
csufrsm;om jzpfawmhonf/
aumvdyfoydwfaumvdyfoydwfaumvdyfoydwfaumvdyfoydwfaumvdyfoydwf
,if;odkY jynfolwdkYrvdkvm;onfh &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'udk
twnfjyKvdkufojzifh OD;bOD; (B.A txufwef;oHwGJ) OD;aqmifonfh (26)OD;
aumfrwDua&SUaqmifNyD; &efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyfwdkYudk 1928ck?
'DZifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif oydwfarSmufvdkufMuonf/ 'DZifbmv (23)&uf
aeYudk aemufqHk;xm;í ausmif;0if&efESifh ,if;odkY0ifa&mufjcif;r&Sd olrsm;udk
ausmif;xkwfrnf[k wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYu aMunmonf/
'DZifbmv(20)&ufwGif oydwfarSmufaumifpDuBuD;rSL;í ausmif;
awmf&m a&Tusifausmif;wdkufü oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;xku tpnf;ta0;
udk usif;yonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS tmPmydkifwdkYu tjyKtrludk rauseyf?
qE´jyonfhtaejzifh ausmif;0ifpm&if;rS Ekwfy,f&ef qHk;jzwftwnfjyKMu
onf/ ,if;oydwfarSmufaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;wGif atmufazmfjyyg &cdkif
ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaxmufcH Muonf/ ,if;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm-
B.A txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef; / OD;bOD;(oHwGJ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;Ouú|)?
trs d K ;om;ausmif;q&mOD;omEd k Y ( jrLe Dp Dy,f)?
OD;vSxGef;atmif (OD;vSxGefjzL M.A, B.L \nD)?
OD;omEd k Y(rufacgif)? OD;&Jausmfatmif(oHwG J)?
OD;om'd k;OD;? OD;ausmf{(awmifukwf)? OD;omEd k Y
(w&m;olBuD;)? OD;zaxmfOD;(Bar at Law)? OD;atmif
xGef;OD; (q&m0efOD;apmjr atmif\tpfudk)/
B.Sc txufwef; txufwef; txufwef; txufwef; txufwef; / OD;b&Sif (B.E., Eng) ? OD;ausmfjr (a&SUae)? OD;apmOD;
(pOfhtdk;wef;)/
B.A atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;omEdkYatmif (a&SUae)? (trsdK;om; ausmif;q&m)
OD;om'dk;? OD;omxGef; atmif (NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtkyf)/
B.Sc atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;xGef;atmifZH (puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;)? OD;pHom/
I.A txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef; / OD;a&TxGef; (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)? OD;vSatmif?
OD;omEdkY (trsdK;om;ausmif; q&m)? OD;vSxGef;ausmf
(tdkifpDtuf-OD;ausmfcif\tpfudk)? OD;omausmf
jrxGef;atmif38
atmif(ausmufawmf)? O D;ausm frif;(bDvl;)?
OD;vSazmfZH(v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;)? OD;armifjrOD; (&cdkif
aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufa&;udk
t"duvIHUaqmfol? ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif; yxr
qHk; ausmif;tkyf)/
I.Sc, txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef; / OD;armifbk (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)? OD;at;csrf;
(trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? a&SUae)? OD;armifjratmif?
OD;tvef(tif;pdef tif*sifeD,mausmif;tkyf)?
OD;zdk;ñGefY(yuúyfpk)/
I.A atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;apmvS(trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? a&SUae)? OD;zdk;jrpdef
(trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m?ppfawGtpdk;& txufwef;
ausmif; ausmif;tkyfBuD;)/
I.Sc atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;pHxGef;atmif (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? 'Drdkua&pD
a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;rif;BuD;)? OD;pHxGef;OD;? OD;pdefndK
xGef;(I.C.S)
,k'oefaumvdyf,k'oefaumvdyf,k'oefaumvdyf,k'oefaumvdyf,k'oefaumvdyf
I.A atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;ausmfOD; (a&SUae)wdkY jzpfygonf/
ppfawGausmif;om;oydwfppfawGausmif;om;oydwfppfawGausmif;om;oydwfppfawGausmif;om;oydwfppfawGausmif;om;oydwf
1920-ck ausmif;om;oydwfrSm &efukefaumvdyfESif h,k'oef
aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; ta&;omru jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; ausmif;om;
rsm;\ta&;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xkwpf&yfvHk;\ vufiif;cHpm;ae&aom
ta&;udpö jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynftESHY ausmif;om;rsm;onf &efukefwuúodkvf
tufOya'udk qefYusifMuonf/ oydwfarSmufMuonf/
&cdkifwpfjynfvHk;wGif ,if;tcsdefu t*Fvdyfjrefrm txufwef;
ausmif; wpfausmif;wnf;om&Sdonf/ NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ ynma&;
pepfatmufwGif zdESdyfrItrsdK;rsdK;udk cHpm;ae&onf/ aumvdyfoydwfonf
rdrdwdkYcHpm;csufESifh wom;wnf;jzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&m?
ausmufawmftrsdK;om; ausmif;q&mBuD; &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;
tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmif)? OD;pHatmif? OD;ndKbl;? OD;atmifausmfOD;ponfh
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 39
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifNyD; aumvdyfoydwfudk axmufcHonfh
taejzifh ppfawGtxufwef;ausmif;udk oydwfarSmufvdkufMuonf/ þonf
rSm ordkif;ay;wm0efudk OD;vnfrokefxrf;aqmifvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ ppfawG
tpdk;&ausmif;\ ordkif;rSwfwdkifudk pdkufxl vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
aumvdyfausmif; oydwfarSmufNyD; wpfywfcefYtMumrSm ppfawG
tpdk;&ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwfvufeufudk qGJudkifNyD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;
rsm;\ ynma&;pepfudk qefYusifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ twkvrm&Zdef jynfvHk;
csrf;ombk&m;BuD;&ifjyifudk oydwfpcef;tjzpf toHk;jyKMuonf/ ,if;oydwfudk
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;Muonf/ pm;a&;? aomufa&; udpöt00udk
ulnDMuonf/ axmufyHhMuonf/
,if;tm;ay;axmufcHrIonf oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;\ pGrf;tm;udk
xufjrufaponf/ aumvdyfoydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yl;aygif;
tm;jznfhMuonf/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;onf ausmif;rStNyD;tydkif oydwf
arSmuf xGufvmolrsm;jzpfonf/ tpdk;&ESifhtpdk;&taxmuftyHhcH ausmif;rsm;
odkY rnfonfhtcgrS jyefrwuf&ef qHk;jzwfMuNyD;jzpfonf/
trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;
jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; oydwfarSmufxm;Muaom NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;&Sd
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtiftm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;
ausmif;rsm; tjrefay:aygufatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuonf/ ppfawGrSvnf;
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;onf oydwfarSmufausmif;
om;\ ynma&;udk pDpOf&onf/ pmoifrysufap&ef trsdK;om;ausmif;udk
wnfaxmifMuonf/
oCF&mZmausmif;? ynmvuFm&ausmif;ESifh a&TapwDbkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;wGif pmoifcef;rsm;tjzpf ,m,DzGifhvSpfxm;Mu&onf/ ausmif;½Hk;
cef;udk a&TapwDbkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm xm;&Sdonf/ aumvdyfausmif;om;
bGdKifaumhwmrsm;u (BoyCotters) 0ifa&mufulnDoifMum;ay;Muonf/
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD;* (IA
txufwef;)u aqmif&Gufonf/ ausmif;pwifzGifhu (8)wef;rS (10)wef;
* trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&;
ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/
trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (IA txufwef;) jzpfygonf/txufwef;) jzpfygonf/txufwef;) jzpfygonf/txufwef;) jzpfygonf/txufwef;) jzpfygonf/
jrxGef;atmif40
txd zGifhvSpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif oli,fwef;rS (10)wef;txd xm;&Sdonf/
ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm aumvdyfausmif;om; bGdKifaumhwmrsm;ESifh txufwef;
ausmif; oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmif;zGifhNyD; rMumrD
ausmif;om;OD;a&(700)txd jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;u aiG? vl? pdwf"mwftzuf zufrS ulnDtm;ay;Muonf/ &[ef;
oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkYausmif;rsm;udk pmoifcef;tjzpf MunfjzLpGm
toHk;jyKcGifh ay;Muonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1921-ck ZGefvtwGif;rSm ppfawG
trsdK;om;ausmif;udk atmifjrifpGm zGifhvSpfEdkifMuonf/
udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;
jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;&Sd tpdk;&ausmif;om;rsm;onf aumvdyf
ausmif;oydwfudkaxmufcHNyD; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ rdbjynfolrsm;\
tm;ay;axmufcHrIjzifh trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifMuonf/
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; wpfpnf;wpfvHk;wnf;&SdzdkY ,if;tcsdeftcgwGif
vdktyfaeonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1921-ck {NyDv? (10)&uf we*FaEGaeYwGif
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oydwfarSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm; (All Burma Senior
Boy cotter's Conference) nDvmcHudk &efukefNrdKUwGifusif;yonf/ ppfawG
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ppfawG
tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif; oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif? ppfawG
trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mBuD;? &cdkif
wd kif;vH k;qd kif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmif) OD;pHatmif
OD;pHxGef;atmif (I.Sc atmufwef;)wdkY ,if;nDvmcH odkY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/
,if;nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfcsuf 15-csufudk csrSwfMuonf/ trsdK;om;
ausmif;q&mrsm;ta&; tpdk;&xHrS ESpfpOfoHk;pGJaeaom b@maiGrS tcsdK;us
&&Sda&;? &efukefwuúodkvf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; or*¾zGJUpnf;yHk
pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJí jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&ef? ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfESifh tjcm;oifhavsmf
aom pmtkyfrsm;yHkESdyfa&mif;cs&ef? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10)&ufaeYudk
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;? trsdK;om;aumvdyfrsm;\ ausmif;ydwf&uf owfrSwf
&ef? oydwfarSmufta&;awmfyHktrsdK;rsdK; aESmuf,Suf[efYwm;rIrsm;udk usL;vGef
onfh ArmEdkifiHtpdk;&tm; jyif;xefpGm uefYuGufaMumif;? a'oEÅ&t&m&Sdrsm;\
aESmuf,SufrIrsm;onf ArmEdkifiHtpdk;&ESifh jynfolrsm;qufqHa&; txiftjrif
vGJrSm;apEdkifojzifh ,if;tjyKtrlrsdK; quf rvkyf&ef? q&mawmf OD;Owår\
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 41
pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&ef ponfhqHk;jzwfcsuf? uefYuGufcsuf?
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm;udk nDvmcHrScsrSwfcJhMuonf/
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ a&SUvkyfief;
pOfrsm;udk csrSwfay;cJhMuonf/ ,if;oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\
nDvmcHonf trsdK;om;ynma&;atmifvHudk jrifhrm;pGmvTifhxlay;cJhonfh
nDvmcHwpf&yfjzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ wpfom;
wnf; pnf;½Hk;nDñGwfrIudk &&SdcJhayonf/
ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwD
ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;
pmoifcsdef rysufa&;twGuf pmoifcef;rsm;udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;
rsm;wGif zGifhvSpfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ a&&SnfwGif aiGa&;aMu;a&;udpö? ausmif;
taqmufttHkrsm;udpö? q&mrsm;axmufyHhaMu;? pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;
ausmif; pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pDpOftkyfcsKyf&ef tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf vdktyf
vmonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk NrdKUrd NrdKUzrsm;?
NrdKUrsufESmzHk; vlBuD;rsm; yg0ifonfh ausmif;tkyfcsKKyfa&; aumfrwDwGif OD;t'dk;?
OD;a&Tom? OD;aZmfa*gif? OD;armifom xGef;? OD;xGef;atmif? OD;armifjrxGef;?
OD;apmvSatmifESifh trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm; yg0ifonf/ ,if;aumfrwD
onf ausmif;taqmufttHk&&Sda&;? q&mrsm; vpmay;a&;pnf;urf; xdef;
odrf;a&;ponfhudpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&GufMuonf/
ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;
oCFh&mZm? ynmvuFm&ESifh a&TapwDausmif;rsm;wGif a&&Snftm;jzifh
pmoifcef;rsm;xm;í rjzpf? ausmif;taqmuf ttHkwpfckck &&Sd&efvdkonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; ausmif;y&dabm*ESifh q&mrsm;twGuf axmufyHh&ef aiGaMu;
vdktyfvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ausmif;&HyHkaiG&&Sda&;twGuf uyGJwpf&yfudk
ppfawGNrdKU&Sd JACCOB ½kyf&Sif½HkwGif jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;uyGJrSm trsdK;om;
ausmif;udk vlrsdK;aygif;pHku tm;ay;axmufcHaMumif; o½kyfazmfujyMuonf/
OD;pHxGef;atmif (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? 'Drdkua&pD a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;
rif;BuD;u) ArmtrsdK;om;? OD;ndKbl;u w½kwftjzpf o½kyfaqmifonf/
OD;atmifausmfOD; (oydwfarSmufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)u &cdkiftrsdK;om;
jrxGef;atmif42
tjzpf o½kyfaqmifonf/ OD;zdk;at;? OD;ausmfxGef; ponfwdkYu yGJMunfh
y&dowfrsm;tm; bm;uRrf;jzifh yg0ifulnDazsmfajzay;Muonf/ ppfawGNrdKUvHk;
uRwf ½Hkjynfhatmif vma&mufMunfh½Itm;ay;Muonf/ ,if;uyGJrS &&Sdaom
aiGjzifh ppfawGNrdKU jynfvHk;csrf;ombk&m;BuD;\ taemufpuf½Hkvrf;ESifh OD;Owår
vrf;axmifh? ,ckawmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;ae&mwGif 0g;ausmif;udk
,m,Dausmif;tjzpf aqmufvkyfMuonf/ 0g;ausmif;aqmufNyD; wpfESpfcGJcefY
MumrS tkwfcHtxufxyf opfom;taqmufttHkudk aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;onf/
,if;tjyif ppfawGNrdKUay:&Sd aiGaMu;wwfEdkifolrsm;ESifh apwem&Sifrsm;u
wwftm;oa&GU trsdK;om;ausmif;&HyHkaiGtwGuf pdwftm;xufoefpGmxnfh0if
vSL'gef;Muonf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;jyKvkyfum trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmif
&ef qHk;jzwfNyD; trsdK;om;ynma&; &efyHkaiGtwGuf atmufygtwdkif; xnfhvSL
Muonf/
]]OD;&Jausmfol\om; 0wfvHkawmf&a&SUae OD;a&Tom usyf 20000d?
OD;ay:xGef;atmif\om; 0wfvHkawmf& a&SUaeOD;owdk; usyf 10000d?
OD;ay:xGef;atmif\om; ukefonfBuD; olaumif;jyK&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;
OD;xGef;ay: usyf 10000d ESifh tjcm;xnfh0ifolrsm; t&yf&yfpm&if;aygif;
wpfodef;ig;aomif;ausmf vufiif;pm&if;ayguf &&Sdavonf}} [k 1921-ck
Zefe0g&Dv (18)&ufxkwf ol&d,aeYpOfowif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk
awGU&onf/ ,if;odkY trsdK;om;ynma&;twGuf tm;wufoa&m ulnDtm;
ay;MuonfrSm ,if;tcsdeftcgu acwftajctaeudk rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkuf
jcif; jzpfonf/
,if;odkYtrsdK;om;ausmif;twGuf tvSLaiGxnfh0ifaiGrsm;tjyif
a&&SnftwGufvnf; ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u aqmif&GufMu&
ao;onf/ ausmif;&efyHkaiG tNrJwrf;jznfhwif;&ef tzdwfaeYwdkif; trsdK;om;
ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDvlBuD;rsm;onf ppfawG
wpfNrdKUvHk;odkY tvSLcHxGufMu&onf/ tcsdKUtdrfrsm;u tvSLaiG&uf &ufa&m
a&m xnfh0ifMuonf/ tcsdKUuvnf; rcHEdkifavmufaom pum;jzifh tvSL
aumufcHolrsm;tm; ajymqdkjyKrlMuonf/ odkY&mwGif pOfqufrjywf tzdwfaeY
wdkif; tvSLcHxGufcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY &efyHkaiGudk NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;u wwfoa&GU
ulnDtm;ay; cJhMuaomfvnf; &efyHkaiGrSm vHkavmufjynfhpHkrI r&SdcJhojzifh q&m
rsm;\vpmrsm;rSm jynfhjynfhpHkpHk &&Sdjcif; r&SdcJhay/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 43
ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;zGifhpwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rS tpjyKcJh
&onf/ ,if;aemuf ,ckawmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;wnf&mae&mudk
NrdKUvlxku0,f,lNyD; ,m,D0g;ausmif;udk aqmufvkyfMuonf/ ausmif;
taqmufttHkyHkrSm t*Fvdyf tu©&m (L)yHk jzpfonf/ ausmif;\rsufESmpm
onf puf½Hkvrf;twdkif; awmif-ajrmufwef;aeNyD; ta&SUbufodkY rsufESmrl
xm;onf/ taemufrsufESmpmrSm OD;Owårvrf;twdkif; ta&SUtaemuf wef;
aeNyD; ajrmufbufodk Y rsufESmrlxm;onf/ 0g;ausmif;aqmufvkyfNyD;
wpfESpfcGJcefYMumrS atmufrS tkwfcH? txufrS ysOfpDysOfaxmifESifh ESpfxyf
ausmif;udk aqmufvkyfonf/ ,if;taqmufttHkudk OD;aZmfa*gu OD;aqmif
vkyfonf/ aqmufvkyfc r,l[k od&onf/ ausmif;taqmufttHkvrf;
wpfzuf (OD;Owårvrf;wpfzuf)rSm ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;rsm;\ taqmuf
ttHk &Sdonf/ ysOfaxmiftaqmufttHkjzpfNyD; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;
(20)cefY &Sdonf/
trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;\ yxrqHk;ausmif;tkyfrSm OD;armifjrOD;
jzpfonf/ OD;pdefxGef;atmifvnf; ausmif;tkyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
,if;aemuf OD;xGef;atmif (a&SUae? rif; wdkifyiftrwf)u aqmif&Gufonf/
rpöwm aZmfe'if (Mr. Zau Nuddin) rSm 'kwd,ausmif;tkyf jzpfonf/
tdEd´,trsdK;om;ausmif;om;rsm;ESif h qufqHa&;tqifajy&ef
twGuf rpöwmaZmfe'iftm; ,if;wm0efudk ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ pnf;½Hk;a&;
twGufvnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif ausmif;tkyf OD;xGef;atmif rif;wdkifyif
tpnf;ta0;odkY wuf a&mufaecsdefwGif ausmif;udk wm0ef,l tkyfcsKyf&onf/
oli,f wef;rS (10)wef;txd jyoonfhq&m (24-25)a,mufcefY &Sdonf/
,if;q&mrsm;rSm OD;armifomEdkY? OD;a&TxGef;? OD;omxGef;atmif?
OD;atmifomOD; (ordkif;okawoD)? OD;zdk;jrpdef (ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;
ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;)? OD;pHxGef;atmif (bdk'defq&m? 'Drdkua&pD
a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;)? q&mOD;ausmfZH? OD;omausmf? OD;todyf?
OD;atmifausmfOD;? OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ausmufawmftrsdK;om;ausmif;q&mBuD;)?
a&SUaeOD;atmifxGef;OD;? OD;armifomEdkY? a&SUaeOD;at;csrf;? a&SUaeOD;apmvS?
jrxGef;atmif44
OD;armifa&Tom(v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;0ef)? a&SUae OD;omEdkYatmif? OD;eDatmifjzL?
OD;armifvHk;? OD;atmifbkESifh q&m,mqdef;wdkY jzpfMuonf/
ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ausmif;om;rsm;udk wm0ef,l tkyfcsKyf&aom
bdk'defq&mrsm;tjzpf OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;atmif ausmfOD;? &rf;NAJrS OD;,mqif;?
OD;vSjzLoef;? OD;pdefvSatmif (Xmetkyf)? OD;xGef;oma0 (vl0ifrIXme)wdkYu
aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
q&mrsm;\vpmrSm twdtusowfrSwfxm;csufr&Sd? aumufcH&&Sd
aom &efyHkaiGudk ausmif;q&mrsm;u tnDtrQ cGJa0,lMuonf/ tpdk;&xHrS
taxmuftyHh,lNyD;onfhaemufwGif q&mwpfOD;vQif (200d) &onf[k qdk&
aomfvnf; tjynfh t0&onf[k r&SdcJh/ owfrSwfEIef;\ oHk;yHkESpfyHkcefYom
vpmtjzpf &&Sdonf/ usefaiGudk avsmfypf&onf/ taxmuftyHh r,lrDuqdk
vQif q&mwpfOD;vQif (30d) jzpfonf/ q&mBuD;\ vpmrSm (300d) jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vcausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vcausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vcausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vcausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vc
ppfawGNrdKUcH ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh e,frSvma&muf oifMum;Muonfh
ausmif;om;rsm;&Sdonf/ e,frSvmaeMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;tdyf
ausmif;pm;aeMuonfhtjyif todrdwfaqG? aqGrsdK;rsm; tdrfwGifaeNyD;
wufMuonfh ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ ausmif;zGifhpu ausmif;om;
(700) cefY &Sdonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf jzpfcgeD;wGif ausmif;om; (400) cefYom
&Sdawmhonf/ oli,fwef;rS (10)wef;txd&Sdonf/ (7)wef;ESifh(10)wef;
pmar;yGJrsm;udk trsdK;om;ynma&;tzGJUcsKyfu rwfvwGif pmar;yGJrsm;udk
BuD;Muyfusif;yonf/ useftwef;rsm;udk ausmif;ppfpmar;yGJtjzpf ppfaq;
Muonf/ ausmif;vcudk twdtusrnfa&GUrnfrQ owfrSwfcJhonfudk rod&/
odkY&mwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tm; ausmif;vc vGwfNidrf;cGifh jyKcJhaMumif;
od&onf/
ausmif;pwifzGifhvSpfonfh 1921-ck ZGefvrS 'kwd,urÇm ppfjzpfyGm;
vmonftxd ausmif;oufwrf;rSm (20)ESpfcefY &Sd onf/ ,if; (20)ESpftwGif;
ausmif;om;OD;a& wpfESpfysrf;rQ (500)OD;ESifhwGufvQif ausmif;om;wpfaomif;
cefYudk ynmoifMum;ay;EdkifcJhonf/ trsdK;om;ynma&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmif
cJhonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;onf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? udkvdkeDynma&;udk
qefYusif&mrSay:vmaomausmif;jzpfonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 45
ausmif;&S d q&mrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
vnf;aumif; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk cg;oD;pGm &GH&Smrkef;wD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
aemiftcg e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkjzpfvmrnfh tjrKawrsm;udk
þausmif;rS arG;xkwfay;vdkufonfqdku rSm;rnfrxifyg/
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;rS ynmoifMum;arG;xkwfay;vdkufonfh
ausmif;om;wpfaomif;ausmfwGif atmufazmfjyyg yk*d¾Kvfrsm;vnf;yg0ifay
onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm-
q&m0efOD;ausmfZHvS? q&m0ef OD;ausmf'if? OD;ausmfEk (EdkifiH*kPf&nf
'kwd,tqifh)? OD;vSausmfjzL ('k-ñTefcsKyf? pmwdkufESif haMu;eef;Xme)?
OD;BudKifomatmif (e,fydkif)? rsdK;cspf OD;ausmfOD;? q&m0ef OD;ausmfvS?
OD;ausmfxGef; (twGif;0ef)? OD;ausmfZHOD; (w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf w&m;olBuD;)?
OD;apmom (twGif;0ef)? q&m0ef OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;apm (rEÅav;&J ausmif;)?
q&m0ef OD;zdk;odef;? OD;a&Tjr (I.C.S twGif;0efcsKyf)? OD;vSazmfol (ynmtkyf)?
OD;omausmf (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if EdkifiH*kPf&nf yxrtqifh)? OD;omausmf
(bHkayguf? EdkifiH*kPf&nf'kwd,tqifh)? OD;bausmf (A[dkw&m;½Hk;a&SUae)?
OD;OD;omausmf (ygarmu©csKyf? ynma&;wuúodkvf)? OD;omZH (tNidrf;pm; puf&Sif
w&m;olBuD;)? 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; atmifZH(trSwf-2 ppfaq;½HktkyfBuD;)?
OD;OD;armif (wdkif;w&m;olBuD;)? q&mOD;atmifbef; ponfwdkY jzpfMuonf/
rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;odkY EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; rMumcP
a&muf&SdMuonf/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;udpörsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ tdEd,
uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif rpöwmae½l;ESifh orD;tdEd´&m*ED´wdkYonf trsdK;om;
ynma&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tiftm;pkrsm;pkpnf;&m ppfawGtrsdK;
om;ausmif;odkY 0ifa&mufvnfywfonf/ ,if;odkY a&muf&Sdvmaom rpöwm
ae½l;tm; EdkifiHwumta&;tcif;? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI?
trsdK;om;ausmif;tay: xifjrifcsuf? b*Fvm;e,f&Sd &cdkiftrsdK;om;a&;?
wdk;wufvmonfh odyÜHynmESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;aygif; (10)ausmfudk
ar;jref;Muonf/ rpöwmae½l;u trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfwHha&;twGuf
BudK;pm;oifhaMumif;rsm;udk ajymjyonf/ b*Fvm;e,f&Sd &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;udk
ulnDapmifha&SmufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ ,ck tcsdefrSm odyHÜynm wdk;wufae
onf/ vlowfvufeufrsm; xGef;umvmonf/ vlom;rsm; tusdK;&Sdatmif
odyÜHynmudk toHk;jyKoifhaMumif;rsm;udk ajzMum;cJhonf/
jrxGef;atmif46
ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;udk 'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfyGm;NyD; 1941-ckESpf
tukefxd zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif
&Sdaom Adkvf&efatmif OD;aqmifonfh &cdkifcsD ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf
(bD? tdkif? at)u 1924-ck? arv (7)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/
aemufydkif;wGif ppfawGNrdKUwpfckvHk;onf 'kwd,urÇmppf'PfaMumifh jymyHktwd
jzpfcJh&onf/ trsdK;om;ynma&;? trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&; trSwftom;
jzpfonfh trsdK;om;ausmif; taqmufttHkrSmvnf; ppf'PfrS rvGwfcJh/
ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ,if;udk ppfNyD;umvwGif jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifjcif; r&Sdawmh
acs/ ppfab;ppf'Pf uif;&Sif;NyD; ppfawGNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; jyefvnfí
rdrdwdkYae&m&yfuGufrsm;wGif aexdkifcGifhjyKvdkufonfhtcg trsdK;om;ausmif;
ae&mwGif awmifwef;omoemjyK bkef;BuD;ausmif;tjzpf wnfaxmifaqmuf
vkyfae&m,lvsuf&Sdayonf/
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
(30-8-1981)(30-8-1981)(30-8-1981)(30-8-1981)(30-8-1981)
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 47
usrf;udk;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom q&mBuD; OD;atmif
omOD; (ordkif;okawoD)? OD;pHxGef;atmif ('Drdkua&pD a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;
rif;BuD;)wdkYtm; awGUqHkar;jref;csufrsm;ESifh pma&;ol\ rdcifa':rrBuD;\
ajymjycJhcsufrsm;udk tajccHNyD; atmufygpmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk udk;um;a&;om;
ygonf/
(1) trsdK;om;aeYESifh trsdK;om;ynma&; vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;tusOf;
(trsdK;om;aeY a&T&wkobiftxl;xkwf) jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOf
ygwD? pnf;½Hk;a&;A[dk aumfrwDXmecsKyf (Edk0ifbmv 1970jynfhESpf)
(2) jrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;om;ynma&;ordkif;? OD;{ausmf r[m0dZÆm?
Oya'0dZÆmjyKpkonf (ykvJyef;pmay 1970)
(3) ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (1824-1947 txd) jrxGef;atmif
(&cddkifñGefYzl; ,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;rsm; 1968-Zlvdkif)
(4) NAdwdoQacwf &cdkifjynfynma&;? jrxGef;atmif &cdkifr*¾Zif;
(1976-ckESpf? pufwifbmv)
(5) Who's who in Burma 1961,
People's Literature Committee and House,
546 Merchant Street,
Ragoon, Ragoon August 1, 1861.
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)
jrxGef;atmif48
OD;Owå rESifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
jrxGef;atmif
1885-ck? Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufwGif pwifjzpfyGm;onfh wwd,
t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJonf (14)&ufajrmufaeYrSm rEÅav;NrdKUudk odrf;,ljcif;jzifh
NyD;qHk;onf/ tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyf avm'gz&ifonf 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrtwGuf
ESpfopful;vufaqmiftjzpf 1886-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynf
wpfjynfvHk;udk NAdwdoQwdkY odrf;,laMumif; aMunmonf/
jrefrmjynfudk tdEdEdkifiH\ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfonf/
r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;u tBuD;trSL;vkyfNyD; ta&;ydkif? e,fydkif? NrdKUtkyf?
olBuD;paom t&m&SdwdkYjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom pepfudkusifhoHk;onf/ odkY&mwGif
1897-cktxd NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY usifhoHk;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrfSm
]]ppftkyfcsKyfa&;}} jzpfonf/
1897-ck? arv (1)&ufaeYrSpí jrefrmjynfudk tdEd,EdkifiHjynfe,f
wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfonf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHwpfOD;udk wdk;csJUcefYxm;onf/
twdkifyifcHtrwf(9)OD;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcH\ oabmtwdkif;cefYxm;onf/
1909-ckwGif twdkifyifcH trwf (15)OD;? 1920-ckwGif twdkifyifcHtrwf
(30)OD;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcHwdkYu pdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fcefYxm;cJhMuonf/ ,if;
twdkifyifcH trwfrsm;rSm Oya'jyKtmPm r&&Sday/ 'kwd, bk&ifcHtm;
tMuHay;&efom jzpfonf/ tBuHay;csuudk vufcHjcif;? y,fcsjcif;rsm;udk
'kwd,bk&ifcHrSm jyKvkyfEdkifonfh tmPm&&Sdxm;onf/ ,if;tkyfcsKyfa&;
pepfrSm jynfolUqE´rygbJ txuft&m&Sd t&mcHrsm;\ pdwfwdkif;us
tkyfcsKyfaom ]]jAL½dk ua&pD}} tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkrSm
tzdESdyfcHb0ESifh tarSmifxktwGif;usa&mufaeonfh umvjzpfonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 49
yxrurÇmppf\ tusdK;oufa&mufrIyxrurÇmppf\ tusdK;oufa&mufrIyxrurÇmppf\ tusdK;oufa&mufrIyxrurÇmppf\ tusdK;oufa&mufrIyxrurÇmppf\ tusdK;oufa&mufrI
1914-ckwGif yxrurÇmppf pwifjzpfyGm;onf/ ,if; ppfaMumifh
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;rSm tusyftwnf; jzpfay:aponf/ vufatmufcH
udkvdkeDEd kifiHrsm;rS tultnD&&Sd&efvdkvmonf/ Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;vnf;
vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif rjzpfrae&&Sd&ef vdktyfaeonf/
,if;tcsdefwGif tdkif,mvefonf NAdwdoQwdkYxHrS ]][krf;½l;}} awmif;qdk
aecsdefjzpfonf/ tdEd´,uGef*&uf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh NAdwdoQqefYusifa&;
vIyf&Sm;rI t&Sdeft[kefrSm tdEd´,EdkifiHwpf0ef; jrifhrm;vsuf&Sdonf/ udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&; ]][krf;½l;}} awmif;qdkoHrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHvHk; yJhwif[nf;vsuf
&Sdaeonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; jzpfay:vmaom pD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;rIonf
NAdwdoQEdkifiHESifh udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;\ qufqHa&;udk xdcdkufaponf/ udkvdkeD
EdkifiHrsm;\ rausreyfrIrsm;udk BuD;xGm;aponf/ pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;rI
tajctaeonf jrefrmjynfudkvnf; ½dkufcwfvmonf/ tdEd´,EdkifiH\
[krf;½l;awmif;qdkoHrsm;onf jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf tm;aq;wpf&yf jzpf
ay:aponf/
,if;uJhodkY tajctaersdK;wGif tarSmifxkwGif; usa&mufaeonfh
jrefrmjynfolvlxktm; vGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmifjzpfaom q&mawmf
OD;Owåronf te,fe,ft&yf&yfodkY vSnfhvnfNyD; Edk;Mum;a&;w&m;rsm;udk
a[mMum;vsuf&Sdonf/ jynfolvlxktm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tvif;a&mif
udk xGef;vif;ay;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ jynfolwdkY\ &JaoG;&Jrmefudk azmfxkwf
jr§ifhwifay;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ ,if;aMumifh q&mawmf\ a[majympnf;½Hk;rIjzifh
jynfolvlxkESifh q&mawmfrSm wom;wnf; jzpfaeonf/ q&mawmf\pum;
onf jynfolvlxktwGuftm; q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;rIonf jynfolvlxk
twGuf pGrf;yum;wpf&yf/
u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;
tdEd,EdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0efrpöwm rGefaw*l (Mr. Montegu)onf
1917-ck? Mo*kwfv (20)&ufwGif aMunmcsufwpf&yf xkwfjyefvdkufonf/
yxrurÇmppf\ qdk;usdK;'Pfrsm;udk ESpfodrfhaponfhoabmjzpfonf/
,if;aMunmcsuft& rGefaw*lcsrf; (p)zdkY pHkprf;a&; aumfr&Sifudk zGJUpnf;NyD;?
jrxGef;atmif50
tdEd´,EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyifay;&ef tpD&ifcHpmwpf&yfudk 1918 ckwGif
xkwfjyefvdkufonf/
jrefrmjynfolvlxkuvnf; tdEd,udk tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;
ouJhodkY ay;apvdkonf/ jynfolwdkY qEudkxkwf azmfvmMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh
jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk vSnfhpm; &ef 'kwd,bk&ifcH qmtm&fu&ufa'guf (Sir
Regnald Creddock)onf jynfolvlxkqE vHk;0rygbJ u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;
(Creddock Scheme)udk 1918-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfjyefvdkufonf/
tdEd,EdkifiHtwGuf rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmt& usifhoHk;rnfh tkyfcsKyfa&;
pepfopfudk tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif rusifhoHk;rD xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ u&uf
a'gufpDrHudef;rSm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; jcm;em;onf/
rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmt& tdEd´,wGif usifhoHk;rnfh ]]tkyfcsKyfa&;
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;}} jzpfaom 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;xufyif nHhao;onf/
,if;aMumifh u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;udk jrefrmjynfolvlxku vufrcH
vdk? jynfolvlxk vufrcHvdkaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk u&ufa'gufutpm;xdk;
toHk;jyKvdkonf/ wpfenf;tm; jzifh jynfolvlxkESifh wom;wnf; jzpfaeaom
q&mawmf OD;OwårESifh jynfolvlxktm; 'kwd,bk&ifcH u&ufa'gufu ol\
pDrHudef;ESifh aoG;wdk;prf;Munfhjcif; jzpfonf/ þonfrSm yxrqHk;tBudrf
jynfoltm;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u tuJprf;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
jynfolUpGrf;tm;aMumifh u&ufa'gufrSm wyfacgufvdkuf&onf/ jynfolwdkYESifh
twl q&mawmfonf atmifyGJudk yxrqHk;tBudrf &,lvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/
0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;
rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;
udpöudk csefvSyfxm;cJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk
ESpfBudrfwdkif t*FvefodkYapvTwfNyD; jrefrmjynfolwdkY vdkvm;csufudk wifjy
awmif;qdkcJhonf/ yxrtBudrfwGif wdusaomtajzudk r&&SdcJhMu/ 1919ck
tdEd´,Oy a' (Government of India Act of 1919) wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf
xnfhoGif;ay;rnf[k tdEd´,twGif;0ef rpöwmrGefaw*lu 'kwd,tBudrf
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtm; t*FvefwGif uwday;onf/ axmufcHcsufay;onf/
,if;axmufcHcsuft& 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pHkprf;&ef qmat
tufpf0dkuf (Sir.A.S White) BuD;rSL;onfh) 0dIufaumfrwDu jrefrmjynfolvlxk
qE´udk vm a&mufpHkprf;aponf/ tqdkyg aumfrwDxH tppfcHjcif;rjyKbJ
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 51
oydwfarSmuf&efESifh ,if;aumfrwDwGifyg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;vnf; oydwf
arSmuf&ef 1921-ck? atmufwdkbmv (21)&ufrS (24)&ufxd rEÅav;wGif
jyKvkyfaom e0rtBudrf *sDpDbDat nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfonf/
0I dufaumfrwD vma&mufpH kprf;cJ hpOf q&mawmfOD;OwårrSm
axmifxJwGif&Sdaeonf/ axmifrSvGwfvmNyD; *sDpDbDattoif;csKyf tpnf;
ta0;udk 1922-ck? Zlvdkifv (15? 16)&ufrsm;wGif jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;tpnf;
ta0;wGif 0IdufaumfrwDtm; oydwfarSmufjcif;udk q&mawmfu 'dkiftmcD
oydwfw&m; a[mMum;&mwGif-
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pGm atmifjrifjcif;aMumifh 0IdufaumfrwDwGif0if a&mufpGufzufaqmif&Gufjcif;
xuf tusdK;BuD;rm;aMumif;udk q&mawmfu ESpfaxmif;tm;& rdefYqdkcJhonfudk
awGU&ayonf/ 'dkiftmcDudk rvdkvm;aom jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf 'dkiftmcD
tkyfcsKyfa&;\ a&SUajy;aqmif&GufcJhaom 0IdufaumfrwD}}udk oydwfqefYusif
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olvlxku rvdkvm;MuaMumif;udk azmfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ 0IdufaumfrwD\
aqmif&GufrIvkyf &yfrsm; ratmifjrifjcif;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;twGuf
aemufwpfBudrf ta&;½HI;edrfhjcif;yif jzpfonf/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ([krf;½l;)
omvQif jynfolwdkY\ vdkvm;csufjzpfaMumif; azmfxkwfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; tESpfom&'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; tESpfom&'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; tESpfom&'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; tESpfom&'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; tESpfom&
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wpf0ufudk jynfolvlxktm; tkyfcsKyfapjcif;jzpfonf/
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bk&ifcHudk a&G;cs,fcefYxm;onf/ ,cif 'kwd,bk&ifcHtpm; bk&ifcHtjzpf
wpfqifhwdk; cefYxm;onf/ bk&ifcHonf-
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wpfpHkwpf&mjyKjyif&ef Oya'? tdEd,vTwfawmfu twnfjyK&rnfh Oya'?
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bk&ifcHu oabmwl twnfjyKay;&onf/ tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyfuvnf;
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udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 53
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ay;aejcif;yif jzpfavonf/
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xm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&; jzpfonf/ bk&ifcHonf tmPmt&SdqHk;oljzpfonf/
aiG&SifaMu;&Sifrsm;ESifh trdefYtmPmudk ry,fEdkifolrsm;om qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh
&&Sdonf/ qif;&Jom; ausmrGJrsm;rSm qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;r&Mu/
a&G;aumufyGJwGif ta&G;cH&ol rif;wdkifyif trwfrsm;rSmvnf; rnfodkYrQ jynfolY
tusdK;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sd/ aqmif&GufvdkvQifvnf; ADwdktmPmjzifh
bk&ifcHu y,fcsrnfom jzpfonf/ rif;wdkifyif tpnf;ta0; (ygvDref)rSm
bk&ifcH\ oabmus aqmif&Gufae&jcif;omjzpfonf/ {u&mZfrif;jrwf
tusdK;pD;yGm;? bk&ifcHcsKyf tusdK;pD;yGm;cHpm;&rnfh tcGifhta&;jzpfap bk&ifcHu
twnfjyKay;rnf r[kwfacs/ NAdwdoQtifyg,m\ tusdK;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;rsm;\ ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh aiG&SifaMu;&Sifrsm;udkom bk&ifcHu umuG,fay;
aeonf/ 0efBuD;csKyf (4)OD;rSmvnf; bk&ifcH\ oabmudk qefYusifNyD; rnfodkY
aom trIudpöudkrQ raqmif&GufEdkifacs/
rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;rS rnfodkYyif twnfjyKqHk;jzwfaomfvnf;
bk&ifcHESifh ,if;\vufatmuftrIxrf; BuD;i,fwdkY\ oabmtwdkif;om
tkyfcsKyfaejcif;om jzpfonf/ 0efBuD; 0efi,ft&m&SdBuD;i,fwdkYrSm NAdwdoQ
jrxGef;atmif54
tifyg,m tusdK;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;ae&olrsm;om jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkY
cs,fvS,forQudk jrefrmjynfolvlxk cHae&onf/
jynfolwdkY\ pnf;½Hk;rItiftm;udk NzdKcGJ&ef 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm
jAL½dku&ufrsm;\ vSnfhuGufwpf&yf jzpfonf/ &mxl;? aiGudkvdkvm;olrsm;onf
jAL½dku&ufwpfjzpffvJ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufcHum a&G;aumufyGJodkY
0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifum &mxl;vufcHoGm;olrsm; &Sdonf/ jynfolwdkY qErygbJ
jAL½dkua&pDpepfudk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;u toufoGif;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vHk;0vufrcH&ef [krf½l;omvQif jynfolwdkY
&&Sd&rnfh atmifyef;jzpfonf/ jynfolwdkY a&G;cs,f&rnfhvrf;jzpfonf/
avQmuf&rnfhvrf;jzpfaMumif;udk jynfolUOD;aoQmifq&mawmf OD;Owåru
rD;armif;xdk;jycJhonf/
toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;
jynfolUOD;aoQmif vGwfvyfa&;rD;½SL;wefaqmif toQifOD;Owåronf
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk pdkufpdkuffrwfrwfqefYusifcJhonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;rsm;ESifh raphrwrf; toufcEm&Sdoa&GU wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ zdESdyfn§if;qJ
trsdK;rsdK;cHum jAL½dkua&pDwpfjzpfvJ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufrcH&ef
jynf&GmtESHY vSnfhvnfa[majymcJhonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;onf jynfolU
qErygbJ taozGm;aom ]]avQmarG;tkyfcsKyfa&;}}om jzpf aMumif;udk 1922ck
Zlvdkifv (15? 16)&ufu jyKvkyfaom *sDpDbDat tpnf;ta0;wGif -
]]jAL½dku&ufwpfpepfwGif tpdk;&wdkYu jynfoludk rwdkifyifíaomf
vnf;aumif;? jynfolUqE´udk r,líaomfvnf;aumif;? tpdk;&wdkY
tvdk&Sd&mjyKrlvkyfudkifEdkifonf/ 'dkiftmcDpepfrSm jynfoltouf0dnmOf
r&Sdaom ½kyfwdk Y\ wnfxm;jy½kyfjyKNyD;vQif tpdk;&t&m&Sdwdk Y pDrH
aqmif&Guf jcif;ü jynfolwdkYtvdk xlaxmifcGifhjyKaom y&d,m,faqmif
aom pnf;pepf jzpfacsonf}} [lívnf;aumif;/
]]'dkiftmcDonf toufrygbJ taozGm;aom om;ESifhwlav
onf/ rGefaw*lcsrf;pfzdkY pD&ifjyKvkyfaom 'dkiftmcD tkyfpdk;enf;pepf
wdkYonf t*FvefygvDrefu jyKjyifqif,ifí ay;vdkufaomtcguyif
taozGm;aomom;uJhod k Y toufygvmonfr&S d/ emrfr&S daom
½kyftavmif;uJhodkYyif jzpfbd\}} [lí vnf;aumif;/ 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyf
a&;o½kyfudk ay:vGifatmif jynfolvlxktm; rD;armif; xdk;jycJhonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 55
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh
,if;wdkY\ opömawmfcH tdEd,y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;rsm;udkom umuG,fay;onfh
pepfjzpfonf/ ,if;wdkY\tcGifhtmPm tusdK;pD;yGm; xdcdkufrIrSeforQudk
rnfonfhtcgrQ cGifhjyKrnfr[kwf/ jAL½dkua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;\ wefcdk;
awZmudk BuD;xGm;atmif vkyfay;aompepf jzpfonf/ ,if;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ½kyfodrf;oGm;rnf r[kwfaMumif;udk---
]]tdEd´,y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;t&m&SdtzGJUudkum; rnfonfhtcgrQ
qkwf,kwfatmif vkyfvdrhfrnfvnf;r[kwf? aESmifh,Sufvdrfhrnfvnf;
r[kwf? xdktzGJUonf NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ awZmwefcdk;? zGHUNzdK;atmif jyKvkyf
aomtzGJUjzpfaMumif;? xdkolwdkY\cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk jyefí½kyfvdrfhrnf
r[kwfay}}[lí q&mawmfu 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tajccH
wpf&yfudk azmfxkwfay;cJhonf/
vufatmufcHudkvdkeDEdkifiHjzpfaom tdEd´,jynf? jrefrmjynfudk
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;u vufvTwfay;rnf r[kwf?
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;ay;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSm jAL½dku&ufrsm;twGufomjzpf
onf/ olwdkY tvdk&SdorQ pDrHaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGufom jzpfaMumif;udk--
]]tdEd, y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;wdkY\ tzGJUtwGufomvQif pDrHay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ tdEd,jynfudk vGwfvyfay;vdkí r[kwfaMumif;rSm xif&Sm;
avonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tprf;ay;jcif;rQomjzpfí NAdwdoQ
vlrsdK;wdkY\oabm tvdk&SdorQomvQif tdEd,jynfu cHpm;Edkif&ef &Sdawmh
onf}} [lí 1922 ck? Mo*kwfv(2)&ufaeYu *sLAvDa[mwGif jyKvkyf
onfh *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;wGif q&mawmfOD;Owåru Mo0g'pmwrf;
rSm xnfhoGif; a[mMum;cJhavonf/
tpdk;&u wdkuf½dkufwm0ef,lxm;aom Xmersm;rSm umuG,fa&;Xme?
ykvdyfXme? &mxl;cefYxm;a&;Xme? w&m;a&;&mXmersm;ESifh b@ma&;Xmersm;
jzpfonf/ jynfolwdkYESifhwm0ef cGJa0tkyfcsKyfa&;epf[k qdkaomfvnf; umuG,f
a&;? jynfxJa&; ESifh b@ma&;paom Xmersm;udk bk&ifcH\ wdkuf½dkufcsKyfudkif
rIatmufrSm &Sdaeonf/ jynfol\ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ([krf;½l;)r[kwf?
,if;odkY tpdk;&vufatmufwGif tqdkygXmersm;&SdaeorQ jynfolwdkY\
vGwfvyfa&; r[kwfay/
,if;taMumif;rsm;udk 1922-ck? Zlvdkifv (15? 16)&ufrsm;wGif
jyKvkyfaom *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif 'dkiftmcD oydwfw&m;tjzpf
q&mawmfu atmufygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;a[mMum;cJhygonf....
jrxGef;atmif56
]]ykvdyfXme? tpdk;&&mxl;cefYxm;a&;Xme? w&m;&mZ0wfa&;
XmewdkYudk tpdk;&vuf&Sdxm;í (&DZmqAÁ*suf)ac: oD;oefYcGJjcm;xm;
aomXmersm;ü yg0ifaeorQ umvywfvHk; jynfolwdkYtm; wm0efcGJa0
ay;&ef pDrHapjcif;onf txrajrmuf ratmifjrifEdkif? wm0efvTJay;&m
usí jynfolwdkY\ vGwfvyf csrf;oma&; rwdk;wufEdkifbJ &Sdaevdrfhrnf/
,if;aMumifh jynfolwdkY\ tusdK;rygaom e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\
tusdK;udk umuG,faom jAL½dku&ufwdkY\ tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;
aom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufrcH&efyifjzpfonf/ udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyf
a&;([krf;½l;)udkom&,l&ef jzpfonf/ 'dkiftmcDrif;wdkifyiftrwfa&G;yGJwGif
yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;? qE´rJay;jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyf&ef? zdESdyftkyfcsKyfa&;
rlrsm; tMum;rS jynfolUa&SUaqmif q&mawmfOD;Owåru raMumuf r&GHU
jynfolvlxktm; wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfcJhonf/
,if;wdkufwGef;vHIUaqmfcsufrsm;teuf 1922ck Edk0ifbmv(9)&uf
aeYu o&ufNrdKUüusif;yonfh 'órtBudrfajrmuf *sDpDbDat nDvmcH
tpnf;ta0;wGif rdefYMum;aom q&mawmf\ Mo0g'rS aumufEkwfazmfjy&
ygvQif-
]]jrefrmjynf&Sd vlOD;a&wpf&mvQif (90)rQwdkYu 'dkiftmcDtrwf
a&G;aumufyGJwGif wpfpHkwpf&m0ifpGufvsuf qErJay;jcif;? trwftjzpf
ESifh a&G;aumufjcif;wdkYudk rjyKvkyfMuaMumif;jzifh qHk;jzwfMuNyD;jzpfí
xdktrwf a&G;aumufyGJodkY r0ifryg? raqmif&GufMuap&ef a[majym
EId;aqmfyg[k OD;yÍÆif;u arwåm&yfcHygonf}}[k awGU&ygonf/
þonfrSm vGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&mawmf OD;Owåronf
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm; tvHrvJ 'l;raxmuf t½HI;ray;bJ jynfolwdkY\
pGrf;tm;udk ,Hk,HkMunfMunfESifh ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ0ifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;
jynfolonf t&m&mudkqHk;jzwfonf/ jynfolwdkY\pGrf;tm;udk rnfol
rQ rvGefqefEdkif? jynfolwdkY\ pGrf;yum;onf BuD;rm;onf/ jynfolwdkY\
pGrf;tm;udk q&mawmf,HkMunfav;pm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh jynfolwdkYpdwftm;
udk tcGifhtcg trsufuswdkif; azmfusL;cJhonf/ pnf;vHk;jcif; tusdK;aus;Zl;udk
tNrJ azmfxkwfcJhonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 57
]]pdwf0rf;ruGJ? ausmufcJoHwdkifuJhodkY usifh,laqmif&Gufí vmcJh
MuonfhtwGuf wpfurÇmvHk;&Sd Adkvfajctaygif;wdkYu tHhMorukefEdkifbJ
&SdMuavNyD/ þuJhodkY BuHUcdkifwnfMunfEdkifMujcif;rSm ]or*¾geHwayg
okacg}[k qdktyfonfh ]pnf;vHk;nDñGwfjcif;wnf;[laom or®mord®ó
\ okcyifwnf;} [lí jynfolwdkY\ atmifyGJudk ]'dkiftmcDoydwfw&m;}
acgif;pOfjzifh rtlyifaxmifrS vGwfvmNyD; ra&SU raESmif; 1922-ck?
Zlvdkif (15? 16)&ufwGif jyKvkyfonfh *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;wGif
q&mawmfu rdefYMum;cJhygonf/
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\zdESdyfrIonf rnfrQjyif;xefapumrl jynfolwdkY\
pnf;vHk;rIudk rcHEdkif? jynfolom atmifyGJcH&rnf jzpfonf/ pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI
jzifh zdESdyfrIudk wGef;vSef&,lzdkY jzpfonf/ ,if;udk txufyg ]'dkiftmcDoydwf
w&m;} rdefYcGef;wGif q&mawmfu rdefYqdkcJhonfrSm-
]]tpdk;&[lonf rnfrQyif&ufpufapumrl? jynfolwdkY\ wpfvHk;
wpf0wnf; aygif;pnf;BuHpnfí vGwfvyfa&;&SmMuawmhrnf[laom
t"d|mefjzifh vkyfBuHjcif;udk wm&SnfpGmrcH r&yfEdkif jzpfacsonf}}[lí
jynfolwdkY\ ta&;ygyHkudk q&mawmfu rdefYqdkvrf;ñTefcJhayonf/
wpfqufwnf;rSm ]]vGwfvyfa&;onf jynfolwdkY\ vufxJrSm&Sd
onf/ vGwfvyfa&;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;xHrS &Sdcdk;awmif;yefí r&Edkif/ ,if;
taMumif;rsm;udk q&mawmfu tqdkyg'dkiftmcDoydwfw&m;rSm xnfhoGif;
rdefYcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf}}/
]]vGwfvyfa&;atmifqkudk&Edkif&eftajconf 'g,dum 'g,dumr
wdkY\ vufwGif;üyif &Sdayonf/ 'l;yqpfwkyfí vufpHkrdk;vsuf &Sdcdk;
yefxGm awmif;qdk&monfr[kwf? xdkodkY c,awmif;qdkjcif;jzifhvnf; r&
Edkifay}}[k vGwfvyfa&;twGuf avQmuf&rnfhvrf;? a&G;cs,f&rnfh
vufeufrSm jynfolwdk Y\ pnf;½Hk;nDñGwfjcif;omvQifjzpfaMumif;
q&mawmfu azmfxkwf vrf;ñTefcJhonfudk awGU&onf/
ryl;aygif;a&;ryl;aygif;a&;ryl;aygif;a&;ryl;aygif;a&;ryl;aygif;a&;
jynfolvlxkonf q&mawmf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;
udk qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifaepOfrSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf 1923-ck?
Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufwGif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk pwiftaumiftxnfazmf
onf/ 1921-ckwGif twnf jyKonfh (The Burma Rural Self Government
jrxGef;atmif58
Act 1921) t& jyKvkyfonfh 'DpBudwfaumifpDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh 'dkiftmcD
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkom oydwfarSmuf&ef *sDpDbDattzGJUu qHk;jzwfonf/
OD;bab acgif;aqmifaom (21)OD;tzGJUu ,if;a&G; aumufyGJrsm;
wGif 0ifa&muf ta&G;cHMuonf/ ,if;(21)OD;onf *sDpDbDatrS cGJxGufum
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;0ifMujcif; jzpf onf/ yl;owfa&;[k (21)OD;u qdkMuonf/
yl;owfa&;qdkonfrSm rjzpfEd kifaMumif;udk q&mawmfESif h *s DpDbDat
acgif;aqmifrsm;u cH,lMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh *sDpDbDatrSm pwifuGJawmh
onf/ jynfolUbufawmfom; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;ESifh raphpyfpwrf;
wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&mawmfOD;Owåronf oydwfarSmuf *sDpDbDatbuf tNrJ
&yfwnfcJhonf/
tpdk;&ESifh rqufqHa&; (Non Co-operation) rltwdkif; a&G;aumufyGJ
r0ifMu&ef tNrJyifq&mawmf vHIUaqmfcJhonf/ wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ ,if;ESifh
wpfqufwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHjcm;jzpfaom 0w¬Kypönf;wdkYudk avmfvDoHk;pm;jcif;rS
a&SmifMuOfEdkifcJhaomf [krf;½l;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk raES;apmvsifpGm &Mu
rnfjzpfaMumif; q&mawmfu vrf;jyenf;ay;cJhonf/
'dkiftmcDvTwfawmfwGif rif;wdkifyiftrwf (103)OD;teuf rJqEjzifh
a&G;aumufaom rif;wdkifyiftrwf (79)OD; twGuf 1922-ck? Edk0ifbmv
(21)&ufwGif a&G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;ol
(6.92)&mcdkifEIef;rQom&Sdonf/ wpfenf;qdkaomf rJqE&Sif wpfoef;ckepfodef;
ausmfwGif vlwpf&mvQif (7)a,mufrQom rJqEay;Muonf/ vl (100)vQif
(93)a,mufrSm 'dkiftmcDpepfudk rvdkvm;aMumif; azmfxkwfvdkufjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ þonfrSm tpdk;&ESifh ryl;aygif;a&;? rqufqHa&; rl0g'atmifjrifrI
udk jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
1923-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (2)&ufaeYwGif pwifaom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyf
a&;onf 1937-ck? {NyDv (1)&ufwGif ½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
15ESpfwdkifatmif jynfolwdkYESifhtwl qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&mawmf\
ryl;aygif;a&;rl0g' atmifjrifrI ordkif;rSwfwdkif wpfckyifjzpfonf/ jrefrmh
ordkif;\ tvSnfhtajymif;udk q&mawmfonf jynfolwdkYESifhtwl rSwfwrf;wif
a&;om;EdkifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 59
q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;
jynfolUa&SUaqmif vGwfvyfa&;\ rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&mawmf
OD;Owåronf 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tNrJqefYusifcJhonf/ 'dkiftmcD
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tpysdK;rnfh rGefaw*laMunmcsuf xGufay:vmonfhtcg
uyif pwifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ [krf;½l;udkom tpOfwpdkuf awmif;qdkcJhonf/
jynfolwdkYbufrS toufcE¨mwnfoa&GU &yfwnfcJhonf/
q&mawmf\ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf 1917-ckrS?
1937-cktxd ESpfaygif; (20)twGif; txift&Sm; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;ESpfaygif;
(20)twGif; jrefrmhordkif;jzpfpOfrsm;onf wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;
q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaeonfudk awGU&onf/
(1) 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&; tESpf(20)umvtwGif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;rsm;u yk'fr 124(u)t&? 1922-ckESpfwGif yxrtBudrf
tjzpf rtlyifaxmifwGif (1)ESpf q&mawmftm; tjypfay;onf/
(2) trsdK;om;ynma&;twGuf yxrtBudrf oydwfwdkufyGJudk
atmifjrifpGmqifETJEdkifcJhonf/ ,if;oydwfyGJ\ aemufqufwJG
tjzpf trsdK;om;aumvdyf? trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; &yfwnfa&;
aqmif&GufrIrsm; tpdk;&xHrS taxmuftyHhrcHa&;twGuf
vkyfaqmifcsufwGif q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;yg0ifcJhonfrSm txif
t&Sm;jzpfonf/
(3) q&mawmf\ OD;aqmifqefYusifrIaMumifh u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;
rSm wyfacgufcJh&onf/
(4) 0Idufaumfr&Sif a&SUarSmufwGif tppfrcHoydwfarSuf jcif;rSm
atmifjrifonf/
(5) a0vrif;om; (0ifpmNrdKUpm;BuD;) jrefrmjynfodkY <ua&muf
vmonfhtcg jynfolvlxku rBudKqdkbJ oydwfarSmufcJhMu
onf/
(6) 1924-ck? Mo*kwfv (16)&ufwGif q&mawmf rEÅav;odkY
<ua&mufvmonfhtcg q&mawmftm; BudKqdkMuonf/ *sDpD
bDat *dkPf;om;rsm;ESifh (21)OD; *dkPf;om;rsm; t"du½kPf;jzpf
onf/ ,if;t"d u½kPf;wGif q&mawmfOD;pEdrm ysHvGefawmfrl
onf/
jrxGef;atmif60
(7) 1924-ckwGif yk'fr 124(u)t& q&mawmftm; &efukefc½dkif
&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; qpfqvm½Hk;wGif trIppfaq;pOftrI
vma&muf em;axmifolrsm;udk ykvdyfwdkYu jrif;ESifhwdkuf eHygwf
wkwfjzifh½dkufrIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/ q&mawmftm; jynfolvlxk\
av;pm;rIrsm;udk ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;u azmfxkwfvdkufjcif;jzpf onf/
(8) 1924-25ckwGif vlcGefESifh oóar;"cGefrsm; ray;bJ tcsdKU
c½dkifrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufMuonf/
(9) 1929-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (29)&ufwGif qdkifrGefaumfr&Sif &efukefodkY
a&mufvmonf/ ,if;aumfr&SifxH tppfrcHbJ oydwfarSmuf
Muonf/
(10) 1929-ck? pufwifbmv (10)&ufaeYwGif q&mawmfOD;Owår\
omoemtmZmenf t&SifOD;0dpm& onf axmifwGif(166)&uf
tpmiwfcHí ysHvGefawmfrlonf/
(11) 1930-ckwGif q&mpH OD;aqmifonfh v,form; ta&;awmfyHk
ay:aygufonf/ ,if;x<urIwGif q&mawmfESifh OD;pdk;odrf;
*sDpDbDat\ vIHUaqmfrIaMumifhjzpfonf[k NAdwdoQtmPmydkifrsm;
u ,lqonf/
(12) 1936-ckwGif 'kwd,tBudrf ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJh
onf/
(13) wGJa&;cGJa&;twGuf wpfjynfvHk; qE´,lyGJwGif wGJa&;bufrS
tom&&Sdonf/ q&mawmfonf wGJa&;bufrS &yfwnfcJhav
onf/ odkY&mwGif NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u cGJa&;rlt&
tdEd ´,ESi f h jre frmjynfud k 1937-ck ? {Ny Dv(1)&ufwGi f
cGJcGmcGifhay;vdkuf onf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk
zsuf odrf;vdkufonf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk
zsufodrf;NyD; 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwifonf/
(14) 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk qefYusif&mwGif wyfOD;jzpfaom *sDpD
bDatrSm 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ½kyfodrf;csdefwGif tuGJuGJjzifh
Zmwfodrf;cJh&onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 61
(15) tcGifhta&;&Smorm;rsm;onf q&mawmf\ t&Sdeft[kefudk
toHk;csNyD; &mxl;rsm;,lMuonf/ q&mawmfrSm ,if;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk z,fcGmNyD; tpm;qif;&J? taeqif;&J trsdK;rsdK;udk
ysHvGefonftxd cHcJh&onf/
q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;c&D;q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;c&D;q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;c&D;q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;c&D;q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;c&D;
tarSmiftwGif;usa&mufaeaom jrefrmjynfolvlxktm; q&mawmf
onf tepfemcHNyD; vGwfvyfa&;vrf;pudk pwifazmfay;cJhonf/ toufcEm
&Sdoa&GU jynfolwdkYtusdK;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mawmf\ b0
Zmwfodrf;um; raumif;? q&mawmf\ t&Sdeft[kefaMumifh ig;zGifhqdkiftzGJU
onf rif;wdkifyiftrwf (45)OD;udk &&Sdonf/ 'dkiftmcDOya'jyK vTwfawmf
(rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;)wGif tiftm;t&SdqHk; jzpfcJhonf/
q&mawmftm; ,if;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf pGefYcGmcJhMuonf/ vspfvsL½IcJh
Muonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mawmfrSm rwkefvIyf qif;&J'ku©cHum 1939-ck?
pufwifbmv (6)&uf paeaeYwGif qD;csdKa&m*gjzifh &efukefaq;½HkBuD;wGif
ysHvGefawmfrlavonf/
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/
rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;
1/ ocifvGif-ArmhvGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&m awmfOD;Owår
vufa&G;pif rdefYcGef;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm; (1967-ck)
2/ ocifvGif- tmZmenft&SifOD;0dpm& (1971-ck)
3/ OD;av;armif- jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ordkif; (y-'k wGJ) (1973-74-ck)
4/ rdk;BudK;OD;tkef;cif- jrefrmjynf Zmwfvrf;½IyforQ (1973-ck)
5/ owif;pmq&mBuD; wdk;wufa&; OD;oef;xGef;-jrefrm EdkifiHa&;
&Sif;wrf; (1974-ck? 'kwd,tBudrf)
6/ azbD,ef OD;bcdkif- jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;&mZ0if
(1964-ck? 'kwd,tBudrf)
7/ yifpifpm; ta&;ydkifrif; OD;bat;? ]]jynfa&; jynf&mynm}}
(1934-ck)
8/ vlxkOD;vS- uRefawmfowif;axmuf (1971-ck)
jrxGef;atmif62
ukrÜPDacwftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
,if;\trIxrf;rsm;
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
jrxGef;atmif
ouú&mZf 1146-ck? jymodkvjynfhausmf(7)&uf? paeaeYwGif bdk;awmf
bk&m; &cdkifjynfudk odrf;,lonf/ ,if;aemuf "n0wD? &r®m0wD? arC0wDESifh
'Gg&0wDNrdKUrsm;wGif NrdKU0efwpfOD;pDcefYxm;í &cdkifjynfudk tkyfcsKyfaponf/
NrdKU0efrsm;tkyfcsKyfojzifh ,if;acwfudk NrdKU0efacwf[k ac:qdkMuonf/
NrdKU0efacwfonf ESpfaygif;(40)Mumonf/ bdk;awmfbk&m;ESif h
bBuD;awmfrif;ESpfyg; tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ NrdKU0efudk;yg;wdkY wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJhonf/ NrdKU0efrsm;teuf "n0wDNrdKU0efrSm &mxl;tqifhtjrifhqHk; jzpfonf/
"n0wDNrdKU0efudk (The Rajah of Arakan) &cdkif0efBuD;[k ac:Muonf/
&cdkifbk&ifcH (Governer of Arakan) [kvnf; t*FvdyfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif azmfjy
avh&Sdonf/
NrdKU0efacwfwpfavQmufvHk;onf jynf&GmrNidrfrouf? uaomif;
ueif;&Sdonf/ &cdkifom; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd´,
ukrÜPDydkif ppfwaumif;e,fodkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMuonf/
bdk;awmfbk&m; &cdkifudkodrf;,lNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfta&SU tdEd´,
ukrÜPDydkif tEd,ESifhe,fedrdwfxdpyfvsuf &Sdaponf/ ,if;odkY e,fedrdwfcsif;
xdpyfvsuf&Sdjcif;aMumifh jrefrmrif;rsm;ESifh ukrÜPDtpdk;&wdkYonf e,fedrdwf
jyóemudk jzpfay:aponf/ ,if;aMumifh 1824-ck? rwfv(5)&ufwGif
yxrt*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 63
t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDt*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDt*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDt*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDt*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPD
c&pfESpf 1600jynfhESpfwGif yxrt,fvdZbwfbk&ifr vufxuf
wGif t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEdukrÜPDudk wnfaxmifonf/ tpkaiGaygif; oHk;aomif;
ausmfESifh rwnfwnfaxmifcJhonf/ (17)&mpkwGif pmcRefawmf&Spfckudk
xkwfjyefNyD; t*Fvdyfbk&ifrsm;u ,if;ukrÜPD\vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk ay;cJhonf/
ul;oef;a&mif;0,frItjyif aiGpuúL'*Fg;xkwfydkifcGifh? r[mrdwfzGJUydkifcGifh? ppf
aMujimydkifcGifh? ppfajyNidrf;ydkifcGifh? w&m;Oya'qdkif&m ta&;,lydkifcGifhESifh
tmPmvTJajymif; tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
&&SdcJhonf/ pmcRefawmfrsm; NAdwdoQcsmwm tufOya'rsm;t& tqdkygukrÜPD
rSm tuefYtowfr&Sdaom wefcdk;tmPmrsm;udk &&SdcJhonf/
1774-ck tufOya'jzifh tdEd,EdkifiH BuD;Muyfa&;bkwf tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ aygif 2000wef &S,f,mydkifqdkifolonf ukrÜPD'g½dkufwm
tjzpf ta&G;cHydkifcGifh &Sdonf/ ukrÜPDwGif 'g½dkufwm (24)OD; &Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif
tdEd,EdkifiH BuD;Muyfa&;bkwftzGJU&Sdaomfvnf; vufawGUrSm ukrÜPD'g½dkufwm
rsm;uom csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fcJhonf/ ukrÜPD'g½dkufwmrsm;rSm tjrwftpGef;
&&Sda&;ESifh e,fy,fcsJUxGifa&;udk tav;xm; olrsm;jzpfMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHESifh (17)&mpktpydkif;uyif ,if;ukrÜPDESifh qufqHrI&SdcJh
onf/ 1666-ckwGif &cdkifwdkY vufvTwfcJh&aom ppfwaumif;e,fudk 1727-
ckwGif t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd, ukrÜPDu odrf;,lcJhonf/ (19)&mpk ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif
tdEd´,wpfEdkifiHvHk;eD;yg;udk ,if;ukrÜPDu odrf;,lNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;odrf;
ydkufNyD; e,ftoD;oD;ü bk&ifcHrsm;udk cefYxm;tkyfcsKyfaponf/ bk&ifcHcsKyfrSm
b*Fvm;e,f umvuwåm;NrdKUrSaeí tdEd,EdkifiH\ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ppfa&;rsm;
udk wm0ef,ltkyfcsKyfonf/
1833ck tufOya't& 1834-ck? {NyDv (12)&ufaeYrSpí tqdkyg
ukrÜPDonf wpfOD;wnf; ukefoG,fr&awmhacs/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wpfOD;wnf;
ukefoG,fcGifh&cJhaom t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDonf tjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;tm;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk 1834-ckrSpí tdEd,wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifhay;cJh
&onf/ ukrÜPD\tkyfcsKyfa&;nHhzsif;ojzifh 1857-ckrSm tdEd,wGif ykefuefrI
ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1857-ck ukrÜPDydkife,fajrtm;vHk;udk t*Fvef&Sd A[dktpdk;&
u vTJajymif;,lvdkufonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSpí t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPD\
tkyfcsKyf a&;onf tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif Zmwfodrf;awmhonf/
jrxGef;atmif64
t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,\ odrf;ydkufcHe,fwpfe,fjzpfaom &cdkifjynfrSm
vnf; 1857-ckrSpí ukrÜPD\ udkvdkeDe,fwpfe,ftjzpfrS NAdwdoQwdkY\
udkvdkeDvufatmufcHe,fwpfe,ftjzpf a&muf&SdoGm;awmhonf/ ,if;aMumifh
ukrÜPDacwf &cdkifjynf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm 1826ckrS 1857cktxd ESpfaygif;
(30)ausmf &SnfMumcJhonf/
ukrÜPDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;ukrÜPDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;ukrÜPDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;ukrÜPDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;ukrÜPDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;
ppfaMunmydkifcGifh? ppfajyNidrf;cGifh tygt0iftcGifh tmPmtuefY
towfr&Sd &&SdcJhaom t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd´,ukrÜPDonf e,fpyfta&;
tcif;rsm;aMumifh t*Fvdyfjrefrm yxrppfyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ jrefrmwdkY ½HI;edrfh
cJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1826-ck? azazmf0g&Dv(24)&ufwGif &EÅydkpmcsKyfudk
csKyfqdkcJh&onf/ &cdkifESifhweoFm&Da'orsm;udk ,if;pmcsKyft& t*Fvdyf
ta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDu odrf;,l&&Sdonf/
&cdkifudkodrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf trIxrf; t&mxrf;
rsm; vdktyfvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPD tmPmydkifwdkYonf
NrdKU0efacwftkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;wpf&yfudk tpm;oGif;tkyfcsKyf
aponf/ ,if;tkyfcsKyfa&;\ txuftmPmydkif&mxl;udk NrdKU0eftxufae&m
rsm;wGif ukrÜPDtrIxrf; t*Fvdyfrsm;tm; cefYxm;onf/ &cdkifbk&if
vufxufrSpí b*Fvm;e,fwGifaexdkifMuolrsm;ESifh NrdKU0efacwf ,if;e,fodkY
oGm;a&mufaexdkifMuolrsm;xJrS ukrÜPDtrIxrf;Muolrsm;&Sdonf/ ,if;ukrÜPD
&cdkiftrIxrf;rsm;udk &cdkifwGifNrdKUolBuD; uRef;tkyf? acsmif;tkyf? olBuD;&mxl;
rsm;ESifh tjcm;&mxlrsm;wGif cefYxm;onf/ ,if;odkY &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;tm;
wm0efay;tyfjcif;jzifh ukrÜPDacwftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tqifajyap&ef jzpfonf/
&cddkiftrsdK;om;tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;udk Mum;cHxm;NyD; &cdkifjynfolvlxkudk
tkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef jzpfygonf/
1826-ckrS 1829cktwGif; &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;
txl;0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;wpfOD;udkcefYxm;NyD; tkyfcsKyfaponf/ ,if;0ef&Sifawmf
rif;BuD;atmufwGif &cdkifudk tkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf a'oqdkif&m rif;BuD;ESpfOD;u
wm0ef,l&onf/ a'oqdkif&m rif;BuD;ESpfOD;pvHk;onf ppfawGwGif ½Hk;xdkif
onf/ ppfawGESifh &rf;NAJc½dkifrsm;udk zGJUpnf;onf/ ,if;c½dkif ESpfckudk
vufaxmufrif;BuD; (NrdKU0ef)rsm;u wm0ef,ltkyfcsKyfaponf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 65
odkY&mwGif 1829-ckwGif &cdkifESifhweoFm&Dudk txl;0ef&Sifawmf
rif;BuD; tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrS cGJxkwfvdkufonf/ ,if;aemuf &cdkifjynfudk
ppfwaumif;\rif;BuD;u vTJajymif;wm0ef,l tkyfcsKyfaponf/ a'oqdkif&m
rif;BuD; ESpfae&mteuf wpfae&mudk zsufodrf;vdkufonf/ usef&Sdaom &mxl;
wpfae&mudk (Superintendent of Arakan) [k ajymif;vJac:wGifaponf/
,if;aemuf NrdKU0efacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;twdkif; 0wDav;&yfwGif
NrdKU0efrsm;udk cefYxm;onf/ NrdKU0efrsm;onf &mZ0wfrIrsm;? w&m;rrIrsm;udk
ppfaq;&onf/ aumvdyfawmft&m&Sdvnf; jzpfonf/ tcGeftaumufrsm;
aumufcH&&Sda&;udk wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&olvnf;jzpfonf/
NrdKU0efatmufwGif (Junior Assistant Commissioner) &mxl;&Sdonf/
,if;&mxl;rSm NrdKU0efuJhodkY wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf/ odkY&mwGif &mZ0wfrI?
w&m;rrIESifh tcGefawmft,lcH&ef udpörsm;ryg0ifacs/
NrdKUolBuD;&mxl;wGif &cdkifom;rsm;ESifh tdEd´,wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk
cefYxm;onf/ NrdKU0efBuD;onf taumufcGefrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfhudpörsm;udk
wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf/ w&m;Oya'ESifhywfoufonfh rIcif;rsm;udk
ppfaq;ydkifcGifhr&Sdacs/ tcGefawmf aumufcHa&;rsm;twGufom NrdKU0efudk ulnD
ay;&onf/ vpmrSm (50)usyfjzpfonf/ aemufwGif (80)usyftxd wdk;ay;
onf/ NrdKUolBuD;&mxl;udk taumuf0ef[k aemufydkif;wGif ac:onf/
tcGefaumufcHay;&onfhudpöESifhywfoufí NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHtm;
wm0efay;tyfyHkudk vrl;Zmwd &mZ0ifq&mBuD; OD;ausmfrnf; a&;cJhaom
*Pef;ocsFmusrf; ed*Hk;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm---
]]a';&Sdefowfonf? wGJvufpmem? csifh½Iygaomf? ,ó"e? jynfhpHk
Muí? rsm;vSodyÜH? atmifausmfZHtm;? tjrefac:NyD;? NrdKUolBuD;[k?
tNyD;aooyf? wHqdyfcwfvsuf? ay;tyfonfrS? aeYupí? &u©yl&?
bGJUemrjzifh? "n0wD? jynfcGefqD\? ½lVdo nm? cefYZemonf? jcif;&mudpö?
NyD;pD;Mu\}}/
[k awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh NrdKUolBuD;rSm jynfoljynfom; xHrS
b@mtcGef cefYZemrsm;udk aumufcHay;&onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
a';0ef;BuD;&mxl;rSm rnfonfhtqif;wGif &Sdonfudkum; rod&yg/
odkY&mwGif yDuRef;tkyf atmifausmf&TDudk a';0ef&mxl; wdk;ay;cJhonfudk awGU&
onf/ b@mtcGef aiGESpfodef; pnf;Muyfay;&ef wm0efay;onfudk a';0ef;
BuD;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh a';0ef;&mxl;rSmvnf;
tcGefb@maumufcHay;&onfh &mxl;yifjzpfonf/ NrdKUolBuD;xuf tqifh
edrfhrnfum; r[kwf[k xifrdygonf/
jrxGef;atmif66
uRef;tkyfacsmif;tkyfESifh wm0efrsm;uRef;tkyfacsmif;tkyfESifh wm0efrsm;uRef;tkyfacsmif;tkyfESifh wm0efrsm;uRef;tkyfacsmif;tkyfESifh wm0efrsm;uRef;tkyfacsmif;tkyfESifh wm0efrsm;
uRef;tkyfacsmif;tkyfwdkYrSm ukrÜPDacwf tcGefb@m& cefYZem&&Sda&;
twGuf t"duatmufajcodrf; wm0efudk xrf;aqmif&olrsm; jzpfonf/
rdrdwdkYwm0efus&m uRef;rsm;? acsmif;rsm;wGif tcGefb@m cefYZemrsm;udk
aumufcH&onf/ tcGef taumufrsm;rSm rdrdwdkYwm0ef,l&rnfh e,fajr
tus,ft0ef;tay:rlwnfí aumufcH&&Sdonf/ uRef;tkyfwm0efESifh
ywfoufí t*Fg&yfcsdKifuRef;tkyf armifoQiftm; jym;uRef;odkY wm0efvTJajymif;
xrf;aqmif&ef pmcRefudk 1845-ck? ZGefv (14)&uf ouú&mZf 1207-ck?
e,kefvqef; ( )&ufaeY xkwfjyef&mwGif-
]]þpmcRefudk&vQif þNrdKUtydkif? wjcm;uRef;&GmESifhwjcm;wdkif;
jynf? NrdKU&Gmrsm;u i,fom;wdkYudk azsmif;zsac:a0:í rdrduRef;&GmwGif
pnfyifom,matmif jyKpkcsxm;&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif uRef;&GifwGufvnf;
a&SUupnf;Muyfonfh tcGefawmfaiGudkvnf; rvpfr[if; rcRwfr,Gif;&
atmif aumif;rGefpGm aumufcHí ajypm,lNyD;vQif vpOfoGif;yHktwdkif;
wdkufawmfrSm qufoGif;&rnf/ odkY&mwGif pnf;Muyfonfh tcGefawmf
aiGjyifydkrdkí wpfpHkwpfa,mufxHu wpfjym;wpfcsyfraumufrcH&
udk,fyifpm;pkoifh tcGefawmfaiG (100)vQif (15)jym;? &Gmacgif;pm;pk
(4)jym;? &Gmpm;udkifpm;pk (2)jym;? ulrsm;udkwdkufawmf Mu&vdrfhrnf/
¤if;tjyif wpfpHkwpfa,mufvuf&Sdukd vufrJhrjyKvkyf&? tu,fí
vuf&Sdudk vufrJhjyKvkyfvQif a&SUawmfu t,l&Sdvdrfh rnf r[kwf? ¤if;jyif
rdrdpD&ifpka'owGif "g;jyolcdk;vlqdk;wdkYudk wnf;tdrfae&m ray;ESifh?
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("mwfyHkrdwåL)
5/ Archives of Arakan Family (Type Copy)
6/ ewfjrpfpef;atmif ]]&cdkife,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;ysdK;axmifrIrsm;}}
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(2)? 1975-ck? azazmf0g&Dv
7/ R.B. Smart (Deputy Commissioner, Settlement Officer Akyab)
Burma Gazetteer ''Akyeb District, Volume A'' 1957
8/ W.B. Tyeld (Deputy Commissioner) Burma Gazetteer
''Sandoway District, Volume A" 1962
avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
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3/ OD;av;armif ]]jrefrmEdkifiHa&;tzGJU}} yxrwGJpmayAdrmefxkwf?
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orm;rsm;tm; ay;vdkuf&onf/ &cdkifjynfudk,fcsJUorm;rsm; odrf;,lonfh
tcsdeftxd NrdKUawmfrSm ajrmufOD;NrdKU jzpfonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUonf yifv,fESifh
tvSrf;a0;onf/ yifv,ful;oabFmrsm; 0ifxGufoGm;vmEdkifjcif;r&Sd/
c&D;oGm;vma&; cufcJonf/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;
twGuf t[efYtwm;jzpfaeonf/ udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&; taqmufttHktwGuf
tcuftcJudk wpfenf;tm;jzifh jzpfaponf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUonf NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;rsm;twGuf rQwaom &moDOwkr&Sdjcif;rSm olwdkYtzdkY rvdkvm;tyfaom
tajctaersm; jzpfaeonf/
wnfae&mESifh &moDOwkwnfae&mESifh &moDOwkwnfae&mESifh &moDOwkwnfae&mESifh &moDOwkwnfae&mESifh &moDOwk
ppfawGuRef;onf ukvm;wefjrpf0ESifh b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf qHk&m
taemufbufurf;rSm wnf&Sdonf/ ajrmufvwDåwG'f (20) 'D*&D (8) rdepfESifh
ta&SUvwDåwG'f (92)'D*&D (55)rdepfwGif &Sdonf/ yifv,fjyifrS tjrifh(15)ay
rSm&Sdonf/ ta&SUawmifESifh ta&SUbuft&yfrsm;rSm tedrfhydkif;t&yfrsm;jzpf
onf/ wjznf;jznf;taemufbufydkif;rSm jrifhvmonf/ tmusdyfawmfukef;ESifh
Ak'¨armfukef;rsm;rSm tjrifhqHk;ukef;jrifhrsm; jzpfonf/ tmusdyfawmfukef;rSm
awmifajrmufoG,fwef; vsuf&Sdonf/ tmusdyfawmfukef;rSm uRef;\ ta&SU
awmifbuf yifv,furf;pyfem;txd&Sdonf/
jrxGef;atmif86
uRef;\ ta&SUydkif;onf ukvm;wefjrpfbufudk rsufESmrlvsuf&Sd
onf/ yifv,ful;oabFmrsm; qdkufuyfEdkifonfh oabFmqdyfcHaumif;rsm;
&&SdEd kifonf/ qyf½dk;usacsmif;onf ppfawGNrdKU\ taemufajrmufESifh
ajrmufbuft&yfrsm;udkjzwfNyD;? ukvm;wefjrpfxJodkY taemufurf;rS pD;0if
onf/
,if; qyf½dk;usacsmif;ESifh ukvm;acsmif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t& vnf;
aumif;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;t& vnf;aumif;? ppfawGNrdKUtwGuf tvGef
toHk;0ifaom acsmif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,if;tjyif NrdKU&Gm oefY&Sif;a&;twGuf
a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ c0gonfacsmif;ESifh or®mefacsmif;rsm;rSm
ppfawGNrdKU\ awmifbufydkif;rSm&SdNyD;? taemufrS ta&SUodkY pD;qif;NyD; taemuf
urf;rS ukvm;wefjrpfxJodkY pD;0ifonf/ ,if;acsmif;ESpfoG,frSmvnf;ppfawGNrdKU
twGuf a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm; jzpfonf/
&moDOwkrSm rQwonf/ tylqHk;tcsdefrSm (86°)zm&if [dkuf&Sdonf/
tat;qHk;tcsdefrSm (74°)zm&if[dkufcefY &Sdonf/ wpfESpfywfvHk;ysrf;rQ
tyl&SdefrSm (70°)zm&if[dkufcefYom &Sdonf/ tylqHk;vrsm;jzpfaom rwf? {NyDv
rsm; yifv,favaMumifh tvGeftrif rylbJ? tyltat;rQwonf/ wpfESpf
rdk;a&csdefvufr (200)ausmfonf/ rdk;aumif;aom ESpfrsm;wGif rdk;a&csdefvufr
(250)ywf0ef;usif &GmoGef;onf/
NrdKUwnfaxmifjcif;NrdKUwnfaxmifjcif;NrdKUwnfaxmifjcif;NrdKUwnfaxmifjcif;NrdKUwnfaxmifjcif;
,if;tajctaersm;onf ajrmufOD;NrdKUxuf aumif;rGefaom tae
txm;jzpfonf/ jyKjyifvkyfudkifvmygu oabFmqdyfcHaumif;wpfck jzpfvmEdkif
onf/ oGm;vma&; vG,fulrnf/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tcsuftcsm jzpfvm
rnf/ olwdkY\ udkvdk eDaps;uGuf wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk ,if;a'orS&&SdEdkifonf/
&moDOwktajctaerSm ajrmufOD;NrdKUxuf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm; rsm;twGuf
oifhawmfonf/
,if;aMumifh wHig&Gmuav;om &Sdao;onfh ppfawGuRef;\ ta&SU
awmifydkif;rSm NrdKUwnf&Ef ae&ma&G;cs,fMuonf/ NrdKUwnfa&;ESifhywfoufí
awmfvSefa&;pmqdk a';0ef;BuD; atmifausmf&TDu--
ouú&mZf wpfaxmifjzpf? wpf&m&Spfq,f pGef;0,fckESpfckwnf;
rmCjzpfvqef;om? ig;&ufedonf? eDxGufwAdk[dk&fausmfwGif? NrdKU0efvQif
ywåifowf? uwåif[lrSwf? a';&SdefowfESifh wdkifyifMunfhrIvwfí?
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 87
ppfawGNrdKU&yfem;rSm? aumif;onfhtcg0,f? NrdKU&Gmwnfvkyfayvsuf}}[k
pyfqdkxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
,if;aMumifh 1187-ck? rCeu©wf ay:xGef;onfh wydkYwGJvqef;
(5)&ufaeY? aexGuf wpfAdk&ftcsdefrSm ppfawGNrdKUudk wnfaxmifaMumif; txif
t&Sm;awGU&ygonf/ NrdKUe,fwnf axmifonfhtcg a';0ef;BuD; atmifausmf&TD
ESifh uwåifa'[dowf (Captain Dickenson)wdkY udk,fwdkifOD;aqmifwnfaxmif
MuyfrwfMuonfudkvnf; a';0ef;BuD;\ vuf&mrsm;u azmfjyaeayonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUudk NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf olwdkYtusdK;
pD;yGm;twGuf wnfaxmifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk wnfaxmifp
tcsdefrSm t&if;&Sife,fcsJUpepfonf tm;aumif;aeonfhtcg jzpfonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;rSm ya'o&mZf\ taiGUtoufrsm; &cdkifrSm rukefao;? rcef;
ao;? wdkif;&if;om; ya'o&mZfrsm;ESifh vufa0cHrsm;udk &cdkifjynfwGif e,fcsJU
orm;rsm; odrf;oGif;aeonfhtcsdef jzpfonf/
,if;ESi f hwpfqufwnf;rSm rif;om;BuD;a&Tbef;? Nr d K UolBuD;
atmifausmfZH? a';0ef;BuD; atmifausmf&TDwdkY OD;aqmifonfh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk tajccHNyD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm;
awmfvSefcJhMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUonf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;
twGuf ajcukyf pcef;wpfck jzpfaeouJhodkY e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsdK;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk arG;xkwfay;onfh bkrd®eufoef ajrqdku rSm;Edkif
rnf rxifyg/
tus,ft0ef;tus,ft0ef;tus,ft0ef;tus,ft0ef;tus,ft0ef;
ppfawGNrdKU\ tus,ft0ef;rSm {&d,m (6)rdkif&Sdonf/ ppfawGNrdKUrudk
jrLeDpDyg,ftzGJUu wm0ef,lNyD; NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif; a&;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh
a&&&Sda&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&onf/ ,cktcg ,if;udpörsm;udk ppfawGNrdKU
e,fjynfolUaumifpDu wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf/ jrLeDpDy,fe,fedrdwfrSm
ta&SUbufwGif ukvm;wefjrpf? ajrmufbufwGif qyf½dk;usjrpf½dk;twdkif;
oHawmfvDtkyfpktxd? taemufbufwGif tkef;awm vrf;rScGJí ocsØKif;cGqHk
txd? ,if;ocsØKif;cGqHkrS uwå&mvrf;twdkif; uefawmfBuD;txd jzpfonf/
awmifbufwGif (tilpGef;)rS yifv,furf;pyfwpfavQmuf av,mOfuGif;tqHk;
txd &Sdonf/
jrxGef;atmif88
vlOD;a&vlOD;a&vlOD;a&vlOD;a&vlOD;a&
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;tkyfpdk;pOfu ppfawGNrdKUonf jrefrmjynf\
vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;NrdKUBuD; (10)NrdKUteuf wpfNrdKKUtygt0ifjzpfonf/
atmufjrefrmjynfwGif wwd,vlOD;a& trsm;qHk;jzpfNyD; jrefrmjynf wpfjynf
vHk;wGif pwkw¬trsm;qHk; jzpfcJhonf/ NrdKUwnfaxmifptcsdefu vlOD;a&udk
rod&aomfvnf; 1870-ckrSpí tcgtm;avsmfpGm aumuf,lonfh
pm&if;rsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyvdkufygonf/
1870 ck 16785 a,muf1870 ck 16785 a,muf1870 ck 16785 a,muf1870 ck 16785 a,muf1870 ck 16785 a,muf
1872 ck 19230 a,muf1872 ck 19230 a,muf1872 ck 19230 a,muf1872 ck 19230 a,muf1872 ck 19230 a,muf
1881 ck 33989 a,muf1881 ck 33989 a,muf1881 ck 33989 a,muf1881 ck 33989 a,muf1881 ck 33989 a,muf
1891 ck 37938 a,muf1891 ck 37938 a,muf1891 ck 37938 a,muf1891 ck 37938 a,muf1891 ck 37938 a,muf
1901 ck 35680 a,muf1901 ck 35680 a,muf1901 ck 35680 a,muf1901 ck 35680 a,muf1901 ck 35680 a,muf
1911 ck 37893 a,muf1911 ck 37893 a,muf1911 ck 37893 a,muf1911 ck 37893 a,muf1911 ck 37893 a,muf
1921 ck 36569 a,muf1921 ck 36569 a,muf1921 ck 36569 a,muf1921 ck 36569 a,muf1921 ck 36569 a,muf
1931 ck 38094 a,muf1931 ck 38094 a,muf1931 ck 38094 a,muf1931 ck 38094 a,muf1931 ck 38094 a,muf
1953 ck 42329 a,muf1953 ck 42329 a,muf1953 ck 42329 a,muf1953 ck 42329 a,muf1953 ck 42329 a,muf
1970 ck 78680 a,muf1970 ck 78680 a,muf1970 ck 78680 a,muf1970 ck 78680 a,muf1970 ck 78680 a,muf
txufygpm&if;rsm;udkMunfhvQif 1870 ckrS 1970ck txd ESpfaygif;
(100)twGif; vlOD;a&(61823)a,muf wdk;wufvmonfudk awGU&onf/
txl;ojzifh 1953-ckaemufydkif;rSm ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonfudk awGU&onf/
1970-ck vlOD;a&rSm 1953 ckwGif&Sdonfh vlOD;a&xuf wpfqeD;yg;wdk;vm
onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;odkY vlOD;a&wdk;vmonfh taetxm;rSm obm0
tavsmuf wdk;yGm;vmjcif; (Natural Population Growth)ESifh tjcm;&yf&Gm
rsm;rS ajymif;a&TUaexdkifjcif; (Migratel Growth) [lí ESpfrsdK;awGU&onf/
tjcm;&yf&Gmrsm;rS ajymif;a&Tu aexdkifrIrsm;rSmvnf; atmufwGifazmfjyxm;
onfh taMumif;udpörsm;aMumifh ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMujcif; jzpfonf/
,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-
1/ qlylaomif;usef;rIaMumifh ajymif;a&TUaexdkifolrsm;/
2/ wpfzufEdkifiHrS ajymif;a&TUvmMuonfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;/
3/ w&m;0ifEdkifiHjcm;rS ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMuolrsm; r[kwfbJ cdk;0if
aexdkiflrsm;[lí awGU&onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 89
,if;tcsufrsm;teuf wpfzufEdkifiHrS cdk;0ifvmonfh vlOD;a&rSm
ppfawGNrdKU vlOD;a&\&mEIef;cyfrsm;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD; (8)ESpfcefY
tMumwGif aumuf,laom vlOD;a&rSm(42329)a,mufom &Sdonf/ ppfBudK
acwf 1931-ckESpfxuf(4235)a,mufom ydkrdk&Sdaeonf/ odkY&mwGif 1970-
ckwGif ppfawGNrdKU vlOD;a&rSm 1953-ckESpfxuf(36279)a,muf (17)ESpf
twGif; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonfrSm xl;jcm;aeayonf/
1970-ck aumuf,laompm&if;t& touft&G,f (5)ESpf wpftkyfpk
tvdkuf usm;^r ta&twGuf azmfjy&mwGif (0.4)ESpftkyfpk? (5.9)ESpf
tkyfpk? (10.14)ESpf tkyfpkESifh (50.54)ESpf tkyfpkrsm;rSvGJí useftkyfpkrsm;wGif
a,musfm;OD;a&xuf rdef;rOD;a&u ydkrdkrsm;jym;aeonf/ ESpftkyfpkrsm;udk wpfESpf
atmufrS touf (80)txuftxd cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
ppfawGNrdKUvlOD;a& toGiftjyifwGif a,musfm; 48.12%ESifh rdef;r 51.88%
ay:vGifcJhygonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUwGif rdef;rOD;a&onf a,musfm;OD;a&
xuf rsm;jym;aeonfudk awGU&onf/
touft&G,ftm;jzifh (0.24)ESpf tkyfpkwGif 59%&Sdí (25.49)ESpf
tkyfpkwGif 29%&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ wpfenf; jzifh (25.49)ESpftkyfpk
vlvwfydkif;onf (0.24)ESpf vlvwf ydkif;\ xuf0ufom&Sdonfudk
1970-71-ckESpf aumuf,laom pm&if;t&od&onf/
tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;
1970-ck aumuf,laompm&if;t& tdrfom;(5)a,muftxuf
tdrfaxmifpkrSm 63%cefY&S donf/ tdrfom;(4)a,mufrS (5)a,muf&Sd
tdrfaxmifpkrSm 24%&SdNyD;? tdrfom; (1)a,mufrS (3)a,muf&Sd tdrfaxmifpk
rSm 13%&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh wpfa,muf0ifaiG odkYr[kwf
wpftdrfaxmifpk\0ifaiGudk (5)a,muftxuf tdrfom;rsm;u trsm;pktjzpf
rSDcdkaexdkiftm;xm;ae&aMumif; azmfjyaeayonf/
aexdkifrI tqifhtwef;aexdkifrI tqifhtwef;aexdkifrI tqifhtwef;aexdkifrI tqifhtwef;aexdkifrI tqifhtwef;
ppfawGNrdKUonf obm0ab;'Pf? rD;ab;'Pfudk tBudrfBudrf cHcJh&
onf/ ,if;ab;'Pfrsm;onf ppfawGNrdKU\ wdk;wufrIESifh tvStyudk ysufpD;
aponf/ ,if;tjyif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;\'Pfudk tBuD;tus,f cHcJh&onf/
jrxGef;atmif90
ppfBuD;acwfu&Sdaom tdrfaumif;tdrf&m taqmufttHk tm;vHk;vdkvdk ysufpD;
cJh&onf/ ppftwGif; (2)ESpfausmfausmf umvcefYrSm NrdKUwGif vlvHk;0r&SdbJ
jzpfcJhonf/
,if;umvwpfavQmufvHk; wpfNrdKUvH;rSm awmBuD;rsufrnf; jzpfae
onf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;jyefvnfí odrf;ydkufonfhtcgrS ppfwyfrsm;&Sdaeonfh
ae&mwpf0dkufavmufom &Sif;vif;rI&Sdonf/ 1947-aemufydkif;avmufrSom
ppfawGNrdKUwGif;odkY t&yfom;rsm;tm; ajymif;a&TUaexdkifcGifhay;onf/ NrdKUjyef
vnfí pnfyifvmonf/ jyefvnfxlaxmif aqmufvkyf&onfh tdrf&m
taqmufttHktm;vHk;vdkvdkrSm 0g;"edrsm;jzifh aqmufvkyfaexdkifMu&onf/
ppfNyD;aemuf ppfawGNrdKU jyefvnfxl axmifa&;rSm aES;auG;vSonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU&Sd tdrf&mtaqmufttHkrsm;udk wdkuf?
ysOfaxmif? wJ[lí(3)rsdK;cGJNyD; aumuf,lvQif vuf&Sd taetxm;rSm wJjzifh
aexdkifMuolrsm;rSm tvGefrsm;onf/ 99% tdrfaxmifrsm;rSm udk,fydkif
tdrfrsm;jzifh aexdkifolrsm;jzpfonf/
1970-71ck aumuf,laom erlempm&if;ppfwef;rsm;t& wJjzifh
aexdkifaom tdrfaxmifrsm;\ yrmPrSm trsm;pkjzpfNyD; 66%&Sdonf/
ysOfaxmiftdrfjzifhaexdkifaom tdrfaxmifrsm;rSm 18%? wdkufjzifh aexdkifonfh
tdrrfaxmifrSm 16%&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ wdkufESifh ysOfaxmiftdrfwGif
aexdkifaom tdrfaxmifrsm;taeESifh tdrfom;rsm;onfjzpfap? enf;onf
jzpfap? 0ifaiGrsm;onf jzpfap? enf;onfjzpfap aexdkifonfh tdrftus,f
t0ef;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh pwk &ef;ay (400)ESifh (400)xufus,faom
wJrsm;wGif 23%aexdkifMuonf/
vlOD;a& jyefYBuJaexdkifyHkvlOD;a& jyefYBuJaexdkifyHkvlOD;a& jyefYBuJaexdkifyHkvlOD;a& jyefYBuJaexdkifyHkvlOD;a& jyefYBuJaexdkifyHk
ppfawGNrdKUwGif vlOD;a& jyefUBuJaexdkifyHkudkMunfhvQif qyf ½dk;us
acsmif;onf aps;BuD;tem;wpf0dkuf awmifajrmufESifhuk vm;wefjrpfurf;
yg;onf txl;ojzifh armvdyf? tdk;wef;? rdZH? ½lyponfh&Gmrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;
&yfuGufrsm;jzpfonf/ qyf½dk;us acsmif; wpf0dkufrSm qefpuf? opfpuf? opf?
0g;"edqdkifESifh ukefpHkqdkifrsm;jzifh jynfhESufaeonf/ vlOD;a& odyfonf;rIvnf;
rsm;onf/
,if;tjyif ukvm;acsmif;0? 'Hk;wdkufjyif? armvdyf taemufbuf
ukvm;&Gmrsm;? emZD&GmESifh ocsØKif;ukef;em;txd ,cktcgusL;ausmftdrfrsm;jzifh
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 91
jynfhESufvsuf&Sdaeonf/ ,if; tdrfrsm;rSmvnf; wJtdrfrsm;om jzpfonf/
usL;ausmf&yfuGufrsm;rSm vlaeodyfonf;rIrsm;onf/ pepfwus aqmufvkyf
aexdkifMuonfhtdrfrsm;r[kwfojzifh rD;ab;udkpdk;&drf&onf/
NrdKU\ awmifbufrSm NrdKUwnfcsdefuyif vlaeodyfonf;rI enf;yg;
onf/ txl;ojzifh aq;½HkBuD;ESifh yv’ifawm&yfuGuf teD;tem;wpf0dkufwGif
vlaeodyfonf;rI enf;onf/ taqmufttHkrsm;rSm enf;yg;aomfvnf;
wdkuftdrfrsm;? ysOf axmiftdrfrsm; jzpfonf/ tpdk;&wdkufwm taqmuf
ttHkrsm;? a&wyfpcef;ESifh av,mOfuGif;wdkYrSm NrdKU\awmifbufydkif;ESifh
taemufydkif;t&yfrsm;rSm &Sdonf/ jynfolUtdrf&m taqmufttHkrsm;rSmvnf;
NrdKU\awifbufydkif;rSmom &Sdonf/ vlOD;a& odyfonf;onfh NrdKU\ajrmufydkif;
&yfuGufrsm;wGif tpdk;&½Hk; taqmufttHkrsm; r&Sdoavmuf jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKU\ taqmufttHkrsm; aqmufvkyfaexdkifMuyHkonf ppfBudK
acwfNrdKU{&d,mtwGif;rSmom &Sdonf/ tdrf&mtaqmufttHkrsm;rSm wdk;wuf
rsm;jym;vmonf/ ppfBudKacwfu tdrfwpfaqmifom&Sdonfh NcH0if;rsm;wGif
,cktcg tdrfESpfaqmifrStxuf aqmufvkyfaexdkifMuonfudk awGU&onf/
usL;ausmfwJrsm;rSmvnf; wpfckESifhwpfck uyfvsuf&Sdonf/ ,cifu tuGuf
usus&SdcJhaom NrdKUtaetxm;rSm ,cktcg ysufjym;vmonfudk awGU&onf/
txl;ojzifh NrdKU\pD;yGm;a&; tcsuftcsmusonfh &yfuGufrsm;rS tdrfrsm;ESifh
usL;ausmfwJrsm;udk pepfwus aqmufvkyfay;&ef vdktyfvsuf &Sdaeayonf/
aps;rsm;aps;rsm;aps;rsm;aps;rsm;aps;rsm;
ppfBudKacwf ppfawGNrdKUwGif aps;BuD;ESpfaps; &Sdonf/ NrdKUraps;BuD;Esifh
a&Tjym;aps;BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;aps;rsm;rSm jrL eDpDy,faps;rsm;jzpfonf/
NrdKUraps;BuD;onf yxrwGif yk*¾vduydkif jzpfonf/ bvkwfb&m;om; ukrÜPD
xHrS jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUu 1879ckwGif usyfaiG 15000ESifh 0,f,lvdkufonf/
a&Tjym;aps;udk 1874ckrSm aqmufvkyfonf/
ppfNyD;acwf onfbufydkif;rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif NrdKUraps;BuD;tjyif
ukefwef;aps;? emZDaps;rsm; &Sdonf/ 1966-67ckavmufwGif 'Hk;wdkufjyifrSm
vnf; aps;wpfaps;jzpfvmonf/ NrdKUraps; BuD;rSvGJí usefaps;rsm;rSm omref
aps;uav;rsm;om jzpfonf/ 'Hk;wdkufjyifaps;rSm w&m;0ifaqmufvkyfxm;
aom aps;r[kwf? a&Tjym;aps;onf ppfNyD;acwfaemufydkif;rSm r&Sdawmhyg/
jrxGef;atmif92
jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk wnfaxmifonfrSm
udkvdkeDpepftwGuf tusdK;jyKvkyfief;rsm; taxmuftuljyK&ef wnfaxmif
jcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYusef;rma&;&&SdrI tygt0if NrdKUaevlxk twGuf
yg NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;udk aqmif&Gufvmonf/
,if;aMumifh 1874-ck? atmufwdkbmv (1)&ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQ
bm;rm; jrLeDpDy,f tufOya'udk ppfawGNrdKUwGif wdk;csJU MoZmoufa&mufap
onf/ ,if;tcsdefrwdkifrDuqdkvQif jrLeDpD y,f&efyHkaiG&Sdonf/ jrLeDpDy,f
&efyHkaiGrSm a'otwGif; vdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfonf vrf;rsm;? aps;rsm;? ykvdyfrsm;
udpöESifh oefY&Sif; a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&onf/ ,if;&efyHkaiGudk &cdkifwdkif;
rif;BuD; vufatmufwGif xm;&SdNyD; NrdKUr&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;u tkyfcsKyf
&onf/
1874-ckwGif zGJUpnf;xm;aom ppfawGNrdKU jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrSm tpdk;&
t&m&Sd (6)a,mufESifh t&m&Sd r[kwfol (5)OD; yg0ifonf/ &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;
q&m0efBuD;ESifh NrdKUr&mZ0wf w&m;olBuD;wdkYrSm (Ex. Officio) tjzpf yg0if
onf/ NrdKUr&mZ0wf w&m;olBuD;rSm ,if;tzGJU\ Ouú|jzpfonf/ ,if;jrLeD
pDyg,ftzGJUonf owfrSwfxm;onfh NrdKUwGif;&Sd ykvdyfrsm;? vrf;rsm;? aps;rsm;?
aq;½Hkrsm; oefY&Sif;a&;ESifh a&ay;a0a&;udpörsm;udk wm0ef,l&onf/
1882-ckwdkifatmif tzGJU0ifrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufcefYxm;onf/ 1882ck
arv(30)&ufaeYpGJjzifh xkwfjyefaom r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\ trdefYt&
ppfawGNrdKUwGif a&G;aumufyGJ pepfudk usifhoHk;onf/ tzGJU0if (12)OD; &Sdonf/
Oa&mywdkufom; (3)OD;? &cdkif (4)OD;? r[mar'if (3)OD;? [dEL (2)OD; yg0ifonf/
,if;tjyif qdyfurf;t&m&Sd? trIaqmiftif*sifeD,m? q&m0efBuD;ESifh
ta&;ydkifwdkYrSm (Ex. Officio) tjzpf yg0ifonf/ ta&;ydkifrSm tzGJU0ifOuú|jzpf
onf/ 1880-ckwGif NrdKUr&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;\ vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfrIudk
&yfqdkif;onf/
a&G;aumufyGJpepfrSm NrdKUaevlxktwGuf topftqef; jzpfaeonf/
tenf;tusOf;om pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdNyD; a&G;aumuf yGJ 0ifMuonf/ yg0ifolrsm;rSm
txl;ojzifh Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/ trsm;pkrSm umv
tawmfMumatmif pdwf0ifpm;rI r&SdMu/ ,if;aMumifh tzGJU0ifrsm;udk rMumcP
qdkovdk tpdk;&ucefYxm;&onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 93
1882-ckwGif topfzGJUpnf;aom tzGJUonf ykvdyfudpö rSwpfyg;
tjcm;tmPmESifhwm0efrsm;udk tyfESHjcif;cH&onf/ ausmif;? aq;½Hk? ausmuf
aq;xdk;jcif;rsm;ESifh tvm;wludpörsm; udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf/ 1908-
ckwGif r[mar'ifrsm;twGuf ae&mwpfck wdk;csJUay;onf/ 1917-ckwGif
jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrSm ta&;ydkifu Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifonf/ ,if;tjyif (Ex.
Officio) tjzpf yg0if&onf/ q&m0efBuD;rSm 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifonf/
trIaqmif tif*sifeD,mESifh tpdk;&a&G;cs,fonfh tzGJU0if(2)OD;vnf; yg0if
onf/ tzGJU0if (12)OD;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; (2)OD;? Ak'¨bmomtkyfpk (4)OD;?
r[mar'if tkyfpkrS (4)OD;? [dE´LtkyfpkrS (2)OD;pD yg0ifygonf/
ppfBudKacwf umvwpfavQmuf ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif vlrsdK;
tvdkuf? tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufonfudk awGU&onf/ txl;
ojzifh vlenf;pkrsm;jzpfaom Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;onf tcsdK;tpm;t&qdk
vQif vlrsm;pkjzpf aom &cdkifrsm;xufyif rsm;jym;aeonf/ ,if;tjyif Oa&my
wdkufwm; jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU0ifrsm;onf tjcm;tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; MoZmoHk;í
vnf;aumif; pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;onfudk tcGifh aumif;,lí vnf;aumif;?
NrdKU&GmBuD;yGm;a&;udk [efYwm;cJhMu onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1957-ck azazmf0g&Dv
(6)&ufaeYxkwf ]]&cdkiftvif; owif;pm}} wGif yg&Sdonfh ]]rsdK;cspfarmif}} wif
jyaom &cdkifjynfe,f&,la&; aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm--
]]rsufESm&Sd EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIaMumifh vnf;
aumif;? &yfa&; &Gma&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef wu,fwrf; pdwfr&SdrI
aMumifhvnf;aumif; ppfawGNrdKUonf BuD;yGm;Edkifygvsuf rBuD;yGm;bJ
omrefNrdKUwpfNrdKUtaejzifhom aecJh&avonf}}[k zwf½I&jcif;jzifh
odomxif&Sm;ygonf/
ppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,fppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,fppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,fppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,fppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,f
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrSm
ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI r&Sd? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; aemufydkif;rSom jrLeDpDy,fa&G;
aumufyGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfvmonf/ ,if;a&G; aumufyGJrsm;rS a&G;cs,fwifajr§muf
onfh jrLvlBuD; (19)OD;&Sdonf/
,if;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU pwifonfh tcsdefu
tajctaeESifhvnf;aumif;? ppfBudKacwf tajctaeESifhvnf;aumif;
vHk;0jcm;em;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzpfonf/ tmPmvuf&Sd zqyvtzGJUESifh
jrxGef;atmif94
&cdkifjynfwdkif;&if;om;nDñGwf a&;tzGJU (&wn)wdkYtm; NydKifMuonfhyGJrsm;om
jzpfonf/ ,if; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm (&wn)tzGJUudk udk,fpm;jyKMuonfh jrLvl
BuD;tm;vHk; a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/
&wnjrLvlBuD;rsm;vufxufwGif jrLtzGJUydkif½Hk; taqmufttHktjzpf
OD;pdk;azmf ukrÜPDydkif taqmufttHkudk 1957-ck? 'DZifbmv (30)&ufwGif
usyf 45006jzifh 0,f,lcJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawG jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif
tzGJU ydkif taqmufttHkudk jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zGJUpnf;NyD; ESpfaygif;(80) ausmfrSom
&&SdcJhonf/
&wnjrLvlBuD;rsm;onf 1950ckwGif bDvl;rwHwm;teD;&Sd wJtdrf
rsm;udk zsufodrf;apcJhonf/ ,if;odkYwJtdrfrsm;udkzsuf odrf;apjcif;rSm acwå
avmufom z,ff&Sm;EdkifcJhonf/ &cdkifjynf wdk;wufvli,ftpnf;t½Hk;rS
OD;pdefomausmf(uG,fvGef)ESifh OD;ausmfjr (uG,fvGef)wdkY OD;aqmifí wJtdrf&Sif
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif; NyD; wJtdrfrsm; rzsufodrf;a&;udk ta&;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifMuonf/
,if;aMumifh tqdkygae&mrsm;wGif wJtdrfrsm; jyefvnfwnf aqmufaexdkifMu
onf/
,if;odkY wJtdrfrsm; rzsufodrf;a&;? ta&;qdkwdkufyGJ0if awmif;qdkrI
onf ]]&cdkifjynf wdk;wufvli,f tpnf;t½Hk;}}rS cGJxGufum ]]&cdkifjynf
wdkif;&if;om;vli,frsm; tpnf;t½Hk;}}[lí ay:aygufaponfh taMumif;rsm;
teuf wpfckjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1954-cku zGJUpnf;cJhonfh ]]&cdkifjynf
wdk;wuf vli,ftpnf;t½Hk;}}rS cGJxGufum ]]&cdkifjynf wdkif;&if;om; vli,frsm;
tpnf;t½Hk;}}udk &cddkifouú&mZf 1316-ck? oDwif;uRwfvqkwf (12)&uf?
c&pfouú&mZf 1955-ck? atmufwdkbmv (tpdk;&[lonf13)&ufaeYwGif
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifvdkufonf/
EdkifiHa&; tuGJtNyJESifh vHk;ywfvnfaeNyD; ppfawGNrdKU&Gm oefY&Sif;a&;rSm
xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif; r&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJ tcsdefavmufrSmomvQif vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;&SdNyD;
aemufydkif;rSm olwdkY uwdjyKcJhonfh udpörsm;udk arhaysmufoGm;wwfMuonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU\ oefY&Sif;a&;rSm EdkifiHa&;acwfwpf avQmufvHk;wGif
xl;jcm;vmjcif; r&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 95
jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;
1962-ck ? Mo*kwfv (18)&ufwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUudk awmfvSef
a&;aumifpDu &yfqdkif;vdkufonf/ ppfwyfESifh &Judk,fpm;vS,f wpfOD;pDyg0if
aom ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;onf/ 1963-ck?
Edk0ifbmv (20)&ufwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJU\ cHpm;cGifh tvkyfwm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;udk ppfawGNrdKU rvHkjcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrI aumfrwDodkY tyfESif;onf/
NrdKUrvHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDtzGJUwGif wGJbufc½dkif0eftm; jrLtkyfcsKyf
a&;rSL;tjzpf tmPmtyfESif;NyD; jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU\ wm0efESifh0wå&m;rsm;udk
NrdKUrvHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDudk,fpm; aqmif&Gufonf/
1974-ck? rwfv (2)&ufaeYwGif vHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyf rIaumfrwDrsm;
udk zsufodr;fonf/ jynfolUaumifpD tqifhqifhudk azmfaqmifNyD; vHkNcHKa&;ESifh
tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDrsm;\ wm0efrsm;udk vTJajymif;,lonf/ ,if;aMumifh
ppfawGNrdKUrvHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIvufatmuf&Sd ppfawGjrLeDpDy,fvkyfief;ESifh
wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rSm ppfawGNrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpD vufatmufodkY a&muf&Sd
vmonf/ ,cktcg ppfawGNrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpDonf NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;
twGuf pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;NyD; aqmif&Gufaeonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUe,fpnfyifom,ma&;tzGJU\ ,cifacwf
tqufqufrS usef&Sdaeonfh vkyfaqmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;um; rao;vSyg/
&cdkifjynfe,f\ NrdKUawmft*Fg&yfESifhtnD vkyfaqmif&rnfh usef;rma&;?
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;? NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;? a&&&Sda&; ponfhaqmif&GufzG,f
&mrsm;u apmifhBudKvsuf &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;udk jynfe,faumifpD? NrdKUe,f
aumifpDESifh ppfawGNrdKUvlxk\ 0dkif;0ef;vkyfaqmif&rnfh wm0efwpf&yfyif
jzpfonf/
NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;
ppfawGNrdKU\ awmifbufydkif;onf oJqefajrrsm;jzifh wnfaqmuf
xm;onf/ ajrmufbufydkif;rSm EHk;ajrrsm;jzpfonf/ jzm;BuD;vqif ajrmufbuf
ydkif; tcsdKU&yfuGufrsm;onf jrpfa&jynfhvQHaewwfonf/ awmifbufydkif;rSm
usef;rma&;ESifh nDñGwfonf/ ajrmufbufydkif;rSm usef;rma&;ESifh nDñGwf
rIr&Sd/ qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh
aomufoHk;a&aMumifh jzpfyGm;onfha&m*grsm; jzpfyGm;wwfonf/
jrxGef;atmif96
ppfawGNrdKUudk wnfaxmifNyD; ESpfaygif;(50)avmuftxd NrdKU&Gm
oefY&Sif;a&;udk aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;yg/ 1874-ckrSm zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif
aom ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJU\ oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfief;rSm ½kwfw&uf taumif
txnf ray:ao;acs/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU\ &yfuGufrsm;rSm usef;rma&;
ESifh nDñGwfrIr&SdbJ jzpfaeonf/ 1880-ckwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f Ouú|tjzpf
aqmif&Gufolu-
]]vrf;tajctaersm;? a&ay;a0a&;vkyfief;rsm;? rESpfNrdKUzG,f
aumif;aom teHYtoufrsm;xGufonfh trIdufo½dkufrsm;ESifh oefY&Sif;rI
uif;onfh tajctaersm; &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;odkYaom tajctaersm;
onf odrf;,lNyD;&mpkESpf wpf0ufwdkif &SdaeonfrSm &SufzG,faumif;onf/
ESpfaygif; (50)twGif; tkyfa&ajrmif;wpfckwpfavrQ ppfawGNrdKUwGif
rawGU&onfrSm r,HkMunfEdkifzG,foufouf jzpfonf/ NrdKUr&mZ0wf
w&m;olBuD; azmufvkyfxm;onfh udkuftenf;i,faom tkwfa&ajrmif;
udk cRif;csufxm;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tusdK;qufaMumifh NrdKU&GmvlxkrSm
&THUñGefxlajymonfh ywfywfvnfrSm aexdkif&rIyif jzpfonf/}} ponfjzifh
ajymMum;cJhonfrSm jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU wnfaxmifp ppfawGNrdKU tajctae
udk azmfjyaejcif; jzpfygonf/
ppfawGNrdKUjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUtwGif rdv’modrf;vkyfief;rSm p&dwftBuD;
av;qHk; jzpfonf/ 1894-ckrSpwifNyD; nrdv’modrf;vkyfief;udk pwifaqmif
&Gufonf/ 1899-ckwGif ,if;rdv’modrf;vkyfief;udk wdk;csJUvkyfudkifvmonf/
1917-ck avmufwGif NrdKU\wpf0ufcefYrSm rdv’modrf;vkyfief; aqmif&GufEdkifNyD;
jzpfonf/ ,if;vkyfief;rSm vludk,fwdkif odrf;,lonfhvkyfief;jzpfonf/ vkyfief;
pwifonfh tcsdefrSonf ,ckumvtxd wdk;wufajymif;vJrI r&Sdao;yg/
txl;ojzifh ,ckumvwGif rdv’modrf;tvkyform;rsm; &Sm;yg;rI
&Sdonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU\ &yfuGuftrsm;pkonf ajrwGif;rsm;wl;NyD;
toHk;jyKvsuf &Sdaeao;onf/
1912-ckwGif a&ESifhrdv’m tif*sifeD,monf a&ajrmif; wl;azmfa&;
pDrHudef;wpfckudk wifjyonf/ ukefusp&dwf usyfaiG 350000udk jrLtzGJUrS
uscH&onf/ 1917-avmufwGif pwifNyD; jynfolUvkyfief;XmerS wm0ef,l
vkyfudkifonf/ t*Faw ausmufa&ajrmif;rsm;udk yv’ifawm? armvdyf?
tdk;wef;? ½ly&Gmponfh &yfuGufrsm;rSm awGU&onf/ usef&yfuGufrsm;rSm omref
ajrBuD;udk wl;xm;onfh a&ajrmif;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;a&
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 97
ajrmif;tm;vHk;vdkvdkrSm 'kwd,urÇmppfaMumifh ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ,if;ysufpD;
cJhaom a&ajrmif;rsm;udk ,aeYwdkif jyKjyifEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;yg/ a&ajrmif;rsm;rSm
a&rSef rSefpD;qif;rI taetxm; vHk;0r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaeonf/
ukvm;acsmif;rSm ppfawGNrdKUtv,frSjzwfí pD;qifonf/ ,if;acsmif;
rBuD;xJodkY a&ajrmif;rsm; pD;0ifMuonf/ acsmif;rBuD;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif
a&qdk;? a&ykyfrsm;ESifh trIdufo½dkufrsm; >yrf;vsuf&Sdonf/ a&pD;qif;rIrSmvnf;
rrSef/ ,if;rSxGufvmonfh teHYtoufrsm;rSmvnf; rcHEdkifatmif jzpfae
onf/ usef;rma&;twGuf BuD;pGmaom taESmifht,Suf jzpfonf/
ukvm;acsmif;onf ppfawGNrdKU&Sd a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm;\ t"du pD;0if&m
acsmif;rBuD;wpfck jzpfonfomru pD;yGm;a&;twGufvnf; ta&;ygonf/
tqdkygacsmif;udk jyefvnfwl;azmf&ef vdktyfaeNyDjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQvnf; tav;xm; aqmif&GufMuonfudk rawGU&acs/
,if;aMumifh 1947-ckESpfwGif usef;rma&;0efBuD; OD;atmifZHu tpdk;&tzGJUodkY
tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;&mwGif ukvm;acsmif;udpöudk ta&;ay;aqmif&Guf&ef
tav;ay;azmfjyxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif rnfodkYrQ ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;
r&SdonfudkawGU&ojzifh ¤if;\udk,fa&;rSwfwrf;pmtkyf (A Survior's Memoir)
rSm atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsufa&;xm;ygonf/
]]odkY&mwGif rnfonfhtzGJUtpnf;ujzpfap? acgif;aqmif wpfOD;u
jzpfapvTwfawmftjyifbufüaomfvnf;aumif;? twGif;bufüaomf
vnf;aumif; rnfolwpfpHkwpfa,mufurQvnf; þvkyfief;udpöudk
taumiftxnfay:vmatmif aemufqufvufí *½kpdkufvkyfaqmif
onfudkum; rawGU&acs}} /
vrf;ESifh vrf;rD;rsm;xGef;jcif;vrf;ESifh vrf;rD;rsm;xGef;jcif;vrf;ESifh vrf;rD;rsm;xGef;jcif;vrf;ESifh vrf;rD;rsm;xGef;jcif;vrf;ESifh vrf;rD;rsm;xGef;jcif;
jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUydkif vrf;rsm;tjzpf 1874-ckwGif rdkif(30)cefY ppfawGNrdKU
rSm &Sdonf/ tusOf;om;rsm;tm; ,if;vrf;rrsm;udk jyKjyifapcdkif;jcif; jzpfonf/
ppfrjzpfrD tcsdeftxd jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUydkif vrf;rSm 42.10rdkifcefY &Sdonf/
,if;vrf;rsm;rSm ppfNyD;acwf onfrSmbufacwfwdkifatmif wdk;csJUazmufvkyf
jcif; r&Sdyg/ vrf;rsm;rSmtrsm;tm;jzifh tkwfeDvrf;rsm;om jzpfonf/ uwå&m
vrf;rsm;rSmvnf; jyKjyif&rnfh tajctaerSm&Sdonf/
ppfNyD;acwftcsdefuqdkvQif nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGif vrf;rD;rsm;udk a&eHqD
rD;wdkifrsm; xGef;onf/ 1901ckuyif rD;vif;cGef (Lighting Tax) aumufcH
jrxGef;atmif98
onf/ ,if;a&eHqDrD;wdkifrsm;udk ppfNyD; acwf tpydkif;rSm awGU&ygao;onf/
vQyfppf"mwftm;udk ,if;tcsdefavmufyif pwiftoHk;jyKonf/ odkY&mwGif
NrdKUxJydkif; avmufrSmom vQyfppfrD;rsm; &&Sdonf/ 1955-56-ckavmuf wGifrS
wpfNrdKUvHk;&Sd vrf;rsm;rSm vQyfppf"mwfrD;rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
a&ay;a&;pepfa&ay;a&;pepfa&ay;a&;pepfa&ay;a&;pepfa&ay;a&;pepf
NrdKUwnfptcsdefcgu aomufoHk;a&udk wGif;a&? uefa&rsm;rS toHk;jyK
Muonf/ ,ck vuf&Sdtaetxm;rSmvnf; tcsdKU&yfuGufrsm;rSm a&wGif;
a&uefrsm;udk tm;xm;ae&ao;onf/ &cd kiftmZmenf a';0ef;BuD;
atmifausmf&DTaumif;rI a&uefrSm ,ckxufwdkif 'dk;0ef;&Gm ajrmufydkif;rSm&Sdyg
ao;onf/ tcsdKUaoma&wGif; a&uefrsm;rSm roefY&Sif;rIaMumifh 0rf;a&m*g
jzpfMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh a&aumif;a&oefY&&Sda& pDrHudef; wpf&yfudk 1899ck
wGif oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;ucsrSwfMuonf/ 1905-ckusrS tqdkyg
pDrHudef;udk twnfjyKvdkufonf/ vkyfief;udk pwifonfrSm 1906-ckwGif
jzpfonf/ NrdKUrS(2)rdkifcefYa0;onfhae&mrSm uefawmfBuD;&Sdonf/ tus,frSm
{u (130)cefY&Sdonf/ uefaygif½dk; tjrifh(43)aycefY &Sdonf/ NrdKUajrrsufESmjyif
xuf ysrf;rQay (20 rS ay40)cefY jrifhonf/ NrdKUwGif;odkY vufr (20)ydkufrsm;jzifh
qufoG,fNyD; ,if;rSwpfqifh tjcm;ydkufi,frsm;jzifh tqifhqifhjzefYjzL;ay;
onf/ "mwfaiGUjzifh ydk;owfpufESifh a&wdkif;&ef ud&d,mrsm;wyfqifxm;cJh
onf/ ,if;ud&d,mrsm;onf 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u ysufpD;cJhonf/
,ckwdkif jyKjyifEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;/ uefawmfBuD;onf NrdKUrsufESmxuf tenf;i,f
om jrifhojzifh tcsdKU&yfuGufrsm;odkY a&a&mufatmifray;EdkifaMumif; awGU&
onf/ ydkufvHk;rsm; aqG;ajrUjcif;? ydkufrsm;twGif; avzdtm;enf;jcif;? uefa&
enf;yg;jcif;rsm;aMumifh NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;rSm a&zlvHkrI r&Sdacs/ ,if;tjyif
vlOD;a&rSmvnf; 'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfrDuxuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmojzifh NrdKUae
vlxktwGuf oufqdkif&mrS a&zlvHka&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufae
Muonf/ odkY&mwGif ppfawGNrdKUae vlxkrSm a&aumif;a&oefYESifh a&zlvHkrIr&Sd
ao;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 99
a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;
aomufoHk;a& zlvHka&;twGuf 1960-ckavmufuyif pHkprf;avhvm
aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ tpöa&;EdkifiH w[mvf (a&bufqdkif&m) pDrHudef;rsm;
vDrdwufudk iSm;&rf;NyD; pHkprf;avhvmapí tpD&ifcHpmudk wifjyapcJhonf/
uefawmfBuD;\ teD;0ef;usifajr{u(230)&Sd a&odkavSmifuef topfwpfck
xyfrHwl;azmfNyD; ESpfpOf&GmoGef;aom rdk;a&csdefudk wGufcsufí a&xyfjznfh&ef
tqdkjyKcJhonf/ ,if;pDrHcsufrSm p&dwftukef tusrsm;rnfh pDrHcsuf[k qdkonf/
1970-ckwGif ukvor*¾rS blrdaA'uRrf;usifol twdkifyifcH tif*sifeD,m
rpöwm a[ZmESifhtzGJUonf ajratmufa&tajctaeudk uefawmfBuD;\
taemufbufajrjyefYwGif wdkif;wmavhvmcJhonf/ wpfaeY a&*gvH 2.3oef;
cefY xkwf,lEdkifaMumif; tpD&ifcHonf/ rpöwma[Zm\ tpD&ifcHpmtay:
rlwnfí 1972-ckwGif ukvor*¾twdkifyifcH tif*sifeD,mrpöwmuvyfESifh
tdk;tdrf OD;pD;XmeNrdKUrsm; a&&&Sda&;XmecGJrS t0DpdwGif;wl;azmfa&;tzGJUu
ajratmufa&&Sda&; tajctjrpfudk avhvmcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ajratmuf
a& &&Sda&;tajctjrpfrSm tm;udk;avmufaomtaetxm;wGif r&SdaMumif;
aumufcsufcsMuonf/
Budrfacsmif;a&umwm wnfaqmufrItwGuf ukvor*¾ twdkifyifcH
tif*sifeD,mrpöwm 'lemESifh rpöwmuvyfwdkY\ tpD&ifcHpmay: tajccHí
tqdkjyKcJhaom-
(u) ewfawmif 2(u) ewfawmif 2(u) ewfawmif 2(u) ewfawmif 2(u) ewfawmif 2
(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk
(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1
(C) Budrfacsmif; 2(C) Budrfacsmif; 2(C) Budrfacsmif; 2(C) Budrfacsmif; 2(C) Budrfacsmif; 2
rsm;udk 1975-ckESpfu tdk;tdrfOD;pD;XmerS uGif;qif;avhvmcJhMuonf/
,if;uGif;qif;avhvmcsuft& a&umwmwnfaqmuf&ef ppfawGNrdKUrS rdkif
(26)rdkifuGmonfh Budrfacsmif; 1Budrfacsmif; 1Budrfacsmif; 1Budrfacsmif; 1Budrfacsmif; 1ae&mudk a&G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ Budrfacsmif;Budrfacsmif;Budrfacsmif;Budrfacsmif;Budrfacsmif;
1 1 1 1 1 a&umwmwl;ajrmif;udk 1975-ck? rwfvwGif wdkif;wmNyD; jzpfonf/ 1976-
ck? azazmf0g&DvwGifvnf; tdk;tdrftzGJUrS a&umwmae&m ajrom;prf;oyfjcif;
rsm;ESifh ydkufvdkif;tl aMumif; wdkif;wmjcif;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/
jrxGef;atmif100
'kwd,urÇmppf &cdkifppfrsufESm
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
jrxGef;atmif
*syefAHk;BuJav,mOf (150)wdkYonf ykvJqdyfurf;udk 1941-ck?
'DZifbm (8)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;wGif 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;aeYrSm
NAdwdoQESifh tar&duefwdkYonf *syefudk ppfaMunmonf/ ,if;odkY wdkufcdkuf&ef
ppfaMunmjcif;jzifh *syefEdkifiHonf 'kwd,urÇmppfxJodkY 0ifa&mufvmonf/
trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmfonf jrefrmjynfudk 1942-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (20)&uf
wGif xdk;ppfpwifonf/
*syefwdkY pwifxdk;ppfqifcsdefwGif jrefrmjynf\ umuG,fa&; wm0ef
udk AdkvfcsKyfa0AvfxHrS AdkvfcsKyfqm[m½dk; tvuf ZE´m;u 1942-ck? rwfv
(5)&ufwGif vTJajymif;vufcH,lonf/ NAdwdoQwyfrsm;onf awmifydkif;rS xdk;ppf
qifvmaom *syefwyfrsm;udk umuG,f&if; jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;odkY qkwfcGm&
onf/ ,if;odkY qkwfcGm&m vrff;wpfavQmuf e,fajrrsm;udk ajrvSefpepfudk
usifhoHk;onf/ ysufpD;qHk;½HI;rIudk rcefYrSef;Edkif atmifyifjzpfonf/
trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif&S daom
Adkvf&efatmifOD;aqmifonfh &cdkifcsD ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bD? tdkif?
at)u 1942-ck? arv (7)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/ arvtukef
avmufwGif &cdkifjynf tygt0if jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;onf trSwf(15)
*syefwyfrawmf (ppfaoemywd td')\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufodkY a&muf&Sd
oGm;awmhonf/
*syefppfa&;tajctae*syefppfa&;tajctae*syefppfa&;tajctae*syefppfa&;tajctae*syefppfa&;tajctae
&cdkifppfrsufESmwGif trSwf(33)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;
qmul½dkif Sakuari )ESifh Adkvf&efatmifOD;pD;onfh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 101
&cdkifcsDppfaMumif;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ 1942-ck? Mo*kwfvwGif &cdkifppfrsufESm&Sd
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfrSm jyefvnf½kyfodrf;oGm;onf/ ArmhumuG,fa&;
wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&eftwGuf jzpfonf/
1942-ck ? Edk0ifbmvtukefwGif trSwf(77)tdEd,wyf&if;BuD;onf
bl;oD;awmifESifh armifawme,frsm;wGif wyfcsaeaom trSwf(33)*syefwyfr
(rD,mZmuD Miyaza Ki) wyf&if;udk wdkufcdkufvmonf/ rD,mZmuD wyf&if;
rSm ppfawGudkA[kdjyKí ppfrsufESmcsHKU&ef &aohawmifESifh 'Hkbdwftxd qkwf&
onf/ cHppfwm0efudk trSwf(55)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk*g
Koga )tm; xrf;aqmifaponf/ trSwf (55) *syefwyfrrSL;rSm 1943-ck?
azazmf0g&DvwGif a&muf&Sdvmaomwyfulrsm;jzifh &aohawmifESifh 'Hkbdwf
ppfaMumif;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf/
(t&DEdkbdk Arinobo)wyf&if;onf ukvm;wefjrpftwdkif; pkefqif;
vmNyD; r[mrdwfwdkYvufrS ausmufawmfudk jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&&Sdonf/
qufvufí ar,kjrpfbufodkY a&TUajymif;csDwufum *syefwyfr\ ppfqifa&;
wGif 0ifa&mufulnDcJh& onf/ 1943-ck? arvqef;ü bl;oD;awmifESifh
armifawme,frsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf &&SdcJhonf/
1943-ck? rwfvwGif ,ciftrSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmfudk wdk;csJUí
]]jrefrme,fajrwyfrawmf}}tjzpf jyKjyifwdk;csJU zGJUpnf;onf/ ,if;wyfrawmf\
ppfaoemywdcsKyfrSm 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfBuD; (um0gab Kawabe) jzpfonf/
&cdkif yifv,furf;½dk;wef; ppfaMumif;udk 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk*g\ trSwf(55)
*syef wyfru wm0ef,l&onf/
wzef jrefrme,fajrwyfrawmfonf b*Fvm;urf;½dk;wef; umuG,f
a&;twGuf 1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(15)&ufwGif trSwf(28)*syefwyfrawmf
(ppfaoemywdBuD; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmul½dkif)udk xyfrHzGJUpnf;onf/ trSwf(28)
*syefwyfrawmf \ vufatmufwGif trSwf (54)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAdkvf
csKufBuD; umemwmeD Kanatani)wdkY yg0ifonf/
r[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctaer[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctaer[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctaer[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctaer[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctae
1942-ck? arvtukefwGif NAdwdoQwyfrsm;onf jrefrmjynfrS tNyD;
tydkif qkwfcGmoGm;NyD; jzpfonf/ tdEd,jrefrme,f jcm;a'orsm;wGif wyfpGJNyD;
*syefrsm;tm; jyefvnfckcHaeMuonf/ *syefwyfrawmftaeESifhvnf;
,if;tcsdefwGifwyfrsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf; zGJUpnf;aeonf/ xyfqifhxdk;ppf
jrxGef;atmif102
qif&ef jyifqifaeonfhtcsdef jzpfonf/
NAdwdoQwyfrsm;rSmvnf; tdEd´,jrefrme,fpyfrsm;wGif pk½Hk;NyD;cHppfrS
wefjyefxdk;ppfqifETJEdkif&ef jyifqifaeMuonf/ *syefwyfrawmfa&m NAdwdoQ
wyfrsm;yg a&SUrwdk;om aemufrqkwfombJ wpfESpfausmf ESpfESpfeD;yg; &Sdae
Muonf/
1943-ck? Mo*kwfvwGif jyKvkyfaom uGdbufuGefz&ifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
t& tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf (South East Asia Commond
S.E.A.C)udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifonf/ ,if;ppfXmecsKyfwGif r[mrdwf
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwef (Admiral, Hon Lieut-General and Hon-
Air Marshel- The Lord Louis Mountbatten)u wm0ef,lonf/
,if;ppfXmecsKyf\ trSwf(11)wyfrawmfpk (Army Group)udk
1943-ck? Edk0ifbm (16)&ufwGif zGJUpnf;onf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; c&pfwDqif (Lieut
General Sir Philip Christison) tkyfcsKyfaom trSwf(1)wyfrawmfpkwGif
yg0ifonfhtrSwf (15)wyfrBuD;u &cdkifppfrsufESmudk wm0ef,l&onf/
1944-ck? Edk0ifbmv(16)&ufwGif trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;udk trSwf(14)
wyfrawmfrS cGJxkwfNyD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmtdkvDbmvpf (C-in: C Lieut-General
Sir Oliver Leese)u wm0ef,l xrf;aqmifonf/
trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/
,if;wdk YrSm-,if;wdk YrSm-,if;wdk YrSm-,if;wdk YrSm-,if;wdk YrSm-
1/1/1/1/1/ trSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfr
2/2/2/2/2/ trSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfr
3/3/3/3/3/ trSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfr
4/4/4/4/4/ trSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfr
5/5/5/5/5/ trSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[mtrSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[mtrSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[mtrSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[mtrSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[m
6/6/6/6/6/ trSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[mtrSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[mtrSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[mtrSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[mtrSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[m
7/7/7/7/7/ trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/
,if;wdkYtjyif trSwf(224)avwyfESifh trSwf(64)a&wyfzGJU\
vufatmuf&Sd eufyD;,,m;ESifh eDaygzsufoabFmrsm; yg0ifonf/
1944-ck? Edk0ifbmv(27)&ufwGif wyfzGJUwyfrSL;rsm;onf &cdkifjynfudk
a&wpfydkif; ukef;wpfydkif; ppfqifa&;wdkufcdkuf&ef vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk csrSwfMu
onf/ trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;onf a&wyftultnDjzifh awmifbuf azmif;ydGKifh
tilodkY ta&muf ar,kuRef;qG,fudk &Sif;vif;&ef wm0ef,l&onf/ 1944ck?
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 103
Edk0ifbm(30)&ufwGif wyfzGJUwyfrSL;rsm;csrSwfaom vkyfief;pOfudk r[mrdwf
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbwfwefonf oabmwlvufcHvdkufonf/
r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;
yxrtBudrf &cdkifjynfppfqifa&;udk 1943-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeY
wGif jyKvkyfonf/ wyfr[m(9)ck yg0ifonf/ AdkvfcsKyfvGdKuf OD;pD;aom
trSwf(14) tdEd,wyfru qifETJaom ppfqifa&;jzpfonf/
,if;ppfqifa&;\ tpydkif;rSm atmifjrifrI &&Sdonf/ armifawm
bl;oD;awmifESifh armifawmbl;oD;awmifvrf;rsm;udk odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf/
ar,kuRef;qG,frS(10)rdkifcefYa0;aom 'Hkbwfaus;&GmteD;txd odrf;EdkifcJh
onf/
'HkbdwfESifh &aohawmifwGif *syefwyfrsm; tcdkiftrm wyfpGJxm;
onf/ ,if;aMumifh wifhum;rsm;tygt0if wyfr[mtiftm;jzifh tBudrfBudrf
wdkufcdkufaomfvnf; tustqHk;rsm;pGmjzifh qkwfcJh&onf/ þtawmtwGif;
ppfawGrS *syefwyfrrsm; a&aMumif;jzifh xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmonf/ 'Hkbdwf&Sd
*syefwyfrsm;udk tm;jznfhNyD; trSwf(55)tdEd´,wyfr[mudk wdkufppfqif
onf/ ,if;aMumifh trSwf(55)tdEd,wyfr[mrSm z½dkz&JjzpfNyD; ar,kjrpfudk
ul;í qkwfcGm&onf/ ,if;tjyif ppfawGrS AdkvfrSL;buD; wmem[m&SD OD;pD;
aom ppfaMumif;wpfckonf ar,kjrpfaMumif;twdkif; csDwufvmonf/
ar,kawmifwef;udk ta&SUrStaemufodkY jzwfausmfum {NyDv(3)&ufwGif
'Hkbdwfudk wdkufcdkufaeaom trSwf(6)NAdwdoQESifh trSwf(47)tdEd´,wyf
r[mwdkYudk tif;'if&GmwGif aemufausmrSjzwfí wdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;wyf
r[mrsm;rSm z½dkz&JESifh rdkif(20)cefYa0;aom abmfvDb Zm;odkY 1943-ck? arv
(11)&ufwGif jyefvnfodrf;ydkufxm;aom armifawmESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKU
rsm;udk vufvTwfNyD;qkwfcGm&onf/
r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;
'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;udk 1943-ck? Edk0ifvbm(30)&ufrSm pwif
onf/ trSwf(7)tdEd,wyfronf ar,kawmif wef;udk awmifMum;vrf;rsm;rS
jzwfí csDwufMuonf/
1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(5)wyfronf &mZbD;vf
jrxGef;atmif104
cHwyf\ ajrmufbufydGKifh(124)awmifukef;udk odrf;,lonf/ Zefe0g&Dv
(9)&ufaeYwGif armifawmudk odrf;,lEdkifonf/ ewfjrpfudk toHk;jyKNyD;
ppfvufeufypönf;rsm;udk a&aMumif;rS pwifjznfhwif;vsuf&Sdonf/ trSwf
(7)wyfronf ppfqifa&;XmecsKyfudk ig;ajcaxmuf&GmwGif zGifhvSpfxm;onf/
ig;ajcaxmufawmifMum;rSwpfqifh ukvm;yef;Zif;jrpf0Srf;&Sd wyfrsm;tm;
axmufyHhEdkif&ef jzpfonf/ 1944-ck? Zefe0g&D vtukefwGif trSwf(7)wyfr\
wyf&if;wpf&if;u bl;oD; awmifteD;&Sd awmifapmif;udk pdk;rdk;aeonfh
awmifukef;wpfckudk odrf;ydkufxm;NyD; jzpfonf/
[*dk;ppfqifa&;[*dk;ppfqifa&;[*dk;ppfqifa&;[*dk;ppfqifa&;[*dk;ppfqifa&;
jrefrme,fajr wyfrawmf ]]ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; um0g
ab}}onf jrefrmjynfppfrsufESmwGif tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh ppfqifa&;ESpf&yfudk
qifETJ&ef 1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dvqef;ydkif;wGif trdefYxkwfjyefvdkufonf/
ppfwaumif;txd csDwufrnfh [*dk; (HA GO) ppfqifa&;ESifh a'vDtxd
csDwufrnfh ,l*dk; (U GO) ppfqifa&;wdkY jzpfonf/ [*dk;ppfqifa&;udk trSwf
(28)*syefwyfrawmf ('kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmul½dkif)u wm0ef,l qifETJ&onf/
,l*dk; ppfqifa&;udk trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf ('kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; rlwm½lcsD)u
wm0ef,lqifETJ&onf/ &cdkif ppfrsufESmwGif [*dk;ppfqifa&;? jrefrmjynf
tv,fydkif; ppfrsufESmwGif ,l*dk;ppfqifa&;udk qifETJ&efjzpfonf/
[*dk;ppfqifa&;udk 1944-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 3&ufwGif ponf/ trSwf
(55)*syefwyfrppfqifa&;\ pk&yfrSm &aohawmifNrdKU jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif
wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;udk zGJUpnf;onf/
,if;ppfqifa&;aMumifh r[mrdwfwdkY\ wyfr(5)ESifh trSwf(7)wyfr
wdkYrSm wyfrBuD;(15)ESifh tquftoG,fudk jzwfawmufEdkifcJhonf/ [*dk;
ppfqifa&;\ azazmf0g&Dv yxrydkif;wGif *syefbufrS ta&;omcJhonf/
r[mrdwfwdkYbuf Munf;? a&? av wdkufcdkufay;rISaMumifh azazmf0g&Dv
(23)&ufwGif trSwf(55) *syefwyfrrSm wyfrsm;½kyfodrf;p jyKvmonf/ rwfv
(11)&ufaeYwGif r[mrdwfwdkY trSwf(7)tdEd´,wyfru bl;oD;awmifudk
jyefvnfodrf;yd kufonf/ trSwf(5)tdEd ´,wyfru &mZmbD;vfa'o
wpfavQmufvHk;udk 1944-ck? rwfv(12)&ufwGif odrf;yd kufEd kifonf/
,if;ppfqifa&;wGif azazmf0g&D wpfvwnf;rSm *syef 5000cefY usqHk;cJhonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 105
,if;ppfqifa&;rSm *syefrsm;bufrS t½HI;ESifh&ifqdkif tqHk;owfcJh
&onf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm; taeESifhqdkvQif tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif; ppfXmecsKyf
(tufpf? tD;? at? pD)wnfaxmif NyD;onfhaemuf þwdkufyGJrSm yxrqHk;wdkuf&
aom wdkufyGJjzpfonf/ ,if;wdkufyGJ\ atmifjrifrIaMumifh r[mrdwfrsm;twGuf
pdwf"mwfwdk;wufvmaponf/ ,if;tcsdefupNyD; *syefwyfrsm;onf &cdkif
ppfrsufESm tygt0if jrefrmjynf ppfrsufESmwdkif;rSm t½HI;ESifhom &ifqdkif&
awmhonf/
ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;
1944-ck? 'DZifbmv (11)&ufwGif trSwf(25)tdEd´, wyfrrS
trSwf(74)wyfr[monf urf;ajcydkif;rS pwifcsDwufonf/ 'DZifbmv
(12)&ufwGif trSwf(15)wyfr[monf bl;oD;awmifodkY csDwufonf/
'DZifbmv(14)&ufwGif trSwf(53)wyfr[monf ar,kawmifwef;
ta&SUbufawmifajc ü vuf0Jbuf\ awmifwef;(4)rdkifuGmwGif wyfpGJonf/
trSwf(82)taemuftmz&duwyfr\ a&SUaqmifwyfrsm;onf bl;oD;awmif
bufodkY a&muf&Sdonf/ (15)&ufaeYü trSwf(2) taemuftmz&du wyfr[m
onf bl;oD;awmifudk jyefvnfodrf;ypfEdkifonf/
'DZifbmv(18)&ufwGif trSwf(53) wyfr[monf pdwfn§if;jym;udk
odrf;,lonf/ (21)&ufaeYwGif cGqHk&GmBuD;udk odrf;,lonf/
'DZifbmv(19)&ufwGif eufyD;,m;oabFmrS ar,kawmifwef;
ta&SUbuf&Sd &aohawmifNrdKUudk tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufonf/
&aohawmifwGif trSwf(28)*syefwyfrawmfrS ppfaoemywdBuD; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;
qmul½dkif\ XmecsKyfxm;&mNrdKUjzpfonf/ atmif'dkifudk(21)&ufwGif odrf;ydkuf
onf/ xdk&Gm&Sd av,mOfuGif;udk tqifoifh &&Sdonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;
twGuf tvGeftusdK;&Sdonf/ trSwf (74)wyfr[monf 'DZifbmv(23)&uf
wGif 'Hkbdwfudk odrf;,lonf/
'DZifbm(26)&ufwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf arQmfrSef;xm;onfxuf
(5)&ufapmNyD; azmif;yGdKifhtilodkY a&mufcJhonf/ ,if;aeYwGif pdkif;'ifacsmif;
ajrmufbuf&Sd ukvm;yef;Zif; uGif;jyifwpfckvHk;&Sd *syefrsm;udk &Sif;vif;
okwfoifEdkifcJhonf/ 'DZifbm(28)&ufwGif &aohawmifESifh ulawmifuRef;udk
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf/
jrxGef;atmif106
ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;
trSwf (81)taemuftmz&du wyfronf trSwf(55) *syefwyfrrS
wyfzGJUtcsdKUudk xdef;csKyfxm;&eftwGuf ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufwGif
wdkufcdkufae&onf/ ,if;wyfronf ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;twdkif; awmifbufodkY
qif;vmNyD; 1944-ck? rwfv tpydkif;wGif ausmufawmfESifh tayguf0wdkYudk
odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(54)*syefwyfrrS wyfzGJUrsm;pk½Hk;um tjyif;txef
wdkufcdkufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh trSwf(81) taemuftmz&duwyfronf
taemufajrmufbufodkY qkwfcGm&onf/
1944-ck? atmufwdkbmvwGif taemuftmz&du wyfronf
'vufarudk odrf;,lonf/ ,if;ESifhEdk0ifbmv(17)&ufwGif yvuf0udkodrf;,l
onf/ ukvm;wef&GmrS yDacsmif;txd vrf;wpfavQmufudk 'DZifbmv(1)
&ufwGif odrf;ydkufjyefonf/ NyD;cJhonfh aEGOD;&moDu þwyfrsm;onf
ukvm;wefjrpf\ taemufbuf vGifjyifrsm;twdkif; csDwufcJ hpOfu
ausmufawmfwGif *syefrsm;tm; t½HI;BuD;½HI;cJhonf/
1944-ck? 'DZifbmv(22)&ufwGif trSwf(81)taemuf tmz&du
wyfronf o&ufwpfyif ta&SUawmifbuf(6)rdkiftuGm&Sd oHwHwm;odkY
a&mufonf/ *syefrsm;onf o&ufwpfyif ajrmufOD;vrf;ESifh ,SOfvsuf&Sdonfh
ae&mwGif wyfpGJxm;onf/ ,if;*syefpcef;udk 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (9)&ufaeY
wGiff a&muf&Sdonf/ trSwf(82)taemuftmz&duwyfronf 1945-ck?
Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/
trSwf(82)taemuftmz&du wyfr\ trSwf(4)wyfronf
ajrmufOD;taemufbuf(16)rdkifuGm ukvm;wefjrpf½d k;&S d tayguf0odk Y
uefapmufrSwpfqifh csDwufcJh&m 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(9)&ufaeYwGif
a&muf&S donf/ trSwf(82)taemuftmz&duwyfronf 1945-ck?
Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/
wdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJwdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJwdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJwdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJwdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJ
þppfqifa&;udk vQyfwpfjyuf ppfqifa&;[k trnfay;xm;onf/
,if;ppfqifa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJudk tdEd,EdkifiH bm&ufydkNrdKU&Sd tm&Sta&SU
awmifydkif; ppfaoemywdAdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmtdkvDAmvpf\ a&SUwef;XmecsKyfwGif
1944-ck? 'DZif bm(22)&ufwGif usif;yonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJodkY r[mrdwf
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 107
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwef? trSwf(5)wyfrrSL;BuD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
c&pfpwDqif? a&aMumif;AdkvfcsKyfrmwifESifh avaMumif;AdkvfrSL;csKyfbef'ef
NrdKUpm;BuD;wdkY wufa&mufMuonf/
yxrqHk;a&aMumif;? ukef;aMumif; yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;jzpfonf/
trSwf(25)tdEd,wyfru ppfawGuRef;taemuf ajrmufaxmifhudk a&aMumif;?
ukef;aMumif; yl;aygif;ppfqifenf;jzifh jrpfudkul;í wdkuf&rnfjzpfonf/
a&wyfom;rsm; wpf0ufyg0ifaom trSwf(3)uGefref'dkwyfr[mu urf;odkY
wuf&rnf/ azmifyGdKifhrS trSwf(25)? tdEd´,wyfr\ trSwf(44)wyfr[m
u tqdkygwyf\aemufu wdkuf&rnf/ a&aMumif;ESifh avaMumif;rS
tpGrf;ukef ulnDay;rnf/ trSwf(25)wyfr[mu ula'gifuRef;udk &Sif;vif;NyD;
ppfawGuRef;qDodkY csDwuf&rnf/
*syefwyfom;aygif; (40000)cefY &Sdaernf jzpfonf/ *syefwdkYonf
ppfawGNrdKUudk oJoJrJrJckcHrnf/ r[mrdwfrsm;bufrSvnf; ppfawGuRef;onf
tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ r[mrdwfwdkY\ ppfXmecsKyftjzpf toHk;jyK&ef jzpfonf/
ukvm;wefjrpfudkpkefNyD; awmifbufodkY wdkufcdkufaeaomwyfrsm;udk ,if;rScefYcGJ
Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ &cdkifppfrsufESmwGifomru jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd
trSwf(14)wyfrawmfudk axmufyHha&;twGuf avaMumif; tajccHpcef;
tjzpf ppfawGav,mOfuGif;udk toHk;jyKEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
odkYaomf 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk umuG,f
aeaom *syefwyftiftm; avsmhoGm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ rnfrQavsmhoGm;
onfudkum;rod&/ rif;jym;ajryHkvrf;rS xGufrajy;Edkifatmif ydwfqdkY&ef ta&;
BuD;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk tvsiftjref odrf;,l&efjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh
rlvtpD tpOfxufapmí ponfhaeYudk 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(3)&ufudk
owfrSwfonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif tajrmufwyft&m&Sd wpfOD;onf
av,mOfjzifh ppfawGuRef;ay:odkY ysHoef;qif;ouf Munfh½Ionf/ *syefrsm;
r&SdawmhaMumif; od&onf/
,if;aMumifh avaMumif;? ukef;aMumif;rS typftcwfr&SdbJ rlv
tpDtpOftwdkif; csDwufaponf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u
Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufwGif odrf;ydkufonf/ tcktcHr&SdbJ odrf;,lEdkifjcif;rSm *syef
rsm;(48)em&DapmNyD; ppfawGuRef;rS xGufcGmoGm;onfudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u
vHk;0rodvdkufí jzpfonf/ rlvcefYrSef;cJhaom paeYxuf(9)ywfapmí ppfawG
NrdKUudk &&Sdonf/ rlvtpDtpOfrSm azazmf0g&Dv(15)&ufaeYü wdkufcdkuf&ef
jzpfonf/
jrxGef;atmif108
uefYa*gwdkufyGJuefYa*gwdkufyGJuefYa*gwdkufyGJuefYa*gwdkufyGJuefYa*gwdkufyGJ
uefYa*g&Gmonf ajryHkNrdKU ta&SUajrmufbuf(8)rdkifcefY tuGmwGif
&Sdonf/ *syefrsm;onf &cdkifrSqkwfcGm&mwGif uefYa*grSwpfqifh jrefrmjynf
txufydkif;txd qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf uefYa*grS
qkwfcGmrnfh *syefrsm;tm; ydwfqdkYwdkufcdkuf&ef pDpOfonf/ 1945-ck? Zefe0g&D
(22)&ufwGif trSwf(3)uGefref'dkwyfr[mu uefYa*gudk pwifwdkuf cdkufonf/
urf;uyfa&,mOfrsm; ruyfEdkifrD rpfcs,fav,mOf ysHwyf&if; (2)cku
wdkufcdkufay;onf/ [m&Dudef;av,mOfrsm;u rD;cdk;rIdif;zHk;vTrf;ay;NyD; oef;'g;bdkY
av,mOffrsm;u 'dkif;yHk&Gmudk wdkufcdkufay;Muonf/
Zefe0g&Dv (23)&ufwGif trSwf(25)wyfrrS trSwf (51) wyfr[m
ppfula&mufvmonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufrSpí avaMumif;rS(3)&ufwdkif
wdkufcdkuf&onf/ Zefe0g&Dv(28)&ufaeY wpfaeYwnf;rSm *syefrsm;onf
tajrmufqef 10000cefY toHk;jyKwdkufcdkufcJhonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(30)&ufwGif
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf uefYa*gudk odrf;onf/ awmifbufodkY qkwfcGmrnfh
*syefrsm;tm; ydwfqdkYEdkifonf/ uefYa*gwdkufyGJonf *syefwdkYu r[mrdwfrsm;
tm; &cdkifppfrsufESmwGif tjyif;xefqHk;wdkufppfudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf/
þydwfqdkYrIzGifh&ef *syefwdkYonf wyfrStenf;qHk;ppfom; 20000 usqHk;onf/
tajrmuf(15)vuf? armfawmfbkwfBuD;(16)pif;ESifh tjcm;vufeufypönf;
tajrmuftjrm; qHk;½HI;onf/ r[mrdwfbufrS xdcdkuf'Pf&m& olESifh usqHk;ol
600cefY&Sdonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(26)&ufrS azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYtwGif;
r[mrdwfwdkYbufrS AHk;wefcsdef(750)toHk;jyKcJh&onf/
uefYa*gteD;wpf0ufrS *syefrsm;tm; Zefe0g&Dv(23)&ufrSpNyD;
azazmf0g&Dv tv,favmuftxd tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf&onf/ ESpfzuf
pvHk;qHk;½HI;rI rsm;onf/
½k&GmwdkufyGJ½k&GmwdkufyGJ½k&GmwdkufyGJ½k&GmwdkufyGJ½k&GmwdkufyGJ
1945-ck? azazmf0g&Dv tapmydkif;odkY a&mufaomtcg trSwf(54)
*syefwyfr\ wyf&if;rsm;onf ESpfpkuGJoGm;onf/ wpfpkrSmtrf;-rif;bl;vrf;
udk umuG,fay;aeonfh 'vufacsmif;a'orS wyfzGJUjzpfonf/ usefwpfpkrSm
awmifukwfwGif jzpfonf/ trf;a'owGif trSwf(81)tmz&du wyfronf
ajrmufbufrS csDwufvmNyD; trSwf(25)wyfru trf;awmifbuf&Sd ½k&Gmudk
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 109
a&wpfydkif; ukef;wpfydkif; csDwufwdkufcddkufonf/ armfawmfbkwfrsm;u ref;'l;udk
tajrmufrsm;jzifh wdkufcd kufMuonf/ trSwf(3) uGefref'd kwyfr[mrS
uif;axmufwyfzGJUonf owfrSwfxm;aomae&mrS(4)rdkifceYftuGmwGif
a&wpfydkif; ukef;wpfydkif;wufa&muf&ef ae&m,lxm;Muonf/ azazmf0g &Dv
(16)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(224)avwyfr[m\ tultnDjzifh trSwf(25)
tdEd,wyfronf &efolrsm;tcktcHr&SdbJ ukef;ay:odkY wufa&mufEdkifonf/
azazmf0g&D(17)&ufwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm; ½k&GmodkY a&muf&Sdonf/ ,if;v
(19)&ufwGif *syefrsm;onf tjyif;txefckcHwdkufcdkufonf/ vufwpfurf;
wdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(20)&ufwGif *syefrsm;ESifh wdkufcdkuf
aepOf trSwf(2)taemuftmz&du wyfr[mrS yxrtokwf wyfuluefYa*g
rS av,mOfjzifh a&muf&Sdvmonf/ (25)&ufaeYwGif þwyfr[monf ½k&Gm\
ta&SUbufodk YcsDwuf&m(4)rdkifuGm c&D;odk Ya&muf&Sdonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif
trSwf(74)wyfr[mvnf; a&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;wyfr[monf wifhum;
rsm; tultnD jzifh ajrmufbufodkY csDwufonf/ azazmf0g&Dvukefaomtcg
,if;wyfr[monf *syefrsm;udk rJacsmif;wpfzufodkY wdkufxkwfonf/ rwfv
(7)&ufaeYwGif 'vuf&Gmudk odrf;ydkufonf/ rwfv(17)&ufwGif trSwf(22)
ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[monf ½k&GmwGif wyfpGJEdkifonf/
&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ
r[mrdwfwdkY\ trSwf(14)wyfrawmfonf jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif;
wGif *syefrsm;udk xdk;ppfqifaeonf/ ,if;wyfrawmfudk tultnDay;&ef
txl;vdktyfaeonf/ trSwf(14) wyfrawmftwGuf axmufyHha&;pcef;rsm;
tjzpf ppfawGESifh&rf;NAJuRef;rsm;rSm taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ ppfawGESifh
ausmufjzLNrdKUrsm;wGif trSwf(14)wyfrawmf axmufyHhrItwGuf tpGrf;ukef
aqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdkifppfrsufESmwGif r[mrdwfwdkY\
'kwd,ajcvSrf;rSm ppfawGNrdKUrS ta&SU awmifbuf rdkif(70)uGm&Sd &rf;NAJuRef;udk
odrf;&efjzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKUudk wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf avhusifhxm;cJhaomfvnf; wdkufyGJ
r0ifvdkuf&aom trSwf(26)tdEd´,wyfrudk odrf;,l&mrSm toHk;jyKonf/
&rf;NAJuRef;udk wdkufNyD;aemuf taemufawmifbuf(12)rdkifuGm&Sd rmefatmif
uRef;udk a&wyfrSodrf;,l&efjzpfonf/
jrxGef;atmif110
1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(21)&ufwGif trSwf(26) tdEd´,wyfrrS
trSwf(71)ESifh trSwf(4)wyfr[mrsm;udk ppfwaumif;rS ausmufjzLodkY ydkYay;
onf/ a&wyfu yifv,frS tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfulnDay;onf/ trD;,m;
trnf&Sd av,mOfwifoabFmyg0if&m jrefrmjynfppfajrjyifwGif av,mOfwif
oabFmudk yxrqHk;tBudrf toHk;jyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;aeYnwGif
ausmufjzLNrdKUudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u odrf;,lEdkifonf/ Zefe0g&Dv (26)&ufaeY
wGif vl 500 yg0ifaom a&aMumif;wyf wpfwyfonf rmefatmifuRef;odkY
cs Dwufonf/ trSwf(36)NAdwdoQwyfr[mudk &rf;NAJuRef;awmifbuf
pukuRef;udk odrf;,l&ef wm0efay;vdkufonf/ (30)&ufaeYwGif aemfrefESifh
a&'g;oabFmrsm;u tajrmufrsm;ESifh ypfcwfulnDay; NyD;aemuf odrf;ydkuf
vdkufonf/
trSwf(71)wyfr[monf &efaygufacsmif;udk Zefe0g&Dv(26)
&ufaeYwGif wpfBudrf? (28)&ufaeYwGif wpfBudrful;jzwf&ef BudK;pm;onf/
ratmifjrifacs/ xdkYaMumifh ajrmufbufurf;wGif wyfcGJwpfwyfxm;cJhNyD;
aemuf ta&SUbufyifv,f&Sd peJbufodkY csDwuf&ef pDpOf&onf/ azazmf0g&D
v(1)&ufaeYü trSwf(36)wyfr[monf &rf;NAJuRef; awmifbufpGef;odkY wuf
&m &efoltenf;i,fom ckcHMuonf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif peJü *syefwdkYudk tdEd,
a&wyfrawmfu tjyif;txef wdkufcdkufonf/ azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif
trSwf(71)wyfr[mrS a&SUaqmifwyfrsm;u peJudk odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(4)
wyfr[monf azazmf0g&Dv(6)&ufaeYwGif &efaygufacsmif;udk jzwful;Edkif
onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(8)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(71)wyfr[monf &rf;NAJ
ajrmufbuf&Sd awmifukef;rsm;odkY a&muf&Sdonf/ (11)&ufaeYü yifv,fudk
ydwfrdaeaom r[mrdwfwdkY\ wdkufoabFm ESpfpif;udk *syefav,mOfrsm;u
vma&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ *syefrsm;onf &rf;NAJuRef;&Sd ,if;wdkY\ wyfrsm;udk
u,fwif&ef awmifukwfrS pufa&,mOf(40)udk vTwfvdkufonf/ ,if;
a&,mOf(40)teuf(36)pif;rSm epfjr§KyfzsufqD;jcif; cH&onf/ vGwfajrmufoGm;
onfh (4)pif;rSmvnf; tjyefwGif wifaqmifvmaom ppfom;tm;vHk;ESifhtwl
epfjr§KyfysufpD;oGm;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(15)&ufaeYwGif &rf;NAJuRef;ay:&Sd
*syefrsm; ckcHrItm;vHk; &yfpJoGm;onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 111
uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;
1945-ck? rwfvrukefcifuyif &cdkifppfrsufESm ajrmufydkif;ESifh
tv,fydkif;wdkYrS *syefwyfrsm; qkwfcGmoGm;NyD; jzpfonf/ trSwf(55)*syefwyfr
\ wyf<uif;wyfusef tcsdKUudk awmifukwfNrdKUrS 1945-ck? {NyDv(28)&ufwGif
vnf;aumif;? arv(9)&ufaeYwGif oHwJGNrdKUrSvnf;aumif;? arv(13)&uf
aeYwGif *GNrdKUrSvnf;aumif; r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhMuonf/
r[mrdwfwyfzGJUrsm;onf odrf;ydkuf&&Sdaom a'orsm;wGif ppftkyfcsKyf
a&;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonf/ ,if;udk ]]Armjynf NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&;Xme}} C.A.S
(B) (Civil Administrative Affairs)[k ac:onf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jzifh
ppfajrjyiftjzpf(3)ESpfausmf&SdaecJhaom &cdkifjynfudk tkyfcsKyf&efjzpfonf/
pifwvif;jyifjzpfcJhonfh &cddkifjynf\ usef;rma&;? ynma&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;?
Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;tm;vHk;rSm ysufjyKef;cJh&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf;
,dk,Gif;vsuf&Sdonf/ *syefrsm; xkwfa0cJhonfh aiGpuúLrsm;udk ,if;tkyfcsKyfa&;
tzGJUu todtrSwfrjyKojzifh &cdkifjynfolvlxkrSm tcuftcJESifh BuHKawGU&
onf/ pdkufysdK;a&;rSmvnf; 0rf;pmrvHkavmufonfh tajcrSm&Sdonf/
uufpbDac: ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm zufppf*syefrsm;u t½HI;ay;&rnf
jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkonf r[mrdwfwdkY\ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif
cg;oD;pGm cHae&onf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmjynfolwdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom
zqyvtzGJU tcsKyfESifh jynfolU[pfwdkifrsm;jzpfaom owif;pmrsm;odkY &cdkif
acgif;aqmifrsm;u wifjyMuonf/ ,if;wifjycsufudk 1946-ck? azazmf0g&Dv
(11)&ufaeYwGif zqyvXmecsKyfwGif jyKvkyfonf/ &cdkifjynfolwdkY\ uufpbD
tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif cHpm;aeonfrsm;udk 1946-ck? azazmf0g&Dv (18)&uf
xkwf 'D;'kwf*sm e,fwGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]&cdkifjynfwGif w&m;rJhjzpfysufaeaomtjzpf tysufaygif;rsm;
pGmudk rcH&yfEdkifMuojzifh jrefrmjynfolvlxk\ ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom
zqyvtzGJUcsKyfBuD;tm;vnf;aumif;? txl;ojzifhwdkif;jynfwGif
[pfwdkifBuD;rsm; jzpfMuaom owif;pmrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; wdkifMum;&
atmif a&mufvmMujcif;jzpf\/
tqdkyg wdkifcsufrsm;wGif tcsdKU&Gmrsm;odkY ppfom;rsm;0ifvsuf
a,musfm;rsm;udk pk½Hk;íac:jcif;? rdef;rrsm;udkpk½Hk;í ac:jcif;wdkYjyKNyD;aom
tcg a,musfm;rsm;tm;vHk;udk &Gmjyifxkwfí rdef;rrsm;udk twif;t"r®
jrxGef;atmif112
usifhjcif;wdkY yg&Sd\/ þodkYapmfum;jcif;cH&aom trsdK;orD;wdkY\ trnf?
touft&G,fESifh ae&yfwdkYudk &GmtrnfESifh wuG taotcsm yg&Sd\/
NAdwdoQwdkYonf jrefrmjynfodkY jyefí0ifaomtcg vufpm;acs&ef
r[kefbJ rdwfaqGrsm;tjzpfjzifh u,fwifolrsm; tjzpfjzifhom yg0ifyg
rnf[k bdvyfygbDrefwGif puúLjym;pmwef; aqG;aEG;pOfu tdEd´,ESifh
jrefrmjynftwGif; 0efBuD;jzpfol rpöwmtmrm&D ajymaom u,fwifjcif;
rsm; ay;avm[kom ar;zG,f&Sdawmh\/
uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk 1946-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwGif ½kyfodrf;
NyD;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rS bk&ifcHyg0ifaom t&yfom;rsm;
tkyfcsKyfa&;odkY vTJay;onfrSm &cdkifacgif;aqmifrsm; owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ
jyKvkyfonfhtcsdefESifhqdkvQif &ufydkif;om &Sdaeao;onf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxk
onf ppf'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm; raysmufysufao;aMumif;udk ,if;&Sif;vif;
wifjycsufrsm;u azmfjyaejcif; jzpfayonf/
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
(15-3-1980)(15-3-1980)(15-3-1980)(15-3-1980)(15-3-1980)
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 113
udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;
1/ ]armifhbufwef tpD&ifcHpm} umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme1957-ck/
2/ ]vef'efa*Zuf} umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme 1957/
3/ ]*syefbk&if Munf;wyfrawmf(15),l*dkppfqifa&;} 'kwd,
AdkvfrSL;BuD; [efxGef; (tNidrff;pm;) 1977-ck/
4/ ]*syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwfjrefrmEdkifiH} *syefjynf wdkusdK wuúodkvf
rS ordkif;ygarmu©rpöwm tdkpmuufqlaeZdk *syefbmomjzifh
a&;om;í *syefEdkifiHtdkpumNrdKU bmomjcm;odyHÜ jrefrmpm wGJzuf
ygarmu©rpöwm tdk;Edkwdk;½k jrefrmjyefonf/
5/ ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ppfaMumif;rsm;}
okawoe&Jabmf? 1975-ck? yxr tBudrf/
6/ ]owif;pmrsm;ajymwJh ppfwGif;Armjynf} vlxkOD;vS yxrwGJ?
'kwd,ESdyfjcif; 1969ck/
7/ ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh rDemrD vQdKU0SuftzGJU} 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;
oD[Avjraomif; (tNidrf;pm;)*syefbmomrS wdkuf½dkuf jrefrm
jyefonf/ 1976-ck? yxrtBudrf/
8/ 'D;'kwf*sme,f? twGJ 19? trSwf(28)? (18-2-1946)
&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/
jrxGef;atmif114
ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;
ESifh vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
xGef;atmif-abmif;'Gwf
e,fcsJUtm; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmfvSefrIrsm;onf
1900-ck rjynfhrDESpfrsm;u &cdkifjynfwGif >yef;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;awmfvSefrI
rsm;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf tjyif;txefqHk;enf;rsm;jzifh ESdrfeif;cJhonf/
1900-ckjynfhNyD; q,fpkESpf ESpfacwfavmufrSm e,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm; qefYusif
rIrsm;udk rawGU&/ ,if;aemufydkif;rSm e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk wdkuf½dkufykefuefrI
rsdK;r&SdawmhbJ vlxkvIyf&Sm;rI? qefYusifrIrsm;udkom awGU&onf/ zdESdyfrIrsm;udk
Oya'abmiftwGif;rS ta&;qdkonfh vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkom jyKvkyfvm
Muonf/
1921-ckESpfwGif bl;oD;awmifrS Ak'bmombkef;awmfBuD; wpfyg;tm;
tdEd´,? t*Fvdyfujym; e,fydkif0efaxmuf rpöwma&; (Mr. Rae I.C.S)u
tao½dkufowfrIwpfck jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ ,if;ta&;tcif;udk qefYusifonfh
vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; yxrqHk;tBudrf atmifjrifonfh vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/
toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk 1918-ck aemufydkif;rSm &cdkifjynfwGif
ay:aygufvmonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;onf e,fcsJUrsm;udk acwftajctae
t& qefYusif&ef zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;yg0ifvmonf/
,if;ay:aygufvmonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk vufvSrff;rD &SmazG&oavmufrSm
atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf/
(1) &cddkifjynfoif; (Arakan Association) 1918-19
cefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(2) &u©yl&toif; 1918-19cefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 115
(3) &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m BuD;yGm;a&;toif; 1938-ckESpfcefYwGif
wnfaxmifonf/
(4) Edk;Mum;a&;toif; 1935-ckcefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(5) ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm; y½dkvDaw&Dvuf (Prole tarial) 1935-ck
wpf0dkufwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(6) rsdK;cspftoif; 1935-ckcefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(7) rsdK;cspftoif; (or0g,r)rmefatmifNrdKU? 1935-ck wpf0dkufwGif
wnfaxmifonf/
,if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm vlrIa&;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vli,f
rsm;\ pm&dwåjr§ifhwifa&;rsm;udk tav;ay;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk tajctaeu
awmif;qdkvmonfESifhtrQ yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif e,fcsJUqefYusif
a&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIt&Sdeft[kefonf 1939-42-ck
ppfBudKacwfumvrSm jrifhrm;vmonf/ txl;ojzifh ]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;} (The Arakan National Congress) ay:ayguf
vmNyD;tcsdefrSm jzpfonf/
tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;
1935-ck jrefrmEdkifiH tufOya' (1935 Act of Burma)t& 'dkiftmcD
tkyfcsKyfa&;zsufodrf;NyD; (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tpm;xdk; wDxGifay;
vdkufonf/ ,if;Oya't& a&G; aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&onfh &cdkifrif;wdkifyif
trwfrsm;onf atmufvTwfawmf (House of Representative)odk Y
wufa&muf&ef 1937-ck? rwfvqef;rSm ]*svm*dkyg;vf} oabFmjzifh &cdkifrS
&efukefodk Y vdkufygvmMuonf/ ,if;&cdkifrif;wdkifyif trwfrsm;onf
rif;wd ki fyiftpnf;ta0;wGif rdrdwd k Y&yfwnf&rnf h taetxm;ud k
]]*svm*dkyg;vf}} (S,S. Jalagopal) oabFmxrif;pm;cef;wGif aqG;aEG;Muonf/
rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif &cdkifrif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;
&Sd&ef oabmwlMuonf/ tm&uHygwD (Arakan Party)udk ,if;aqG; aEG;yGJ
wGifyif tm;vHk;uoabmwl zGJUpnf;Muonf/ ,if;ygwD\ pnf;rsOf;
pmcsKyfudkvnf; ,if;aeYrSmyif tm;vHk;oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muonf/
,if;pnf;rsOf;pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;pOf todoufaotjzpf q&mausmfZH
(rsufrSefwyf)u vufrSwfa&;xdk;onf/
jrxGef;atmif116
,if;tm&uHygwDrSm rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0; (vTwfawmf)wGif
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ csdefcGifvsmuJhodkY (Balance of Power)udk &&SdcJhonf/
rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm owif;BuD;cJhonf/ ,if;ygwDudk wnfaxmif
&mwGif t"duyg0ifolrsm;rSm txufvTwfawmftrwf (Senator) OD;pHatmif
(ta&;ydkif)yif jzpfonf/ qmxGef;atmifausmfESifh &cdkifrif;wdkifyiftrwf
rsm;\ pdwftm;xufoefrIaMumifhvnf; ,if;odkYzGJUpnf;EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
,if;rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;rSm *VKefOD;apm\ rsdK;cspfygwD0if oHwGJ
rif;wdkifyiftrwf OD;ausmfjrifhudk csefvSyfí---
(1) OD;a&Tom Ouú|
(2) qmxGef;atmifausmf
(3) qmay:xGef;
(4) OD;armifarmifxGef;atmifausmf
(5) OD;atmifZHa0
(6) rpöwm qlvwefrmrl;
(7) rpöwm *leDrm&fuH
(8) uóu OD;bdk;jr
(9) OD;apmvSndKwdkY yg0ifonf/
tm&uHygwDrSm &cdkifjynfrS a&G;aumufwifajr§mufvdkufaom
rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aomygwDjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif &cdkif
jynfolvlxkESifh qufqHpnf;vHk;rI r&Sday/ v,f,majr jyóem? v,form;
rsm;\ ta&;udpöxuf rdrdwdkY tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom a&S;½Ionf/ rdrdwdkYvuf0,f&Sd
v,f,mrsm; vufrvTwfa&;? oD;pm;c&&Sda&;wdkYudkom tav;xm;onfh
rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;pku BuD;pdk;cs,fvS,frIudk awGU&onf/ &cdkifa&;&m
v,f,majr jyóemrsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pdwfyg0ifpm;olrsm; yg0ifcJh
aomfvnf; t&mra&mufcJhacs/
91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&; oufwrf;umv(6)ESpftwGif; tpdk;&tzGJU
tajymif;tvJ av;Budrfjzpfay:cJhonf/ ,if;odkY tajymif;tvJ av;BudrfpvHk;
rSm tm&uHygwD0if rif;wdkifyiftrwf qmxGef;atmifausmfESifh qmay:xGef;
wdkYrSm tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;rsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/
]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}udk zGJUpnf;NyD;aemuf
ydkif;wGif OD;atmifZHa0udk ,if;tpnf;t½Hk;\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf tm&uH
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 117
ygwDwGif aqmif&Gufaponf/ tm&uHygwDESifh &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;
om;tpnf;t½Hk;wdkYrSm tajccHuyif uGJjym;onf/ odkYaomf rif;wdkifyiftpnf;
ta0;rsm;wGif &cdkifa&;&mrsm;twGuf twlwuGaqmif&GufEdkif&ef udk,fpm;
vS,ftjzpf apvTwfjcif;jzpfonf/
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk
1930-ckavmufwGif ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}} (All Arakan
League)udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifNyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;tzGJUwGif a&SUae OD;jrxGef;u
Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&SUaeOD;pHxGef;atmifu
aqmif&Gufonf/ a&SUae OD;pHxGef;atmif uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf OD;atmifomOD;u
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,if;aemuf OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)u
aqmif&Gufonf/ OuúXa&SUae OD;jrxGef; uG,fvGefNyD; aemuf OD;omZHvS (B.Sc,
BL Bar-at Law)u Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/
vli,frsm;udk q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;u OD;aqmifNyD; OD;bpH
('dkYvuf½Hk;)? OD;pHa&T? OD;atmifxGef;jr? q&mOD;aomMumatmif? rif;jym;
ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;bdk;pHwdkY yg0ifOD;aqmifaom ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}
wpfckvHk; &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/
vlBuD;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}} (All Arakan
League)ESifh vli,frsm;OD;aqmifonfh ]]wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m tpnf;t½Hk;}}wdkYrSm
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rItwGuf wpkwaygif;wnf;jzpf&ef tajc
taeu awmif;qdkvsuf&Sdonf/
,if;aMumifh q&mawmfODpdEÅm? OD;ynmoD[? 0wfvHkOD;omZHvS?
q&mBuD; atmifxGef;OD;? q&mBuD;OD;atmifomOD;? OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A) ?
OD;bpH('dkYvuf½Hk;)? OD;pHa&T? eE´rmvm OD;xGef;pdefponfh tzGJUtpnf;ESpfckrS
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wpfaygif;wpnf; jzpfajrmufa&;udk
tBudrfBudrf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zsufodrf;umwpfckwnf;
aom tpnf;t½Hk;udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&ef 1938-ck? 'DZifbmvtwGif;
ppfawGNrdKUwefcdk;q&mawmf OD;auwkausmif;wGif jyKvkyfonf/ n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;
yGJrS qHk;jzwfMuonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG; oabmwlnDcsufonf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk
tvJxdk;&ef pkpnf;rIwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ v,frJh,mrJh ausmrGJrsm;twGuf
tiftm;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;twGuf r*Fvm
owif;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}
jrxGef;atmif118
(The Arakan National Congress) ay:aygufvmrnfh oabmwlnDcsufyif
jzpfonf/
rif;jym;nDvmcHrif;jym;nDvmcHrif;jym;nDvmcHrif;jym;nDvmcHrif;jym;nDvmcH
rif;jym;nDvmcHonf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; aygif;pnf;a&;udk OD;wnf
usif;yaom vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ nDvmcHjzpfonf/ ,if;nDvmcHudk
1939-ck? arv(2)&ufrS(3)&uftxd rif;jym;NrdKUwGif usif;yonf/ yxr
tBudrfajrmuf &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m vli,frsm;nDvmcHjzpfonf/ &cdkifwdkif;vHk;
qdkif&m wdkif;&if; om;tpnf;t½kH;\ a&SUajy;nDvmcHyifjzpfonf/ ,if;nDvm
cHrS q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm? jyifanmif q&mawmfwdkYtm; em,utjzpf wifajr§muf
Muonf/ q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;tm; Ouú|tjzpf wifajr§mufvdkufMu
onf/ 1936-ck wuúodkvfoydwf acgif;aqmif OD;bpH ('dkYvuf½Hk;)? t,f'Dwm
OD;pHa&TwdkYrSm xif&Sm;onf/ &cdkifjynfawmifydkif;rS vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfaom ocifvSatmif? &r®0wD OD;bxGef;? a':tydefESifh OD;rJausmfOD;rSmvnf;
wuf<upGm yg0ifvmMuonf/
rif;jym;nDvmcHonf &cdkifjynf&Sd vli,ftzGJUtpnf; tm;vHk;udk
q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm? q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;wdkY OD;aqmifrIjzifh pnf;½Hk;
aygif;pnf;EdkifcJhonf/ ,if;tzGJUtpnf;udk ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}[k
ac:Muonf/ ,if;rSwpf qifhwufí ]]wef;cdk;ausmif;aqG;aEG;yGJ oabmwl
nDcsuf}}udk yPmrvufawGY taumiftxnfazmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
1940-ck? arvwGif aygufawmNrdKUrSm usif;yonf/ aygufawm
nDvmcHrSm &cdkifjynftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;rSwfwdkif
jzpfonf/ wefcdk;ausmif;oabmwlnDcsuf atmifjrifpGmtaumiftxnf
azmfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD; acgifaqmif;aom ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;
t½Hk;}}udk OD;omZHvS OD;pD;BuD;rSL;aom ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}}ESifh yl;aygif;
vdkufMuonf/ ,if;nDvmcHrS em,u q&mawmftjzpf OD;pdEÅmESif h
OD;ynmoD[wdkYtm; wifajr§mufMuonf/ tpnf;t½Hk;\ Ouú|tjzpf
OD;omZHvS? 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpf OD;atmifxGef;OD;? twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)wdkYtm; wifajr§mufMuonf/ aygufawmnDvmcHrSm
&cdkifjynf\wpfckwnf;aom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ ]]&cdkifwdkif;
vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}} (The Arakan National Congress)
udk atmifjrifpGmzGJUpnf;EdkifcJhonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 119
aygufawmq&mawmf OD;em&'? OD;pHum;atmif (v,form;
acgif;aqmif)? OD;armifarmif (aygufawm)? q&m OD;armifausmfZHESifh
OD;at;omatmifwdkYrSm aygufawmnDvmcH jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wuf<upGm
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muolrsm; jzpfonf/ OD;pHum;atmifrSm ,if;nDvmcH\ {nfhcH
BudKqdkaumfrwD Ouú|jzpfonf/
&cdkifjynfausmif;om;or*¾tzGJU0ifrsm;onf ,if;nDvmcH jzpfajrmuf
a&;? nDvmcH vHkNcHKa&;ESifh atmufajcodrf; vkyfief;rsm;udk aeYrtm; nrem;
ulnDcJhMuonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf &cddkifausmif;om;rsm; toif;\ 1939-
ck? 'DZifbmv(15)&ufwGif usif;yonfh taxGaxGtpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuf
t& udkjrwfapm? udkpdefxGef;? udkapmxGef;ESifh udkjrwdkYtm; ,if;nDvmcH
wufa&muf&ef ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ wdkY Armtpnf;t½Hk;
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ocifpdk;wufa&muf rdefYcGef;ajymMum;onf/
,if;nDvmvHrS e,fcsJUukrÜPDrsm; av;NrdKUacsmif;wGif puúLpuf
wnfaxmif&ef &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudk uefYuGufonfhtqdkudk wifoGif;qHk;jzwf
Muonf/
ajrydkif&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;tqdkudk OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)u
wifoGif;NyD; q&mBuD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;u axmufcHí v,f,majr jyóemudk
us,fjyefYpGm aqG;aEG; twnfjyKMuonf/ ,if;tqdkrSm &cdkifjynf tygt0if
jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;\ vltrsm;pkjzpfaom awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf
jywfom;aomvrf;pOfudk csrSwfEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;
twGuf ]]&cdkifjynftygt0if jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; vHk;0vGwfajrmufa&;}}
tqdkrsm;udkvnf; wnDwñGwfwnf; csrSwfEdkifcJhMuonf/
aygufawmnDvmcHonf &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm; cdkifrmuspfvspf
odyfonf; pnf;½Hk;rIudk &,lEdkifcJhonf/ &cdkifjynf\ t"duvlwef;pm;jzpfaom
awmifolv,form;rsm;\ tusdK;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;udk a&S;½Ionfh
atmifjrifaom nDvmcHwpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/
ausmufawmfnDvmcHausmufawmfnDvmcHausmufawmfnDvmcHausmufawmfnDvmcHausmufawmfnDvmcH
1941-ck? arvwGif &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t½Hk;
nDvmcHudk ausmufawmfNrdKUü usif;yonf/ ,if; tpnf;t½Hk;rSm jrefrmjynfr&Sd
toif;tzGJUrsm;ESifh r[mrdwftzGJUtpnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh ausmufawmf
nDvmcHokdY ocifjr (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh twlusqHk;)ESifh ZeD;a':cifñGefY?
jrxGef;atmif120
ocifcifatmif? OD;b0if; ("m;rygwD)ESifh q&mrBuD; a':jrpdefwkYd wufa&muf
Muonf/ ausmufawmfnDvmcHonf &cdkifjynf\ ppfBudKacwfe,fcsJU
qefYusifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;pOfudk awmufajymif
apcJhonf/ &cdkifjynfwpf0Srf;vHk; txl;ojzifh &cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;&Sd vkxk
udk wpfpkwnf; wpfom;wnf; jzpfaponf/ jrefrmjynfrbuf&Sd toif;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;ESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;rIudk &&Sdaponf/ v,form;rsm;\ tm;wufoa&m
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudk awGU&onf/ v,form;wyfrsm;zGJUpnf;um ,if;nDvmcHodkY
ppfaMumif;(3)aMumif;jzifh csDwufyg0ifcJhonf/ ,if;ppfaMumif;wdkYrSm-
(1) ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f ta&SUbuf&Sd o&ufwpfyif? &Gmrjyif
anmifacsmif; o&Dacsmif;aus;&Gmrsm;rS v,form;wyf/
(2) ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f awmifbuf&Sd tayguf0? aeylcH? 'kuúcHacsmif;?
yef;zJhacsmif;? uefapmuf?,dk;acsmif; aus;&Gmrsm;rS v,form;wyf/
(3) ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f ajrmufbuf&Sd yDxk? ig;aqmifzuf tp&Sdaom
yDacsmif;wpfavQmufrS v,form;wyfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
v,form;wyfrsm; nDvmcHppfaMumif;rsm;jzifh csDwufvm&m e,fcsJU
orm;rsm;ESifh ,if;wdkY\vufyg;aprsm;u trsdK;rsdK;taESmifht,Sufay;Mu
onf/ v,form;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom OD;atmifxGef;jr? eE´rmvm
OD;xGef;pdefwdkYtm; zrf;qD;onf/ OD;atmifxGef;jrtm; zrf;qD;onfhtcg
OD;armifeD (euef)qufvufí v,form;wyfrsm;udk OD;aqmifwm0ef,lNyD;
nDvmcHodkY atmifjrifpGm wufa&mufEdkifcJhonf/ tjcm;aom v,form;wyfzGJU
rsm;vnf; nDvmcHodkY atmifjrifpGm tcuftcJMum;rS wufa&mufcJhMuonf/
nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufMuaom v,form;wyfzJGUrsm;ESifh vlxky&d
owfrsm;onf ausmufawmfwpfNrdKUvHk;\jrifuGif;udk ysm;yef;cyfrQ &Sdaponf/
ausmufawmfwpfNrdKUvHk;rSmvnf; nDvmcHjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ulnDMuonf/ OD;omZHvS? q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;
tp&Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm;\ OD;aqmifrI? awmifolv,form;\tm;ay;
axmufcHrI? ausmufawmfNrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm;\ ulnDtm;ay;rIrsm;aMumifh
nDvmcHudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhonf/
,if;ausmufawmfnDvmcHrSm rif;jym;aygufawm nDvmcHrsm;uJhodkY
v,f,majrjyóemESifhywfoufonfhtqdkrsm;? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh
ywfoufonfh tqdkrsm;udk csrSwfMuonf/ nDvmcHusif;ypOf NAdwdoQtpdk;&
tm; tMunftndK ysufap&ef w&m;a[mrIjzifh tpnf;t½Hk;0if rsdK;cspfausmfOD;
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 121
udk zrf;qD;onf/ q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[ESifh OD;pHa&T('dkYvuf½Hk;) wdkYudk zrf;0&rf;
xkwfonf/ nDvmcHtNyD; ]]wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; udk,fpm;vS,f}} ocifcifatmif
udk ppfawGNrdKU&Sd Ouú|OD;omZHvSaetdrfwGif umuG,fa&;yk'fr 124(u)t&
zrf;qD;vdkufonf/ odkY&mwGif ausmufawmfnDvmcHum; tjynfht0atmif
jrifcJhonf/
tm&uHygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;tm&uHygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;tm&uHygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;tm&uHygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;tm&uHygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;
ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynfwGif t"dutm;jzifh &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk; &Sdaeonf/ ,if;tpnf;t½Hk;onf &cdkifjynfol
vlxkudk EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrI ay;onf/ &cdkifjynftygt0if jrefrmjynf
wpfjynfvHk; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh tpnf;t½Hk;wpfck
jzpfonf/ v,form;rsm; v,fvufikwfvuf&if; rjyKwfa&;? oD;pm;cwdkuf
zsufa&;wdkYudk ta&;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh tpnf;t½Hk;vnf; jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfr&Sd wdk;wufonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vufwGJaqmif&Gufaeonf/
&cdkifrif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm; pkaygif;wnfaxmifxm;onfh tm&uH
ygwDrSmvnf; rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;(vTwfawmf)wGif &cdkifjynf\ wpfck
wnf;aom ygwDjzpfonf/ ,if;ygwDonf vTwfawmfwGifom vIyf&Sm;rI&Sd
onf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkESifh uif;uGmonf/ &cdkifjynftygt0if jrefrmjynf
wpfjynfvHk;\ t"duvlwef;pm;jzpfaom awmifolv,form;tusdK;udk
vspfvsL½Ixm;onf/ v,fydkif&Sifrsm;bufrS &yfwnfaom ygwDjzpfonf/
(91)Xmetpdk;&tzGJUwdkif;rSm tm&uHygwDrS tpdk;tzGJU0if 0efBuD;&mxl;rsm;udk
&,lEdkifcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif &cdkifjynfolvlxktusdK;twGuf ta&;,laqmif&Guf
csufrsm;udkum;rawGU&/ rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0; vTwfawmfwGif v,f,m
udpöESifh ywfoufí aqG;aEG;wdkif; tm&uHygwD0ifvlrsm;pkonf v,fydkif&Sif
rsm;bufrSom umuG,fay;aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
&cdkifjynf\ t"dutzGJUtpnf;ESpf&yfjzpfaom tm&uHygwDESifh
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;wdkYrSm tajccHrSpí cH,lcsuf
uGJjym;Muonf/ &yfwnfcsufrwlojzifh tNrJwrf;oabmuGJvGJrIrsm;udk
ppfBudKacwfe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rI
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;\ tm&uHygwDwGif udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom
OD;atmifZHa0tm; tpnf;t½Hk;\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ½kyfodrf;cJhonf/
udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;udpöESifhywfoufí armifuHxl;\ rSwfwrf;wGif-
jrxGef;atmif122
]]tm&uHygwDOuú| 0wfvHkOD;a&Tomu vTwfawmfxJ &cdkif
wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;onf v,faxmufcHray;
pwrf;0g'jzpfonfh (No Rent Campaign) qdkaom pum; udk oHk;í
w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif; tusHK;r0ifaom tpnf;t½Hk; (Illegal
Association) tDvDa*vftqkdaZ;&Sif;tjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;Edkifap&ef
aMunmjcif;udk cH&xdkufaomoabmt"dyÜm,fudk a&mufapaom
pum;yg0ifonfh rdefYcGef;rsdK;udk >ruf[cJhonf/ wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;
om;tpnf;t½Hk; trIaqmiftzGJU\ ñTefMum;csuft& vTwfawmftpnf;
ta0;cef;rü tm&uHygwDrS EkwfxGuf&rnfhtaMumif;udk vHkavmufpGm
taxmuftxm;jyí aMunmNyD;vQif 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh tm&uHygwDrS
EkwfxGufum xdkygwDESifh vHk;vHk;tqufjzwfvdkuf&awmh onf}}[lí
azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
oD;jcm;toGifjzifh vIyf&Sm;rIoD;jcm;toGifjzifh vIyf&Sm;rIoD;jcm;toGifjzifh vIyf&Sm;rIoD;jcm;toGifjzifh vIyf&Sm;rIoD;jcm;toGifjzifh vIyf&Sm;rI
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;onf jrefrmjynfbuf&Sd
wdk;wufaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhqufoG,f yl;aygif;vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ ,if;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ nDvmcHrsm;? tjcm;ta&;BuD;aomudpörsm;? aqG;aEG;&m
rsm;wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tjyeftvSef apvTwfcJhMu
onf/ wpfzGJUESifhwpfzGJU wef;wl&nfwlxm;NyD; e,fcsJUqeYfusifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;
vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk vufwGJyg0ifcJhMuonf/ wlnDaom vkyf&yf
rsm;udk vufwGJyg0ifcJhMuonf/ wlnDaom vkyf&yfrsm;rSm yl;wGJaqmif&GufcJhMu
onf/
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;onf &cdkifjynf\
taetxm;ypöu© tajctaeay:wGif tajccHonfh vrf;pOfudk usifhoHk;onf/
rl0g'udk csrSwfonf/ rdrdwdkY a&ajrobm0ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaersm;udk
rlwnfonfh udk,fydkif rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwfonf/ tpnf;t]]tpdk;&[lonf½Hk;udk
OD;aqmifonfh oabmw&m;rsm;udk csifhcsifhcsdefcsdef a0zefoHk;oyfNyD; vufcH
onfvnf;&Sdonf/ z,f&Sm;cJhonfh udpörsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
tpnf;t½Hk;0ifvli,frsm;\ rdkuf½l;&Jqefaompdwf? ol&Jaumif;
qefaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;u xdef;uGyfay;&
onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfqDodkY OD;wnfaeonfh tcsdefcgrsdK;wGif txl;owdxm;í
rdrdwdkYtzGJUtpnf;\rl0g' rwdrf;apmif;atmif usifhoHk;Muonf/ þonfrSm
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 123
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;\ vGwfvyfaomrl0g'udk
csrSwfusifhoHk;cJhaMumif; ay:vGifxif&Sm;onf/
xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh qufoG,frIrsm;xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh qufoG,frIrsm;xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh qufoG,frIrsm;xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh qufoG,frIrsm;xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh qufoG,frIrsm;
1940-ckavmufrSm ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;udk zGJUpnf;onf/ ,if;xGuf&yf
*dkPf;\ rl0g'rSm ]]t*Fvdyftcuf Armhtcsuf}} jzpfonf/ urÇmppfaMumifh
tusyftwnf;jzpfay:vmonfh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm; awmfvSefa&;
wdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfonf/ ,if;oabmw&m;sm;onf &cdkifausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm;xHodkYvnf;aumif;? &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;
t½Hk;0if vli,frsm;xHodkYvnf;aumif; xdk;azmuf 0ifa&mufvmonf/
,if;rl0g'ESifhywfoufí &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;
t½Hk; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ ypöu©tajc
taeESifh vdkufavsmrItjzpf EdkifqHk; usifhoHk;&ef jzpfonf/ wpfzufrSmvnf;
cdkifrmodyfonf;aom tpnf;t½Hk;jzpf&ef vdktyfonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;xefNyD; tpGef;a&mufrI
aMumifh vlrsdK;a&;t"du½kPf;rS a&SmifuGif;Edkifoa&GU a&SmifuGif;ae&onfh
tcgvnf; jzpfonf/ vlrsdK;a&; ta&;tcif;rsm;onf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\
*dkPf;cGJa&;? oif;cGJa&;twGuf taumif;qHk;vufeuf jzpfonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t½Hk;wGif
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf vdktyfaomjyifqifrIrsm;&Sdao;[ef ray:
acs/ wyfom;aumif;rsm;? vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;? aiGaMu;ponfwdkYrSm
vnf; jynfh pHkrIr&Sdao;acs/
,if;aMumifh ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;\ rl0g;'udk &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf owdESifhudkifwG,f usifhoHk;cJh
Muonf/ pGefYpm;a&;orm; vli,frsm;xHodkY us,fus,fjyefYjyefY ,if;rl0g'udk
csray;cJh/ odkY&mwGif xGuf&yf*dkPf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tNrJqufoG,frI&SdcJh
onf/ rdrdwdkY oabmxm;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;cJhMuonfrSm xif&Sm;
onf/ ,if;odkY qufoG,fcJhyHkrsm;udk--
]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;\ vufa&G;pif
acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfMuaom q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;? OD;omZHvSwdkYESifh
BudKwifqufoG,fxm;Muonfhtwdkif; &efukefü tNrJaexdkifvsuf&Sdaom
tpnf;t½Hk;\udk,fpm;vS,f armifuHxl;onf &cdkifjynf bl;oD;awmif
jrxGef;atmif124
NrdKUrS OD;pHxGef;atmif (aq;orm;)udkyg twlac:aqmifí ywfvrf;
(,ck ewfarmufvrf;)? a'gufwm Aarmftdrfü a'gufwmAarmf ZeD;a':
cifrrtygt0if AE¨KvOD;pdef? OD;vSrif;? OD;b0if;wdkYESifh z&D;'ef;b
avmuf(pf) (Freedom Block) udpö&yfrsm;udk ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif vQdKU0SufpGm
pnf;a0;aqG;aEG;Muzl;onf/ þtcsdefxuf tenf;i,fapmpGmaom
tcsdefwpfcsdefü OD;atmifxGef;OD;ESifh armifuHxl;wdkYonf &cdkifwdkif;vHk;
qdkif&mwdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;\ vufa&G;piftzGJU\udk,fpm;
Ouú|OD;omZHvS vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom (z&D;'ef; bavmufpf)\
vkyf&yfrsm; yg0ifonfh vQdKU0Sufpmwpfapmifudk pawmhudwfvrf;ü
aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom ocifEkvufxJokdY ay;tyf&ef oGm;a&mufcJhjim;aomf
vnf; ocifEkudk rawGUcJh&ay}}[lí armifuHxl;trnfcH 0efBuD;a[mif;
OD;atmifZHa0\ b0rSwfwrf;wGif Armh xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh &cdkifwdkif;vHk;
qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t½Hk;udk qufoG,fcJhMuyHkrsm;udk awGU&ay
onf/
ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t½Hk;
tquftoG,f&SdcJhonf/ txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmifrsm; aqG;aEG;vufcH
cJhMuonf/ &cdkif\tajctaet& twdtvif; ,if;0g'vrf;pOfudk azmfxkwf
rusifhoHk;cJhaMumif; ponfrsm;udk pma&;oltm; 'dkYvuf½Hk;OD;pHa&Tu ajymMum;cJh
onfudk rSwfom;zl;onf/
odkY&mwGif vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfonf tcsdeftcg
r[kwfao;[k &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf; t½Hk;acgif;aqmif
rsm;u cH,lxm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh pGefYpm;a&; orm;vli,frsm;\ vufeuf
udkifawmfvSefa&; awmif;qdkwifjycsufudk vufrcHcJhay/ ,if;udpöESifh
ywfoufí---
]]xd ktcsdef xd ktcgu vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf
oifhawmfqDavsmfaom tcsdefrusa&mufr[kwf ao;ojzifhtzGJU
acgif;aqmifydkif;u EdkifiHa&;orm; vli,frsm; wifjycsufudk y,fcscJh
onf}}[k armifuHxl;\ b0rSwfwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ay
onf/
ausmufawmfnDvmcH\ aemufydkif;tcsdefavmufrSm wdkif;jynf
tNidrfrouf jzpfvmonf/ txl;ojzifh 1941-ckESpf tukef 1942-ck ESpfOD;
ydkif;rSm jzpfonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfyGm;NyD; jrefrmjynfodkY ppfrD;ul;vm
onfhtcsdef jzpfonf/ *syefrsm; xdk;ppfaMumifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 125
jrefrmjynfrS wqkwfwnf; qkwfae&onfhtcsdef jzpfonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSm
&cdkifjynf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qkwfcGm&mwGif taESmifht,Suf
rjzpfap&ef wd kif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ud k xdef;odrf;xm;a&;rSm
ta&;BuD;onf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdkifwdkif; &if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmif
rsm;udk zrf;0&rf;xkwfonf/ ae&mra&G; zrff;&ef trdefYay;xm;onf/
,if;aMumifh Ouú| omZHvS? 'kwd,Ouú| OD;atmifxGef;OD;?
OD;xGef;0if;? OD;ndKxGef;? OD;pHxGef;atmif (a&SUae)? OD;armifeD(euef)ESifh
tjcm;tzGJU0if(4? 5)OD;wdkYonf rD;acsmif;zsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcdkvHIae&onf/
tajctaeay;vQif w½kwfjynftxd oGm;a&muf&ef pDpOfcJhonf/ vlol
rawGU&aom awmBuD;rsufrnf;xJwGif (2)vcefY ykef;atmifae&onf/
tjcm;aom tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rdrdwdkYenf; rdrdwdkY[efESifh
ykef;atmif;ae&onf/
,if;odkYacgif;aqmifrsm; zrf;0&rf;aMumifh a&Smifwdrf;ae&csdefwGif
ukvm;&cdkifta&;tcif; ay:aygufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh NAdwdoQwdkY zrf;qD;
ta&;udk tav;rxm;EdkifbJ vlrsdK;a&; ta&;tcif;ajyNidrf;atmif Nidrf;owf
ay;&onf/ ,if;rSm trsdK;om;a&;wm0efudk wm0efodod acgif;aqmifrsm;u
xrf;aqmifvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;
1942-ck? arvaemufydkif;rSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHrS
tNyD;tydkif tdEd´,odkY qkwfcGmay;NyD; jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfrS NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;rsm; qkwfcGm&mwGif &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;
0ifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;NyD; tdEd´,odkY ac:,loGm;
onf/ zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;udk 'um;axmifwGifwcsdKU? wcsdKUudk ukrDÜvmaxmifwGif
tusOf;csxm;onf/ aemufydkif;wGif 'ku©onfpcef;zGifhí 'ku©onfrsm;ESifh
twlxm;onf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; qkwfcGm&mwGif zrf;qD;ac: aqmifjcif;cH
&olrsm; EdkifiHa&; tusOf;orm; (23)OD; jzpfonf/ ,if;odk Y zrf;qD;
ac:aqmifjcif; cH&olrsm;rSm OD;tHk;ausmf (oHwGJ)? OD;omxGef; (ausmufjzL
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)? &r®m0wD OD;bxGef;? OD;csufzm;? OD;pHvS? OD;tdk;avmif
(OD;tHk;armif)? OD; jzLomxGef;? OD;armifomEdkY? OD;armifomxGef; (ykZGefz,f&Gm)?
OD;atmifomOD; (ajrmufOD;)? a&SUae OD;ndK? OD;vSarmifom? rsdK;cspf ausmfOD;?
jrxGef;atmif126
OD;jrwfvSarmif? eE´rmvm OD;xGef;pdef? q&m OD;owdk;vS? OD;pHxGef;atmif
(bl;oD;awmif)? OD;omxGef;pH OD;bdk; atmif? OD;armifarmif? OD;armifausmfZH?
OD;zdk;vSESifh jrefrmjynfrS e*g;eD xGef;a&TwdkY jzpfonf/
tdEd´,odkY &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;?
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmif
oGm;&mwGif qif;&J'ku©trsdK;rsdK; cH&onf/ ukvm;wdkif;abmif 'um;axmifwGif
csdKifhavSmifiSufi,fyrm cHpm;vGrf;qGwf&yHk? rdrdNrdKU&Gmudk wrf;wylaqG;&if;
wd'ku©aMumifh ajrmufOD;NrdKUrS OD;atmifomOD; b0wpfyg;odkY ajymif;cJh&yHkwdkYudk
udk,fwdkifyg0ifzrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&ol pmqdk&Sif owdk;axmifvS trnfcH q&m
OD;wdk;vSu----
]]rdkuf*kPfjyKvsuf? a'oa0;pGm? tdEd´,modkY? zrf;uma&TUajymif;?
ppfwaumif;rSm? vlaygif;ESpfq,f? oHk;OD;u,fwdkY? oG,foG,fwifhaMumif;?
atmifqkawmif;vsuf}}[lívnf;aumif;-
]]bmomrsdK;jym;? tm;vHk;jcm;onf? ukvm;wdkif;abmif? 'um;
axmifrS? csdKifhavSmifiSufi,f vGrf;qGwfES,fodkY}}[lí vnf;aumif;---
]]wd'ku©aMumifh? OD;atmifomOD;? NrdKUajrmufOD;rS? w wwjzifh?
b0ajymif;um qHk;&yg&Sifh}}[lí vnf;aumif; axmifwGifuAsmudk
pDuHk;pyfqdkcJhonf/
,if;wdkY &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;?
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;NyD; ac:aqmif
jcif;rSm NAdwdoQwdkY\ rdkuf*kPfudk jyvdkufjcif; wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;onf &cdkifjynf tyg
t0if jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk; vGwfajrmufa&;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? v,f,m
ajrjyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf tpOfwpdkuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJh Muonf/ ,if;rS
aoGznfíroGm;cJh/ ,if;aMumifh ppfBudKacwf&cdkifjynf trsdK;om;vGwfajrmuf
a&;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfpOfudkavhvmvQif &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ESifh ,if;tpnf;t½Hk; 0ifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk csefvSyf
xm;í r&ay/ tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &cdkifjynf aumif;usdK;
twGuf tepfemcHNyD; aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ udk,fusdK;pGefYvTwfcJhMuonf/
tcsif;csif; pnf;pnf;½Hk;½Hk;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 127
twGuf OD;aqmifrIudk ay;cJhonf/ ,if;odkY &cdkif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;
tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ OD;aqmifrI tydkif;udk ,if;acwf ,if;umvrD
vdkufolrsm;? ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsdK;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;ordkif;udkavhvmolrsm; od&SdMuonf/
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tepfemcHcJhyHk? udk,fusdK;pGefYvTwfyHk? pnf;pnf;
½Hk;½Hk;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf OD;aqmifrI
ay;cJhyHkwdkYudk ]]&cdkiftoHowif;pm}}wGif aus;Zl;od trnfcHaqmif;yg;&Sif
wpfOD;u ]]&cdkifjynf aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;udk azmfxkwfMuavm}} aqmif;yg;wGif
aphaphpHkpHk azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rS tcsdKUudk xkwfEkwfNyD; atmufyg
twdkif; azmfjyvdkufygonf/
Ouú|BuD; OD;omZHvSOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvS
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSonf
&cddkifjynftwGuf trsm;qHk;tepfemcHcJholjzpfaMumif;udk todÓPf&Sdolwdkif;
rnfolrQ jiif;Edkifrnf r[kwf/ OD;omZHvSonf tjcm;ynmwwf ypönf;&Sif
olaX;rsm;uJhodkY qif;&Jom;vnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaxmufraq;cJhacs/
qif;&Jom; &cdkifvlxktwGuf ypönf;a&mvlyg tepfemcHcJhavonf/ &cdkifwpf
jynfvHk;ü vkyfcJhorQaom EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;\ ukefusp&dwf xuf0ufcefYudk
OD;omZHvS wpfOD;wnf;tukeftuscHcJh&onf/ rdrdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;[lorQudk
vHk;vHk;pGefYvTwfí EdkifiHa&;vkyf ief;xJodkY ajcpHkypf0ifa&mufcJholrSm Ouú|BuD;
OD;ZHvSyif jzpf onf/ OD;omZHvSonf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;ü ypönf;ypö, tukef
tuscHjcif;üom r[kwf/ udk,fxdvufa&mufvkyfudkif&müvnf; olrwlatmif
owdå&SdcJholwpfOD; jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&; orm;yDyD aexdkifpm;aomufa&;üvnf;
wu,fNcdK;NcHEdkifol wpfOD;jzpfonf/
OD;atmifxGef;OD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;
q&mBuD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;onf OD;omZHvSESifhvufwGJum wdkif;&if;
om; tpnf;t½Hk;BuD;udk xlaxmifcJ h&mwGif rsm;pGmtepfemcHcJ honf/
OD;atmifxGef;OD;rSm OD;omZHvSuJhodkY ypönf;ypö, rcsrf;omaomfvnf; &cdkif
vli,frsm; MunfndKrIudk cH,l&olwpfOD; jzpf\/ ½dk;om;jcif;? wnfMunfjcif;?
vkyf&Jjcif;*kPft*Fg&yfwdkYjzifh jynfh0oljzpfonf/ pum;ajym&mü wnfwnf
jrxGef;atmif128
ajymwwfonf/ ajymvdkufaompum;rSm wpfvkH;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;?
wpfyk'fvHk;udkaomfvnf;aumif; tvGeft"dyÜm,fav;eufonfh ausmufawmf
nDvmcHusif;ycsdefü OD;atmifxGef;OD;u pma&;oltm; ajymcJhaompum;udk
,ckxdMum;a,mifvsuf &Sdao;onf/ ausmufawmfnDvmcHBuD;onf &cdkifjynf
EdkifiHa&;&mZ0ifü tpnfum;qHk;aom nDvmcHBuD;jzpfonf/ OD;atmifxGef;OD;
onf wdkif;jynfysufpD;í *syeftkyfcsKyfa&; cscJhcsdefxd touf&SdorQ &cdkifjynf
BuD;tm; xdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf/ &cdkifvlxka&SUrS raMumufr&GHUrm;rm;&yf
aqmif&GufaecsdefwGif AHk;'PfaMumifh aoqHk;cJhonf/ OD;atmifxGef;OD;\
tavmif;udk ppfawGNrdKU0uFygwGif; axmifhem;wpfae&mwGif jr§Kyfxm;í
xdkae&mü aAm"dyifuav; wpfyifpdkuf&Sd\/ ]]trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeYwdkif;ü
ausmif;q&mOD;owdk;vSESif h ¤if;wynfhausmif;olausmif; om;rsm;wdk Y
OD;atmifxGef;OD; tavmif;jr§Kyf&modkY oGm;a&muftav;jyKjcif;rSwpfyg;
rnfolrQ*½krpdkufMuacs}}[lí aus;Zl;odtrnfcH aqmif;yg;&Sifu rdrdwdkY\
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aus;Zl;odí opöm&Sd&Sdjzifh acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nf
taoG;udkt&Sdtwdkif; azmfxkwfa&;om;cJhonfudk awGU&ygonf/
(þpmwrf; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdktyfoa&GU pmtkyfpmwrf;
rSwfwrf;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif;? rdrdwdkY udk,fawGUjzpf&yfrsm;udk ajymjyonfh bBuD;
OD;atmifZHa0? OD;atmifomOD; (ordkif; okawoD)? OD;pHxGef;atmif ('Drdkua&pD
a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;a[mif;)? OD;rJausmfOD;? OD;armifeD(euef)ESifh
q&mOD;csD;'dk;wdkYtm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/)
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 129
udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;
(1) armifuHxl;rSwfpk (A Survior's Memoir) vufa&;rl
(0efBuD;a[mif; OD;atmifZHa0 rSwfwrf;)
(2) q&mOD;csD;'dk; ]]ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif;}}
(tBudrf 50-ajrmuf trsdK;om;aeY a&T&wkobiftwGuf "r®m½Hk
ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; pkaygif;jzefY csdonf/ 1970-ck)
(3) owdk;axmifvS ]]tdEd,jynf 'gumNrdKU axmifwGif;uAsm}}
"n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(1) 1951-52/
(4) Rai Aung Daing "Political History of Arakan"
"n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(1) 1951-52/
(5) Tun Hline, "Reports Rangoon University Aarkan Student's
Association"(wuúodkvfausmif;wdkuf r*¾Zif;
{uwðowGJeHygwf 1? 1301 ckESpf? waygif;v)
(6) aus;Zl;od ]]&cdkifjynf aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;udk azmfxkwfMuavm}}
&cdkiftoH owif;pm? &ufpGJ---
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS
xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)
1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/
jrxGef;atmif130
NAdwdoQcGmppf
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
xGef;atmif (abmif;'Gwf)
jrefrmEdkifiHrS qkwfcGm&onfh tjzpftysuf taMumif;tusdK;udk
&Sif;vif;wifjy&mwGif &cdkifrSmjzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk
razmfjyíjynfhpHkrnf r[kwf? txl; ojzifh ppfawGqdyfurf; tjzpftysufrsm;udk
aphpHkpGm azmfjyrSom jynfhpHkrnf jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKUonf Oayu©mjyKxm;aom ta&;rxm;onfh jrefrmEdkifiHodkY
0if&ef vrf;aygufwpfck jzpfonf/ tdEd,EdkifiHESifh teD;uyfqHk;wnf&Sdaejcif;
aMumifh avwyftwGuf wefzdk;&Sdayonf/ ,if;tjyif b*Fvm;yifv,f
atmufwGif ppfawGNrdKUwnf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh toifhtwifh ta&;ygaeaom
taetxm;wGif &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;vdktyfcsufwpf&yfudk olwdkYtwGuf
jiif;y,f&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ ppfXmecsKyfrsm;wnf&Sd&m tdEd,EdkifiHonf umuG,f
a&;twGuf ppfawGNrdKUudk wdkuf½dkuf wm0efxdef;odrf;xm;&onf/ ,if;tjyif
ppfawGNrdKUonf pyg;xkwfvkyfonfh {&d,me,fy,fjzpfNyD; qefpufrsm;&Sdí
&cdkifjynf\ t"duqefpyg;wifydkY&m a'ojzpfonf/
*syefrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ypfNyD; &efukefus qHk;jcif;onf
yif ppfawGtwGuf ta&;ygaom tusdK;ouf a&mufrI r[kwfacs/ 1942ck?
Zefe0g&Dvukefydkif;rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif umuG,fa&;tiftm;wdk;vmonf/
wyf&if; (14) trSwf(7) &mZykwfwyf a&muf&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
,if;&mZykwfwyfrS trSwf(23)tapmifhwyfzGJUudk tem;ay;&eftwGuf
a&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 131
ppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKUppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKUppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKUppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKUppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKU
&efukefESifh atmufjrefrmjynfrS 'ku©onfrsm;onf ppfawGqdyfurf;
wGif jynfhusyfvsuf&Sdonf/ jynfrSawmifukwf awmifMum;vrf;twdkif;
&cddkifurf;ajrmifa'oudk ausmfjzwfvm olrsm;jzpfonf/ azazmf0g&DvtwGif;
bk&ifhavwyfrawmfonf &efukefav,mOfuGif;rS qkwfcGmvm&NyD; jzpfonf/
,if; avwyfrawmfonf ppfawGNrdKUodkY a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzifh xyfNyD; tiftm;
wdk;apcJhonf/
*syefrsm; &efukefudk odrf;ypfNyD;aemuf ppfawGNrdKUwGif bk&ifha&wyfudk
a&wyfAdkvfrSL;csKyf *&m[rf\ tkyfcsKyfrI atmufwGif jrefrmEdkifiH urf;½dk;wef;
twGuf zGJUpnf;onf/ tdEd,bk&ifha&wyfrawmfrS ]qvyf*sD}ESifh ]tdEK} oabFm
rsm;tjyif tayghpm;a&wyfoHk;umuG,fa&;oabFm av;pif;wdkYrSmvnf;
ppfawGqdyfurf;wGif qdkufuyfvsuf &Sdonf/ armfwm tajrmufrsm;ygaom
oabFmig;pif;jzifh Armbk&ifa&wGif taysmfwrf; t&efwyfzGJUtrnfcH,lxm;
onfh wyfrSmvnf; &efolrsm; pdrfh0ifvmrIudk umuG,f&efurf;ajcwGif &Sdae
onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;wyfzGJUrSm vkyfief;twGuf vHkavmufrIr&Sday/ jrefrmjynf
rS xkxnftiftm;ESifh pD;0ifqkwfcGmvmaeaom 'ku©onfrsm;udk tm;oGefNyD;
ppfaq;&efrSm ,if;wdkYtwGuf tcuftcJwpf&yfyif jzpfaeayonf/ rwfvESifh
arvtpydkif;wGif 'ku©onf oHk;aomif;ig;axmifudk ppfawGESifh uRef;i,f&Sd
ausmufjzLqdyfurf;wdkYrS a&aMumif;jzifh tdEd´,odkY ydkYaqmifay;cJh&onf/
wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;
ppfawGNrdKUonf avwyftajccHpcef;jzpfojzifh ta&;yg aomaMumifh
tiftm;xyfrHjznfhwif;&ef rwfvtapmydkif;u qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ trSwf
(109)wyfr[mXmecsKyfESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm trSwf(9)*swfwyfESifh
wyf&if;(9)trSwf(7) &mZykwfwdk Yudk av,mOfypfaoewfrsm;ESifhtwl
ppfawGodkY ay;ydkYxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1942-ck? rwfv (18)&ufaeYu
a&muf&Sdonf/
1942-ck? rwfv (23)&ufaeYwGif *syefrsm;onf uyÜvDuRef;udk
odrf;,lonf/ tapmifhwyfi,fudk rwfv(12)&ufaeYuyif qkwfcGm&ef
tar&duef? NAdwdoQ? 'wfcsf? MopaMw;vs (wyfaygif;pk)\ trdefYt&
qkwfcGmcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif *syefrsm;onf rwfv(23)&ufaeY rwdkifrD
jrxGef;atmif132
txd rodrf;jzpfao; acs/ &efukefodkY vHkNcHKa&;twGuf ta&;wBuD; zGJUpnf;xm;
onfh oabFmrsm; 0ifaeMuonfudk *syefrsm;tm; rumuG,fEdkifao; ojzifh
jzpfonf/ aemuftaMumif;tcsufwpfckrSm &efukefrSqkwfcGma&; taetxm;
jyóemwpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/
avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;
1942-ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk avaMumif;rS ESpfBudrf
wdkif tjyif;txefvma&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;wdkufcdkufrIrwdkifrDuvnf;
rauG;av,mOfuGif;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;cH&onf/ ,if;wdkufcdkufrIrsm;rSm
NAdwdoQavwyf jrefrmjynfrS aysmufuG,fap&ef oabmyif jzpfonf/ wpfck
wnf;aom ppfawGav,mOfuGif;udk wdk;wufjyKjyif&ef qHk;jzwf Muonf/
trSwf(109)wyfr[m XmecsKyfESifh topfa&muf&Sdvmaom wyf&if;
ESpf&if;udk csufcsif;½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ tapmifh wyfrsm;tjzpf wyf&if; (14)
trSwf(7) &mZykwfwpfwyf? trSwf(67)tBuD;pm;av,mOfypfwyfrS wyfpdwf
wpfpdwf? trSwf(1) tdEd,tao;pm; av,mOfypfwyfrS wpfzGJUESpfzGJU usef&Sd
aeonf/
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;
1942-ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeY aemufydkif;wGif ppfawGav,mOfuGif;?
oabFmqdyfESifh a&wyfpcef;rsm;rSm *syefav,mOfrsm;\ rMumrMum
vma&muf wdkufcdkufjcif; cHae&onf/ ,if;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufrIrsm;
aMumif; ppfwyfa&m t&yfom;rsm;yg pdwf"mwfusqif;vmMuonf/
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom wyfzGJUrsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;rSm rdrdwdkYXmersm;rS pGefYcGmxGufajy;
Muonf/ &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;ESifh e,fbuft&m&Sdtm;vHk; eD;yg;wdkYonf a&wyfESifh
ppfbufrStmPmydkifrsm;u wm;qD;aomf vnf; 1942-ck rwfv(30)&ufwGif
ppfawGNrdKUrS xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/ ppfawGc½dkif0efESifh vufa&G;pifaMu;eef;
t&m&Sd tcsdKUwdkYom olwdkYvkyfief;XmewGif usef&SdaeMuawmhonf/ &cdkif
wdkif;wpfckvHk; e,fbuftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm vHk;0csKyfNidrf;oGm;NyD jzpfonf/ rD;½IdUrIrsm;
rSmvnf; rMumcPqdkovdk qdyfurf;wGif jzpfyGm;aeonf/ qefpufrsm;
rD;avmifrIrsm; jzpfyGm;onf/ rD;tBuD;tus,f avmifuRrf;rIonf jrefrmha&eH
ukrÜPDvDrdwuf (bDtdkpD)\ ta&;ygonfh a&eHqDavSmifuefrsm;udk
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 133
ajcmufvSefYaeayonf/ t&yfom;rsm; rNidrfoufrIrSm ppfawG &cdkifwpfwdkif;
vHk;rSm wdk;yGm;vmayonf/ 1942-ck? {NyDv 13 &ufaeYrSm ppfawGNrdKUESifh
uRef;wpfckvHk;udk ppftkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif xm;&Sdvdkufonf/
awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;
jrefrmjynfbufrS ppfajy;rsm;jzpfMuaom e,fjcm;wyfzGJU? wyfom;rsm;
ESifh Armhppfykvdyyfrsm;onf qlylvIyf&Sm;aeaom &cdkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;
oGm;Muonf/ ,if;qlylvIyf&Sm;aeonfh *dkPf;onf tdEd´,trsdK;om;rsm;?
txl;ojzifh rdef;rrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tm; (tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf) owfjzwfrI?
*kwfyDawmifwGif 1942-ck? {NyD (14)&ufaeYu jzpfyGm;cJhonfh ausmufawmf
awmifydkif;ESifhukvm;wefjrpf ta&SUydkif;wdkYwGif taxGaxG rNidrfoufrIrsm;
jzpfay:cJhonf/ {NyDv tv,favmufwGif rNidrfoufrIrsm; vTrf;rdk;vmonf/
,if;qlylvIyf&Sm;rIrSm awmfvSefykefuefrI[k taotcsm ,lqEdkifonfh yHkyef;
jrifuGif; jzpfavonf/ uif;vSnfhaeaom &mZykwfppfom;rsm;onf ocif
ygwD0ifrsm;? tjcm;olrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJi,frsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;
1942-ck? {NyDv (21)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGc½dkif0efonf jrefrmjynf
tpdk;&xHodkY aMu;eef;wpfapmif ay;ydkYcJhonf/ ,if; aMu;eef;rSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfonf/
]]þaMu;eef;onf ppfawGc½dkif\ tajctaeudk tpD&ifcHpm jzpf
onf/ ajAmifawmfvSefykefuefrI tajctaerSm &Sdaeonfudk ESdrfeif;&efrSm
ppfa&;t&om jzpfawmhrnf/ e,fbuf tkyfcsKyfa&; ysufjym;aecsdefrSm
usef&Sdaeaom ykvdyftzGJUrSmvnf; tvGeftuRHtm;xm;&onfh tae
txm; r&Sdawmhay/ ausmufawmfESifhppfawGc½dkifcGJ&Sd olykef*dkPf;rsm;udk
e,fjcm;wyfzGJUrS ppfajy;rsm;u vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; tajrmuf
tjrm;axmufyHhaeonf/ tpGef;a&muf&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;
tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;onf ra&wGufEdkifaom toufpnf;pdrfOpömrsm;udk
vk,lzsufqD;owfjzwfMuonf/ rD;½IdUrIrsm;? vk,ufwdkufcdkufrIrsm;onf
tuGyftn§yfr&Sdaom tajctae jzpfaeonf/ ,if;tajctaerSm
&efolrsm; pdrfh0if Edkif&ef jyifqifay;aerIyif jzpfayonf/
jrxGef;atmif134
*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf
ppfawGNrdKUapmifhwyfzGJUESifh a&wyfrrSapmifha&Smufuif;vSnfhrI&Sdae
aomfvnf; vkHNcHKa&;twGuf jynfhpHkvHkavmufrI r&Sdawmhay/ jzpfay:aeaom
tajctaetwGuf xda&mufrI r&Sdawmhyg/ 1942-ck? {NyDv (11)&ufaeYu
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif uif;vSnfhaeonfh a&wyfrS owif;&&Sdonf/ ,if;&uf
rwdkifrDaeYu jrefrmwyfom; (250)ESifh *syeft&m&Sdrsm;onf awmifukwfokdY
a&muf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ olwdkYrSm oabFmrsm;? bkwfrsm; &Sdaeonf/
,if;tzGJUonf urf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmuf trf;rS olykefXmecsKyfwpfckjzpfaom
rif;jym;odkY csDwufvmMuonf/
rif;jym;rS ppfawGodkYrif;jym;rS ppfawGodkYrif;jym;rS ppfawGodkYrif;jym;rS ppfawGodkYrif;jym;rS ppfawGodkY
{NyDvukefydkif;wGif *syefwdkY avaMumif;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; wdk;yGm;vmMu
onf/ &efolwyfzGJUrsm;onf rif;jym;{&d,mwGif pkpnf;NyD; ppfawGodkY csDwuf&ef
jyifqifaeonfrSm oHo, rjzpfEdkifawmhay/ Armbk&ifa&wyf taysmfwrf;
t&efwyfzGJUrS armfwmwyfqifxm;aom oabFmESpfpif;ESifh ,if;wyfzGJU
wdkYonf 1942-ck? arv (1)&ufaeYwGif rif;jym;teD; wdkufyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhMuonf/
vufeufBuD; av;vufudk ,if;wdkufyGJwGif toHk;jyKaMumif; awGU&onf/
xdcdkuf'Pf&m&olrsm;? aoausolrsm;udk oabFmay:wGifawGU&onf/
aemufwpf&ufwGif &efolwyfzG J Ursm;onf ausmufawmfESif h
ykPÖm;uRef;NrdKUrsm;wGif a&muf&SdMuonf/ ,if;aeY naebufwGif &mZykwf
wdkYtm;oabFmjzifh uif;vSnfhapNyD;&efol wdkYtm; pHkprf;aponf/ 1942-ck?
arv (3)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;rSm ykPÖm;uRef;atmufem;wGif ,if;oabFmrsm;udk
pufao ewfjzifh ypfcwfjcif; cH&onf/ tjyeftvSef wdkufyGJwGif ESpfaygif'g
tajrmufvufeufudk toHk;jyKMuonf/
ppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&GmppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&GmppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&GmppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&GmppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&Gm
,if;aeYrSm ppfawGNrdKUudk avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufonf/ AHk;BuJ
av,mOftpif; (27)pif;yg0ifonf/ tqdkygavaMumif; wdkufcdkufrIaMumifh
taqmufttHkrsm;? ppfpwdk;ESifh ypönf;rsm;? pm;eyf&du©mrsm;? armfwmESifh
u,f&D,m av;vufyg ysufpD;aponf/ tapmifhwyfzGJU vufeufcJ,rf;
rD;ausmufrsm;onfvnf; rD;avmifysufpD;cJh&onf/ aoaus qHk;½HI;olaygif;
(20)cefY&Sdonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 135
ppfawGNrdKUapmifhwyfzGJU\ t"duwm0efrSm av,mOfuGif;udk twwf
EdkifqHk; umuG,fxm;&ef jzpfonf/ jyif;xefaomwdkufyGJ qdyfurf;wGif jzpfyGm;
cJhvQif azmufcGJzsufqD;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf tapmifhwyfzGJUonf ukef;vrf;
c&D;jzifh ppfwaumif;odkY qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf/ tapmifhwyfzGJU\ trdefYay;
t&m&Sdonf qdyfurf;wGif wyfpGJxm;EdkifpGrf;rSm tapmifhwyfzGJU \ tiftm;jzifh
rjzpfEdkifawmhaMumifh ,lqonf/ wyfom;rsm;onf oifwef;tawGU tBuHK
enf;ygonf/ ,if;tjyif iSufzsm;a&m*gaMumifh tiftm;csnfheJYaeonfh
wyfom;rsm;jzpfNyD; avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufrIrsm;onf olwdkYtm; wkefvIyf
acsmufcsm;aponf/ vuf&Sdtajctaet& *syefwyfrsm;onf 1942-ck
arv(4)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;rwdkifrD wdkufcdkufvmEdkifrnf jzpfaMumif; azmfjy
aeayonf/ urf;ajcwpfavQmuf&Sd vrf;rsm;rSm a&rsm;jynfhvQHvsuf &Sdae
onf/ uRef;&Sdc&D;vrf;aMumif;rsm;rSmvnf; Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; &Sdaeonf/
vrf;rsm; rjywfonfhwdkifatmif *syefwyfrsm; ykPÖm;uRef;rSm a&muf&SdaeNyD;
jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg tajctaersm;aMumifh yifv,faMumif;twdkif; nwGif;csif;
qkwfcGm&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/
atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGm
[def;&f*sufqefESifh a[;'g&DoabFmay:odkY aoewfrsm;? tBuD;pm;
vufeufrsm;udk wifaqmifxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ nOfh arSmifonfESifh wyfom;rsm;
oabFmay:odkY wufa&mufNyD; jzpfonf/ qdyfurf;&Sd azmufcGJzsufqD;&ef
udpörsm;udk a&wyfu azmufcGJzsufqD;vdkufMuonf/ toHk;jyK&ef rvdkawmh
onfh oabFmrsm;udkvnf; epfjr§yfvdkufMuonf/ 1942-ck? arv (2)&ufaeY
apmapmydkif;tcsdefwGif wyfom;rsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk pGefYcGmoGm;Muawmh
onf/
trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf ordkif;rSwfwrf; pmrsufESm(24)wGif
*syefwdkYu ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufí azmfjyxm;onfrSm---
]]r[mAsL[mt& ppfawGNrdKUrSm ta&;BuD;aomfvnf; cdkifrmpGm
odrf;ydkufxm;jcif;r&Sday/ 'D0DZHwyf(33)rS ajcvsifwyf cGJwpfcGJESifh trf*sDwyfzGJUrS
wyfcGJxuf0ufudk ukef;vrf;a&vrf;wdkYrS apvTwfvdkufonf/ ckcHrI tenf;i,f
&SdNyD; NrdKUudkodrf;ydkuf vdkufonf}}/
jrxGef;atmif136
(rSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsuf/ / NAdwdoQwdkYonf 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; &cdkifrS qkwfcGm
&mwGif *syefrsm;tm; &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufrIrSm r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf/
&cdkifjynf&Sd trsdK;om;nDñGwfa&; wyfOD;jzpfaom ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}} 0ifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;? ppfa&;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;cJh
&onf/ ,if;tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;udk vk,ufwdkufcdkufaeonfh vlqdk;rsm;tjzpf
owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ppfawGc½dkif0ef \ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;pmwGif
NAdwdoQwdkYtm; ajAmifawmfvSef ykefuefrIjzpfaeaMumif;udk 0efcHxm;onf/
þonfrSm ]]&cdkif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}\ e,fcsJUqefYusif
a&;vkyf&yfudk azmfjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/)
[ ‘‘The Re Treat From Burma, 1941-42 Edited By BisheshwarPrasad, D. Litt Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in The
Second World War’’ pmtkyfrS Capture of Akyab pmrsufESm 358-360udk
jyefqdkygonf/]
xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)
1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 137
ppfawGNrdKUordkif;tusOf;
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(1824-1947 xd)
t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJonf 1824-ckESpfwGif pwifjzpfyGm;onf/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armf&Dqif (General Morrison)onf &cdkifa'oudk xdk;ppf
qif&mrSm OD;pD;uGyfuJ&onf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf rufbdef (Brigadair Me Bean)
onf 'kwd,OD;pD;csKyftjzpfESifh OD;pD;yg0ifonf/ a&wyfudk uGefref'dk *Ref;a[
(Commodore John Hayes) tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJ vdkufyg&onf/ ,if;t*Fvdyf
wyfrawmfrSm ppfonftiftm; 9343-a,muf yg0ifonf[k od&onf/
xdkt*FvdyfwyfzGJUonf 1825-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif aumhbZm (Cox's Bazaar)
odkY csDwufonf/ yxr&cdkifcHwyfjzpfaom armifawmteD;odkY 1825-ck?
Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYwGif qdkufa&mufvmonf/ ,if;odkY a&mufvQif
ppfwyfudk ESpfwyfcGJí wpfwyfudk AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armf&DqifOD;pD;onf/ usefwyfudk
AdkvfrSL;csKyf rufbdefu uGyfuJ&onf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armf&Dqif\ wyfzGJU0if
wpfOD;jzpfol Adkvftif;qx&Gif; (Lieutenant LArmstrong) qdkolu 1825ck?
azazmf0g&Dv(21)&ufaeYpGJ jzifh oufqdkif&m AdkvfcsKyfBuD;xH tpD&ifcHpmwGif-
]]uRefawmfwdkYonf &cdkifjrpf(ukvm;wefjrpf)[k ,lq&aom jrpf0odkY
0ifrdNyDjzpfygonf/ ,if;wGif uRefawmfwdkYudk taESmifht,Sufay;Edkifaom
cHwyfwpfckudk awGU&ygonf/ pHkprf;Munfh&m ,if;jrpfrSm r,ljrpfjzpfonf/
&cdkifjrpf(ukvm;wefjrpf)rSm ta&SUawmifbufwGif &Sdonf[k od&ygonf/
&cdkifjrpfay:odkY xdkaeYnaebufwGif uRefawmfwdkY 0ifEdkifcJhygonf/ jrpf0rS
&SpfrdkifcefYa0;aom ae&mrSm cHwyfwpfck&SdaMumif; od& ygonf/ (20)&ufaeYu
taxmufawmfrsm; owif;ay;csuft& &cdkifbk&ifcHrSm ppfavS 100 (wpf&m)
ppfonfawmf 2000 (ESpfaxmif)ESifh uRefawmfwdkYudk wdkufcdkuf&ef pkqif;vm
aMumif; od&ygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY urf;rScGmí tqiftoifh &efolwyfrsm;
tvmudk apmifhaeMuygonf}}[k awGU&onf/
jrxGef;atmif138
rwfv(25)&ufaeYrSm Muufudkif;wef (Kray Keng Dong)wGif wyfpGJ
Muonf/ Muufudkif;wefrSm t*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm; ajrmufOD;(NrdKUa[mif;)odkY
csDwuf&mwGif vrf;ckvwfpcef;tjzpf t*FvdyfwdkYu toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ ,if;rS
ppfaMumif; av;aMumif;cGJí ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk xdk;ppfqifMuavonf/ rwfv
(29)&ufrS (31)&uftxd wdkufyGJtBuD;tus,f jzpfyGm;NyD; aemufwpfaeYrSm
t*FvdyfwdkY ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;ydkuf Edkifavonf/
t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJjzpfyGm;onfhtcsdefxd ajrmufOD;NrdKUrSm bk&ifcHae
aom NrdKUawmfjzpfaeao;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUrSm xdktcsdeftxd NrdKUwpfNrdKU rjzpf
vmao;acs/ ,ckppfawGNrdKU\ qifajczHk; Muufudkif;wefrSm ta&;ygaom
tajctaewGif &Sdaeonf/ Muufudkif;wefrSm e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;twGuf
ajrmufOD;udk xdk;ppfqif&mwGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom tpdwftydkif;u
yg0ifaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,ckvuf&Sd ppfawGNrdKUrSm omrefwHig&Gmuav;
wpf&Gmom &Sdaeao;onf/ ,if;aMumifh t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJ jzpfyGm;NyD;onfh
tcsdeftxd ppfawGNrdKUrSm NrdKUwpfNrdKUtjzpf rwnf&Sdao;aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/
t*Fvyfjrefrm yxrppfyGJudk &EÅydkpmcsKyfjzifh 1826-ck? azazmf0g&Dv
(26)&ufaeYrSm tNyD;owfonf/ ,if;ppfyGJrS e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkY &cdkifa'oESifh
weoFm&Da'orsm;udk &vdkufonf/ xdk&&Sdvdkufaoma'orsm;udk olwdkY\
ttkyfcsKyfcH e,fajrtjzpfowfrSwfNyD; udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttHkudk
wnfaqmuf&ef vdkvm;onf/ wpfzufrSmvnf; Oa&mywpfcGifwGif pufrI
vkyfief; wdk;wufvmonf/ ,if;rS ukefacsmrsm;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm xkwfvkyf
vmonf/ xkwfvkyfNyD;aom ukefacsmrsm;udk a&mif;cs&ef aps;uGufrsm; vdkvm
onf/ wpfzef ukefacsmxkwfvkyf&eftwGuf ukefMurf;rsm;&&efa'orsm;vdk
vmonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSm t*Fvefonf pufrIawmfvSefa&;t& xkwfukef
vkyfief;txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufaeonf/
ukefxkwfvkyfief; txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufaeaom e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkY
onf &cdkifa'oudk odrf;,lcsdefrSm vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; cufcJhvsuf&Sdonf/
&cdkifNrdKUawmf ajrmufOD;NrdKUrSm yifv,fESifh tvSrf;a0;onf/ ukefwifoabFm
rsm; 0ifxGuf&ef rvG,fulacs/ &moDOwkrSmvnf;rQwaom tajctaerSm
r&Sd/ vrf;yef;qufoG,frI tqifrajyjcif;ESifh &moDOwkrrQ wrIwdkYrSm e,fcsJU
t*Fvdyfrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;udk xdcdkufaponf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 139
wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&
ppfawGuRef;onf yifv,fa&jyifrS 15aytjrifhrSm &Sdonf/ ukvm;
wefjrpfESifh b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwdkYqHk&m urf;ezl;rSm&Sdonf/ ajrmufvwDåwG'f
(20)'D*&D (8)rdepfESifh ta&SUavmif*sDwG'f (92) 'D*&D(55)rdepfwGif wnf&Sd
onf/ rdk;a&csdef vufr(200)ausmf&Gmonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUxuf tyltat;
rQwonf/ jyKjyifvkyfudkifvmygu oabFmqdyfcHaumif;jzpfvmrnfudk
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwdkY odNyD;jzpfonf/ oGm;vma&; vG,fulvmrnf/ ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&; tcsuftcsm jzpfvmrnf/ olwdkY\ udkvdkeDaps;uGufonf
ppfawGNrdKUrSm tvGefoifhawmfaeonf/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;twGuf
usef;rma&;tajctaerSm ajrmufOD;NrdKUxuf oifhawmfonf/ ,if;tajctae
rsm;t& olwdkYonf ppfawGuRef;udk jyKjyifvmonf/ 1826-ck aemufydkif;wGif
&cdkifNrdKUawmfjzpfaom ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk NrdKU awmftjzpfrS &yfpJNyD; ppfawGuRef;udk
&cdkifwdkif;\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkufavonf/
ppfawGNrdKU\ {&d,mrSm 6rdkif &Sdonf/ jrefrmjynf\ NrdKUBuD; (10)NrdKU
teuf wpfNrdKUtygt0if jzpfvmonf/ atmufjrefrmjynfwGif wwd,
tBuD;qHk;NrdKUjzpfí jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;rSm pwkw¬jzpfcJhavonf/ NrdKUwnfp
tcsdefu NrdKUvlOD;a& rod&aomfvnf; 1870-ckESpfaemufydkif; vlOD;a&udk
(10)ESpfwpfBudrfuspD azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;vlOD;a&pm&if;udk atmufwGif
azmfjyvdkufygonf/
1872-ck1872-ck1872-ck1872-ck1872-ck 19230 a,muf19230 a,muf19230 a,muf19230 a,muf19230 a,muf
1881-ck1881-ck1881-ck1881-ck1881-ck 33989 a,muf33989 a,muf33989 a,muf33989 a,muf33989 a,muf
1891-ck1891-ck1891-ck1891-ck1891-ck 37938 a,muf37938 a,muf37938 a,muf37938 a,muf37938 a,muf
1901-ck1901-ck1901-ck1901-ck1901-ck 35680 a,muf35680 a,muf35680 a,muf35680 a,muf35680 a,muf
1911-ck1911-ck1911-ck1911-ck1911-ck 37893 a,muf37893 a,muf37893 a,muf37893 a,muf37893 a,muf
1921-ck1921-ck1921-ck1921-ck1921-ck 36569 a,muf36569 a,muf36569 a,muf36569 a,muf36569 a,muf
1931-ck1931-ck1931-ck1931-ck1931-ck 38094 a,muf38094 a,muf38094 a,muf38094 a,muf38094 a,muf
1941-ckESpf vlOD;a&rS pm&if;udk aumufrjzpfawmhyg/ ppfBuD;rSmvnf;
jzpfcgptcsdefjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf[efwlonf/ ppfawGNrdKUvlOD;a&rSm wpf[kef
xdk; wdk;wufvmonfudk awGU&onf/
jrxGef;atmif140
tkyfcsKyfa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;
wpfzufrSvnf; e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtusdK;tjrwfay:
rlwnfí udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh tHr0ifawmhaom oufOD;qHydkif
ya'o&mZfudk &cdkifwdkif;wGif zsufodrf;vdkufonf/ ,if;ae&mwGif udkvdkeD
tkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;ESifh udkufnDaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tpm;xdk;vmonf/
&cdkifa'oudk wdkufe,faygif;(160)cGJxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYteuf(148)wdkuf
e,frSm uRef;rsm;jzpfonf/ usef(12)e,frSm acsmif;rsm;jzpfonf/ wdkufe,f
wpfckpDwGif uRef;tkyfaomfvnf;aumif;? acsmif;tkyfaomfvnf;aumif;
tkyfcsKyfaponf/
uRef;tkyf? acsmif;tkyfrsm;onf jynfolvlxkxHrS taumufcGefudk
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf aumufcHay;&onf/ aumufcH
ay;&aiG\(15)&mEIef;udk uRef;tkyf? acsmif;tkyfwdkY &&Sdonf/ uRef;tkyfwdkY\
atmufwGif &Gmacgif;&Sdonf/ &Gmacgif;udk &Gmom;wdkYu a&G;aumufwifajr§muf
&onf/ &Gmacgif;onf &Gmom;rsm;xHrS taumufcGefaumufcHNyD; uRef;tkyfxH
odkY ay;oGif;&onf/ aumufcH&aiG\(4)&mEIef;udk vpmtjzpf &Gmacgif;u&&Sd
avonf/ 1869-ckwGif wdkufe,faygif;(160 rS 134)wdkufe,fodkY avsmhcs
vdkufonf/ uRef; tkyf? acsmif;tkyf? &Gmacgif;wdkYrSm trIao;zGJuav;rsm;udk
ppf aq;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ ,if;olwdkYtxufrSm NrdKU0ef? c½dkif0ef? c½dkifw&m;olBuD;?
wdkif;rif;BuD;ponfjzifh qifhuJqifhuJ &Sdonf/ NrdKU0efrS txuft&m&Sd tm;vHk;
rSm rsufESmjzLrsm; jzpfMuavonf/ xdkrsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm; ½Hk;pdkuf&mrSm
ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUrSm udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf\ ql;ajimifhcvkwf
rsm; &Sif;vif;&mA[dkXme jzpfvmonf/
udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf\ ql;ajimifhrsm;udk &Sif;vif;a&;rSm olwdkY\
t"duvkyfief;jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmjynf\ axmiffrsm;wGif yxr
tqifhtwef;wGifyg0ifaom ppfawGaxmifudk 1827-ckESpfwGif wnfaxmif
onf/ ppfawGNrdKUwnfvdkufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf tusOf;axmifudk e,fcsJU
t*Fvdyfrsm;u OD;pm;ay;í wnfaxmifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ tusOf;om;
(464)a,muf ,if;tcsdefrSm&SdESifhNyD; jzpfonf/ 1873-ckwGif (15)ayjrifhaom
axmifeH&HjzifhNyD;aponf/ ,ckvuf&Sd axmiftus,ft0ef;twdkif; csJUxGifoGm;
onfrSm 1875-ckESpfwGif jzpfonf/ 1913-14-ckwGif usnfNyD;wHcg;rudk
wyfqifygonf/ 1914-ckusrSaxmifwGif aq;½Hk&Sdvmonf/ c½dkifw&m;½Hk;udk
1872-ckESpfwGif usyfaiG 130682 tukefcHí aqmufvkyfonf/ aemufxyf
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 141
aiG(10250)usyf tukefcHí jyKjyifonf/ pmwdkuftjzpf ,cifc½dkif w&m;
olBuD;½Hk;a[mif;udk toHk;jyKonf/ ,if;udk 1867-ckwGif aiG(30000)usyf
tukefuscHí aqmufvkyfcJhonf/ wdkufrif;BuD;½Hk;rSm 1902-ckwGif aqmufvkyf
NyD;pD;onf/ aiG(43100)usyf ukefusonf/
NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;
wpfzufuvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ&m;taqmufttHkrsm;udk aqmuf
vkyf&if; t*Fvdyfrsm; rsufESmjzLrsm;\ usef;rma&;&&SdrItwGuf NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;
a&;udk vkyfudkifvm&onf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUudk 1874-ck?
atmufwdkbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ ,if;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif
tzGJU0if (12)OD;yg0ifonf/ xdk (12)OD;ukd Oa&mywdkufom;(3)OD;? &cdkif
trsdK;om;(4)OD;? r[mar'if(3)OD;? [dE´L(2)OD;jzifh cGJa0xm;onf/ xdktcsdK;
tpm;udk Munfhjcif;jzifh rsufESmjzL t*Fvdyfrsm;onf rnfrQtxd tcGifhta&;
,laMumif; odEdkifonf/ vlrsm;pkjzpfaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;xuf rsm;jym;aom
tcsdK;xuf ydkírsm;jym;aMumifh awGU&onf/ olwkdY\ tcGifhta&; &,lEdkifa&;
twGuf þuJhodkY ,lxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
rsufESmjzLrsm;\ tusdK;twGufudk OD;wnfí aq;½Hk;rsm; aqmufvkyf
vmonf/ 1864-ckwGif aq;½HkrSm tcef;(2)cef;om yg0ifonf/ wpfcef;udk
O&mywdkufom;rsm;twGuf oD;oefYae&m,lxm;onf/ usefwpfcef;udk tdEd,
vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ ckwif(46)vHk;qHhaom taqmufttHkudk 1879-
ckwGif xyfrHí aqmufvkyfonf/ 1906-ckwGif ckwif (120)txdxm; Edkif
onfh taqmufttHkudk wdk;csJUvmonfudk awGU&onf/ rdef;rcef;udk apwem
&Sifrsm;jzpfaom rpöwm rm&uefESif h OD;&Jausmfol-a':oEÅmjzLwdk Yu
aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;onf/ OD;&Jausmfol-a':oEÅmjzLwdkYxHrS tqdkyg rdef;rcef;
twGuf usyfaiG (3700)udk vSL'gef;aMumif; od&onf/
ppfawGNrdKUwnfptcsdeftcgu aomufa&oHk;a&udk a&wGif; a&uef
rsm;rS toHk;jyKMuonf/ &cdkiftmZmenf a';0ef;OD;atmifausmf&TDaumif;rI
a&uefonf ,ckxufwdkif 'dk;0ef;&Gm (ajrmuf)rSm &Sdygao;onf/ tcsdKUaom
a&wGif;a&uefrsm;rSm roefY&Sif;rIaMumifh 0rf;a&m*grsm; jzpfMuonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU a&aumif;a&oefY &&Sda&; pDrHudef;wpf&yfudk 1899
ckwGif oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;u csrSwfMuonf/ 1905-ckusrS tqdkyg
pDrHudef;udk twnfjyKvkyfonf/ vkyfief;udk pwifvkyfudkifonfrSm 1906-ck
jrxGef;atmif142
pDrHudef;twGuf tpdk;&u cGifhjyKaiGrSm(3)odef;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif trSef
wu,f ukefusaiGrSm(400815)usyf jzpfygonf/ 1912-ckrSm ydkufvHk;rsm;jzifh
wdk;csJUwyfqifvmonf/
ppfawGNrdKUwGif aps;BuD;(2)aps;&Sdonf/ NrdKUraps;BuD;ESifh a&Tjym;aps;BuD;
jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm jrLeDpDy,faps;rsm; jzpf onf/ NrdKUraps;BuD;onf yxrwGif
yk*¾vduydkif jzpfonf/ bvkwfb&m;om; (Bulloch Bros) ukrÜPDxHrS jrLeD
pDy,fu 1876-ckwGif usyfaiG(15000)ESifh 0,f,lvdkufonf/ xdkaps;rSm
1879-ckwGif rD;avmifuRrf;jcif; cH&onf/ xdkESpfrSm topfjyefvnf
aqmufvkyfonf/ a&Tjym;aps;udk 1874-ckrSm aqmufvkyfonf[k od&onf/
ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUonf NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;twGuf a&ajrmif;rsm;
azmufvkyfvmonf/ trIdufo½dkufrsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef odrf;,lvmonf/
odkY&mwGif rsufESmjzLrsm;ESifh vufa0cH vlwef;pm;rsm; aexdkif&mppfawGNrdKU\
awmifydkif;rSmom oefY&Sif;rI &Sdonf/ ajrmufydkif;rSm usef;rma&;nDñGwfrIr&Sd?
ajrmuf ydkif;rSm qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh
(Water Borne)ac:aom a&m*grsm;jzpfMuonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwpfNrdKUvHk;udk NcHKí
MunfhvQif usef;rma&;twGuf jyK jyif&efvdktyfcsufrsm;pGm &Sdaeao;onf/
1871-ck? Zlvd kifv (7)&ufaeYxkwf (Arakan News) owif;pmrSm
qmtmcsDabm (Sir Archbald) uG,fvGefojzifh owd&0rf;enf;aMumif;udk
azmfjyonf/ ,if;azmfjy&mwGif--
]]ppfawGESifh &cdkifom;rsm;onf qmtmcsDabmudk aus;Zl;wif&rnf
jzpfonf/ ppfawGodkY ola&mufpwGif csHKEG,fydwfaygif;rsm; xlxyfonf/ &THUñGef
rsm;onf/ iSufzsm;a&m*g xlajymonf/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;twGuf ocsØKif;
ajr[kac:&ravmuf jzpfonf/ ol\tjrifus,frIaMumifh a&ajrmif;rsm;
azmufvkyfjcif;? opfyifrsm;udk pepfwus pdkufysdK;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfaponf/
,if;aMumifh NrdKU&GmvSyoefY&Sif;vmonf/ pyg;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;wGif
us,fatmif jyKvkyfcJhavonf}}[k azmfjycsD;usL;xm;onf/
rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl ppfawGNrdKU\awmifydkif;onf oefY&Sif;rI&Sd
oavmuf ajrmufydkif;rSm oefY&Sif;rIenf;NyD; a&m*gxlajymaomae&m jzpfonf/
taMumif;rl awmifbufydkif;onf rsufESmjzL jAL½dku&ufrsm;? t*Fvdyft&if;&Sif
ukrÜPDrsm;rS t&m&Sdt&mcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vufa0cHvlwpfpk\ aexdkif
&m jzpfaejcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ olwdkYaexdkif&m a'oudk oeYf&Sif;oxuf
oefY&Sif;atmif? vSoxufvSatmif jyKjyifonf/ rGrf;rHonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 143
twGuf oufn§mcGifhum; r&Sd? tcGefaumufcHEIef; olwdkYaqmif&aom tcGefESifh
um; rjcm;rem; &Sdonf/ tcsdK;tqvdkuf aumufcHMuonf/ wpfzufrSvnf;
awmifydkif;rSvlrsm;u ajrmufydkif;rSvlrsm;udk ESdrfhcsí ajymwwfMuonf/ a'ocGJ
pdwf"mwf? &yfuGufcGJ pdwf"mwfrsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;
pdk;rdk;csdefrSm tacgiftzsm;odkY a&mufaeMuonf/ ,if;odkY a'ocGJpdwf"mwfudk
e,fcsJU t*Fvdyfrsm;onf tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; ppfawGNrdKU vlxktcsif;csif;
uGJatmif&efwdkufay;jcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/ &cdkifvlxktcsif;csif; uGJatmifvnf;
jyKvkyfMuonf/
pD;yGm;a&;pD;yGm;a&;pD;yGm;a&;pD;yGm;a&;pD;yGm;a&;
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rSm t&if;&Sif ,EÅ&m;ESifh
udkufnDatmif jyKjyifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ydkif;rSmvnf; olwdkYvdk&m qGJEdkifatmif
jyKjyifvmonf/ olwdkY tusdK;tjrwftwGuf vufa0cH vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh
jAL½dku&ufrsm;udk arG;xkwfMuonf/ vufa0cHvlwef;pm;onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;
rsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkY&cdkifv,form;rsm;xHrS qefpyg;rsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf 0,f,l
&&SdEdkifonf/ &&Sdaomqefpyg;rsm;udk t*Fvdyft&if;&SifukrÜPDodkYwpfqifh
a&mif;pm;Muonf/ v,form;rsm;um; olwdkYv,f,mxGufypönf;rsm;udk
wdkuf½dkufa&mif;0,fEdkifcGifh tvGefenf;yg;atmif jyKvkyfxm;onf/
vufa0cHrsm;udk tjrwftenf;tusOf;ay;onf/ t&if; &SifukrÜPD
rsm;onf olwdkY&&Sdaom pyg;rsm;udk Oa&mywdkuf a'orsm;odkY olwdkYBudKufaps;
twdkif; a&mif;csMuonf/ vufa0cHrsm;onf t&if;&SifukrÜPDrsm;rS &&Sdaom
aMu;aiGrsm;jzifh csrf;omvmMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; t*Fvdyfpm oifMum;
aponf/ wwfajrmufvmaomtcg e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;
taqmufttHkrSm taxmuftul jzpfaponf/ olwdkYonf &cdkifvlxk
tusdK;xuf rdrdwdk YtusdK;udkom MunfhwwfMuonf/ ,if;odk Y e,fcsJU
t*Fvdyfrsm;onf t&if;&SifpDyGm;a&; pepfudk cdkifrmatmif jyKvkyfvmonf/
wpfzufrSvnf; pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tqifajyatmif bPfvkyfief;
rsm;udk vkyfudkifvmonf/ b*Fvm;bPf (Bank of Bengal)? csmwmbPf
tdEd, (Chartred Bank of India) MopaMw;vsbPfESifhw½kwfbPfcGJrsm;udk
ppfawGNrdKUwGif zGifhvSpfvmonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;xJrS OD;&JausmfolbPf?
OD;ay:xGef;atmifbPfponfjzifh bPfvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifMuonf/
,if;bPfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fNyD; aiGwdk;acs;pm; olrsm;ay:vmonf/ aiGwdk;
jrxGef;atmif144
acs;olrsm;onf tqdkygbPfrsm;rS twdk;tenf;tusOf;ESifh aiGacs;,lMu
onf/ xdkrS&vmaom aiGrsm;jzifh v,form;rsm;udkwpfqifh twdk;aiGrsm;jzifh
acs;jyefonf/ ,if;pepfonf bPfvkyfief; vkyfudkifEdkifol wpfpkESifh vufa0cH
vlenf;pkomaumif;pm;NyD; trsm;pkrSm qif;&Jwm&Snf aponf/
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;
e,fcs JUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;twGuf
bPfvkyfief;rsm;udk wpfzufu vkyfudkifapNyD; wpfzufrSvnf; vrf;yef;
qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;udk olwdkYtusdK;tjrwf tay:rlwnfí wdk;csJUoifhonfh
twdkif;twmtxd wdk;csJUvmonf/ ukef;vrf;c&D;rSm ppfawGNrdKUrS a&csrf;jyifxd
wpfvrf;? ppfawGNrdKUrS ausmufwef;txdwpfvrf;&Sdonf/ ,if;vrf;rsm;rSm
uwå↦vrf;jzpfNyD; armfawmfum; tcsdefra&G; oGm;vm Edkifaom vrf;rsm;
jzpfonf/ tjcm;a'orsm;odkY ukefvrf;jzifh oGm;vmEdkifjcif;r&Sd? wpfenf;
qdk&ygvQif ukef;vrf;qufoG,fa&;rSm ppfawGNrdKUESifh qifajczHk;wpf0dkuf
avmufom oGm;vmEdkifonf/ tjcm;NrdKU&Gmrsm;odkY oGm;vm&efrSm t"du
a&vrf;udkom tm;udk;ae&onf/
1887-cktcsdeftxd a&vrf;c&D;rSmvnf; aumif;rGef jcif;r&Sdao;yg/
ppfawGbl;oD;awmif? ppfawGyvuf0NrdKUrsm;odkY aES;auG;vSaom oabFmrsm;
jzifh oGm;vm&onf/ ,if;oabFm rsm;udk tpdk;&u csKyfudkifxm;onf/ 1889-
ckwGif tpdk;& oabFmrsm;rSm oHk;r&atmif jzpfvmonf/ rpöwma':qif
(Mr. Dawson)qdkol rsufESmjzLwpfOD; oabFmukrÜPDwnfaxmif ajy;qGJonf/
rpöwma':qifESifhtNydKif yg&DNrdKUom;wpfOD;vnf; oabFmvkyfief;udk vkyfudkif
vmonf/ xdkyk*d¾KvfrSm t½HI;ay:ojzifh vkyfief;udk &yfvdkuf&onf/ 1893-
ckwGif rpöwm a':qifESifhtNydKif uyÜwdefbyfref (Captain Backman) qdkol
onf oabFmvkyfief;udk ppfawGNrdKUwGif vkyfudkifvmjyefonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfrSm
vnf; t½HI;ESifhom &ifqdkif&jyefonf/ rpöwma':qif\ oabFmukrÜPDrSm
vnf; rpöwma':qif uG,fvGefonfhESpf 1899-ckrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;onf/
1900-jynfh Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYrSm rpöwm tm? at paumh (Mr.R.A
Scott) qdkolonf ]&cdkifoabFmukrÜPD} (Arakan Flotilla Company)udk
wnfaxmifonf/ ,if;ukrÜPDrSm oufwrf;t&SnfqHk; jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg
ukrÜPDrsm;onf &cdkifwdkif;a&aMumif; oGm;vma&; vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkif
MuaomukrÜPDrsm; jzpfMuonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 145
jynfwGif;a&aMumif;oGm;vma&;om ppfawGNrdKUvrf;yef; qufoG,f
a&;twGuf ta&;BuD;onfr[kwf? yifv,ful; oabFmvrf;aMumif;rSmvnf;
ta&;BuD;onf/ aqmif;OD;aygufrSonf aEGtukef rdk;tul;txd ppfawG
qdyfurf;wpfavQmufrSm yifv,ful;oabFmrsm; jynfhESufvsuf &SdMuonf/
,if;oabFmrsm; tvG,fwuloGm;vmEdkif&eftwGuf rD;jywdkufESpfckudk
wnfaqmufxm;onf/ wpfckudk ppfawGNrdKUqdyfurf;t0if qJApfuref;
(Savage Island) ay:rSm wnfxm;onf/ av;csrf; awmifrD;jy[k ac:onf/
,ck tGdKufpwmrD;jy (Oyster Light-House) jzpfonf/ ,if;tGdKifpwmrD;jy
onf ppfawGNrdKU\ taemufajrmufbuf&Sd tGdKufpwmuRef; (Oyster Reef)
ay:rSm wnf&Sdonf/ ppfawGqdyfurf;t0ifrSm&Sdaom av;csrff;awmif rD;jyudk
1844-ckrSm aqmufvkyfonf/ tjrifhay(138)ay jrifhonf/ ,ckvuf&Sd
tjrifhtwdkif;udk 1891-ckrSm wdk;csJUjyK vkyfonf/ ,if;rD;jywdkufrS rD;rsm;udk
ntcsdefrSm(14)rdkif0ef;usifrS jrif&onf/ tGdKufpwmrD;jyudk 1876-ckrSm
aqmufvkyf NyD;pD;onf/
yifv,ful;oabFmrsm; qdkufuyfEdkifatmifvnf; oabFmqdyfurf;
aumif;udk jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ,ckvuf&Sd ppfawGNrdKU aqmifawmfBuD;rSm
t&Snfay(608)ay&Sdonf/ 'DuscsdefrSm a&eufay(23)ay&Sdonf/ ,if;
azmifawmfBuD;rSm t*Fvdyftu©&m (wD)yHk &Sdonf/ azmifawmfBuD; (wHwm;BuD;)
\ ajrmufbufrSm w½kwftrsdK;om; t[def;qdkolwnfxm;aom azmifawmf
BuD;wHwm;&Sdonf/ xdkazmifawmfrSm armfawmfbkwfrsm;? avmif;avSrsm;
qdkufuyfMuonf/ t[def; azmifawmfrSm NrdKUraps;BuD;ESifh wpfqufwnf;&dS
ojzifh aps;BuD; azmifawmf[kvnf; ac:Muonf/ azmifawmfBuD;\ awmif
bufrSm ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom azmifawmf(wHwm;) wpfckvnf; &Sdonf/
,if;azmifawmf(wHwm;)rSm tpdk;&trI xrf;rsm;? t&m&Sdrsm; a&aMumif;
c&D;xGuf&mwGif toHk;jyKonf/ rif;BuD;ausmufwef;[lívnf; ac:Muonf/
tjcm;jynfwGif; oGm;oabFmrsm; qdkufuyf&eftwGufudk qyf½dk;usacsmif;rSm
jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf olwdkYpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; taxmuftul
jzpf&eftwGuf pmwdkufESifhaMu;eef;vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifvmonf/ ppfawGNrdKU&Sd
pmwdkufBuD;onf &cdkifwdkif;&Sd a'otm;vHk;odkY pmay;pm,l jyKvkyfonf/
&efukef? uvuwåm;NrdKUrsm;odkY wpfywfvQif ESpfBudrfus NAdwdef? tdEd´,
rD;oabFmBuD; rsm;jzifh atmufwdkbmv yxrtywfrS arvtv,ftxd
jrxGef;atmif146
pmrsm;udk ppfawGpmwdkufrS jzefYa0ay;onf/ rdk;&moDrSm wpfywfvQif
wpfBudrfus &efukefESifh uvuwåm;NrdKUrsm;odkY rD;oabFmBuD;jzifh ppfawG
pmwdkufBuD;rSm jzefYa0ay;onf/
1864-ckwGif &efukef umvuwåm;NrdKUrsm;odkY aMu;eef; qufoG,frIudk
ppfawGrS jyKvkyfvmEdkifonf/ NrdKUe,frsm;ESifhvnf; aMu;eef;qufoG,frIudk
1905-ckaemufydkif;rSm jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ w,fvDzkef;rsm;udkvnf; ppfawGNrdKUrSm
wyfqifvm&m 1915ck? Zefe0g&Dv 1&ufaeYrSm w,fvDzkef;vHk;a&(67)vHk;
&Sdonf/
rnfokd Yyifqdkapumrl ppfawGNrdKUay:rSvGJvQif oGm;vma&;ESifh
qufoG,fa&;rSm cufcJonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; csdKUwJhrIonf e,fcsJU
orm;rsm;twGuf tcGifhaumif;wpf&yfyif jzpfaeonf/ wpfa'oESifh
wpfa'o txiftjrifvGJrIrsm; jzpfay:aponf/ tjcm;a'orsm;rSm oGm;vm
qufoG,fa&;twGuf acsmif;i,f? ajrmif;i,frsm;udk 0g;wHwm;rsm;jzifhvnf;
aumif;? opfwHk;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif; jyKvkyfxm;onf/ xdkwHwm;rsm;ay:wGif
Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; oGm;vma&;rSm rvG,fulacs/ ppfawGESifh rdkiftenf;i,f
a0;aom ae&mrsm;odkYyif Oa&mywdkufom; rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm; wpfcgrQ
ra&muf zl;aMumif;udk qm[maA; (Sir Harvey)tm; olBuD;wpfOD;u
ajymzl;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; nHhzsif;rIESifh
ywfoufí qm[maA;u qufvufazmfjy&mwGif-
]]ppfawGNrKdUudk wnfaxmifonfrSm ESpfaygif;(60)&SdNyD; jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwdkYonf taumuftcGefrsm;udk jrefrmjynf tjcm;a'orsm;xuf
ydkrdkaumufcHMuonf/ odkY&mwGif vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; aumif;rGefNyD;
vlxktusdK;twGuf aiGaMu;wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS roHk;ao;}}[k 1866-ck
a&;ol\ rSwfwrf;rSm a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
wpfzef vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; nHhzsif;yHkudk qm[maA; rSwfwrf;
ra&;rD(10)ESpfcefY 1876-ck Edk0ifbmv(4)&ufaeYxkwf (Araken News)
owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f azmfjycJhzl;onf/ aqmif;yg;&SifrSm (Old
Araken) trnfcH a*stdk*sDA,f a[; (J-Ogilvy Hay) jzpfonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfrSm
ppfawGrEÅav; w½kwfjynf vrf;azmufvkyfa&; aqmif;yg;udk (Araken News)
owif;pmrSm a&;om;tBuHay;ol jzpfonf/ azmfjyygaqmif; yg;wGif---
]]&cdkifwdkif;onf NAdwdoQtvHawmfatmufrSm ESpfaygif;(50)&SdNyD jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGifrdkif(50)rQaomvrf;yif r&Sdao;/ olwdkYxHrS &&Sdaom tcGef
taumufrSm wpfESpfvQifodef;(20)jzpfonf}}[ka&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 147
ynma&;ynma&;ynma&;ynma&;ynma&;
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udk e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkY vspfvsL½I xm;onf/
,if;rSm olwdkYtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf taxmuftul wpf&yfyif r[kwfygvm;/
wpfzufrSm vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; rnDrQaom uRefynm
a&;pepfudk tpm;xdk; vmonf/ &cdkifwdkif;udk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm; rodrf;rD
tcsdeftcgu ynma&;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rSm oifMum;&ygonf/
xdkynma&;pepfrSm &cdkifwdkif;twGuf tH0ifcGifusrI &SdcJhaomfvnf; e,fcsJU
orm;rsm;twGufum; rvdkvm;tyfaomtajcodkY a&muf&Sdaeayonf/
xdkpepfudk y,fzsufNyD; olwdkYudk tvkyftauR;jyKrnfjzpfaom uRefynma&;udk
tpm;xdk;vmjcif; jzpfonf/ tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;ESifh t&if;&SifukrÜPDrsm;wGif
vcpm;rsm;tjzpf0ifa&muf xrf;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf olwdkYoifay;aom
ynm&yfrsm;udk &cdkifwdkif;rS aiGaMu;wwfEdkifolrsm;u tav;ay; oif,l
vmMuonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif t*Fvdyfpmoif ausmif;r&SdrDtcsdeftcgu
tdEd,odkY oGm;a&mufí t*Fvdyfpmudk oif,l&avonf/
tdEd,odkY oGm;a&mufroifMum;Edkifolrsm;twGuf t*Fvdyf-jrefrm
txufwef;ausmif;udk 1846-ckwGif ppfawGNrdKUrSm zGifhvSpfonf/ ,if;ausmif;
rSm ajrwdkif;ynmoifwef;udkvnf; wGJzufzGifhxm;onf/ ausmif;zGifhpwGif
ausmif;om;OD;a& rnffrQoifMum;cJhaMumif;udk rod&aomfvnf; 1861-62ck
wGif ausmif;om; 107-a,muf &Sdonf/ 1903-ckodkY a&mufvmaomtcg
ausmif;om;OD;a& (343)a,muftxd wdk;jrifhvmonfudk awGU&onf/ 1917-
ckrSm ausmif;om; (564)a,muftxd ynmoifMum;vsuf &SdaeNyD jzpfonf/
ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om; (75)a,mufqHhaom taqmifwpfckudkvnf;
yl; wGJxm;onf/ ,if;ausmif;udk ausmif;zGifhonfhESpfrSpí tpdk;& u
wdkuf½dkufcsKyfudkifvm&m 1879-ckwGif jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUodkY vTJajymif;ay;vdkuf
onf/ wpfzef 1913wGif jyefvnfí tpdk;&csKyfudkifrIatmufodkY odrf;oGif;
vdkufygonf/
tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;tjyif c&pf,mefomoemjyK txufwef;
ausmif;wpfausmif;vnf;&Sdonf/ xdkausmif;udk 1890-cku pwifzGifhvSpf
onf/ Oa&mywdkufom;uav;i,frsm;wGuf oifMum;&ef oD;oefYoifwef;rsm;
&S donf/ tpdk;&xHrS axmufyH haiG wpfESpfvQif oHk;aomif;pD&onf/
ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm;twGufvnf; oD;jcm;ausmif;rsm; jyKvkyf
xm;onf/
jrxGef;atmif148
1867-ck 68ckavmufwGif ppfawGNrdKUrSm rdef;uav; ausmif;wpf
ausmif; zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ xdkausmif;rsm tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcHausmif;
r[kwfyg/ jrLeDpDy,f rlvwef;ausmif; jzpfonf/ tjcm;rdef;uav;ausmif;
wpfckrSm Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;\ orD;twGuf (Mrs. Lacker Steen)
tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcH omoemjyKrdef;uav;ausmif; jzpfonf/
1885-ckESpfu ppfawGNrdKU jrLeDpDy,fausmif;wGif ausmif;ol (35)a,mufESifh
omoemjyKrdef;uav;ausmif;wGif (23)a,mufrQom &Sdonf[k ynma&;
tpD&ifcHpmt& od&onf/ q&mtwwfoif aemfrHausmif;wGif 1881-
ckESpfu ausmif;om; (10)a,mufom&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh
q&mtwwfoif aemfrHausmif;rSm tqdkygESpf 0ef;usifavmufwGif zGifhEdkif
aMumif; cefYrSef;&onf/ ,if;ausmif;ESifhtwl vufrIynmoifausmif;udkyg
wGJzufzGifhxm;onf/
trsdK;om;ausmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;
tqdkygausmif;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfoifMum;ae&mrS 1920-ck aemufydkif;rSm
trsd K;om;txufwef;ausmif;ud k wnfaqmufMuonf/ trsd K;om;
txufwef;ausmif;rSm 1920-ck &efukef wuúodkvfausmif;om;oydwf\
uGif;qufwpfck jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif; zGif hptcsdefuqdkvQif
taqmufttHkrnfrnf&& r&Sdao;yg/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif pmoifMu&
onf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:&Sd vlBuD;rsm; jzpfaom OD;xGef;ay:? OD;t'dk;? OD; aZmfa*g?
OD;jrxGef;? OD;apmvSatmifponfh vlBuD;rsm;ESifh vli,frsm; yl;aygif;í
taqmufttHk &efyHkaiGrsm;udk NrdKUwGif vSnfhvnfaumufcHMuonf/ &&Sdaom
aiGudk OD;aZmfa*guOD;pD;í aqmufvkyfonf/ aqmufvkyfcaiGudk r,l[k
od&onf/ yxrausmif;rSm 0g;ausmif;jzpfonf/ aemufrS opfom;ausmif;
aqmufvkyfonf/ ausmif;yHkrSm t*Fvdyftu©&m (t,fvf)yHk jzpfonf/
'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u ausmif;rSmvHk;0ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ppfNyD;acwf
aemufydkif;rSm jyefvnfzGifhvSpf Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/ ,ck trsdK;om;ausmif;
ae&mrSm awmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeonf/
trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;\ yxrqHk;ausmif;tkyf BuD;rSm
OD;xGef;atmif jzpfonf/ aemuf&cd ki fwd ki f;zGm; rlqvifbmom0if
rpöwmaZmfe'if (Mr. Zaunuddin) jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rSm
ausmif;q&m(30)OD;cefY&Sdonf[k od&onf/ OD;armifjrOD;? OD;at;csrf;?
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 149
OD;omEdkYatmif (uG,fvGef)? OD;a&T xGef;? OD;bdk;jrpdef? OD;atmifxGef;OD; (uG,fvGef)?
OD;ausmfOD; (uG,fvGef)? OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;atmifomOD; ponfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm;
rSm trsdK;om;ausmif; pwifwnfaxmifpuyg&Sdvmaom ausmif;q&mrsm;
jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm (700)cefY &Sdonf[k od&onf/ (6)vwpfBudrf
twef;wifpmar;yGJppfonf/ oli,fwef;rS (11)wef;txd&Sdonf/ trsdK;om;
ausmif;onf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; udkvdkeDynma&;udk qefYusif&mrS ay:vm
aom ausmif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;&Sdq&mrsmonf vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;
rsm;onf vnf;aumif; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk cg;oD;pGm &GHrkef;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
aemifaomtcgwGif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;tiftm;pkjzpfvmrnfh tjrKawrsm;udk
þausmif;rS arG;xkwfay;vdkufonfqdku rSm;rnfrxifyg/
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh vrf;yef; qufoG,f
a&;rsm;udkvnf; t&if;&SifyHkpHtwdkif; wnfaqmuf vdkufonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;
rSm vlwef;pm;jyóemay:vmonf/ wpfzufu t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;?
vufa0cH vlwef;pm;ESifh jAL½dku&ufrsm;? tjcm;wpfzufrSm tzdESdyfcHrsm;ESifh
rsdK;cspftiftm;pkrsm;vnf; zdESdyfrIrsm;udk wGef;vSefMuonf/ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk
&GH&Smrkef;wD;onf/ odkYESifh&cdkifwdkif;wGif e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf t&if;&Sif
pD;yGm;a&;pepf tajccsrdonfESifh wpfcsdefwnf;rSm rif;om;BuD;a&Tbef;?
a';0ef;BuD;atmifausmf&TD? NrdKolBuD;atmifausmfZHponfh rsdK;cspftmZmenfrsm;
onf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk awmfvSefMuonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkYrSm &cdkifwdkif;\
ayGOD;vm awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ awmf vSefa&;acgif;aqmif
rif;om;BuD; a&Tbef;\tbrSm tif;0odkY oHkYyef;tjzpfESifhac:aqmifjcif;cH&ol
jzpfonf/ rif;om;BuD;rSmvnf; tif;0odkYygcJh&ol jzpfonf/ a';0efBuD;
atmifausmfZHrSm Adkvfcsif;yHs\ a,mufzawmfol jzpfonf/ NrdKUolBuD;
atmifausmfZHrSm Adkvfcsif;ysH\wlawmfolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ ,if;acgif; aqmif
rsm;rSm wpfcsdefu t*Fvdyfrsm;xHwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;cJhMuolrsm; jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKU ar,lvrf;rBuD;&Sd qdyfwdkufanmifyifpcef;udk xdkyk*d¾Kvf
wdkYu awmfvSefa&;vQdKU0Sufpcef;tjzpf toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ ,if;pcef;rS
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;udk 1827-ckrSpí awmfvSefMuonf/ 1836-cktxd
(9)ESpfcefYMumaom awmfvSefa&;udk qifETJcJhMuonf/ opömazmufwpfOD;\
vufcsufaMumifh awmfvSefa&;qHk;½HI;cJhonf/ rsdK;cspftmZmenfrsm;\ awmfvSef
jrxGef;atmif150
a&;vkyf&yfrsm;udk ao;odrfrIjzpfap&eftwGuf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf &ufpuf
Murf;MuKwfolrfsm;? toa&r&Sdolrsm;tjzpf ,if;yk*d¾Kvfrsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wif
xm;onf/ odkYaomf xdkrsdK;cspfrsm;um; ,if;odkYr[kwfacs/ trsdK;udkcspfonf/
olUuRef rcHvdkMuyg/ opömazmufrsm;udk urÇmtqufqufwdkif rauscsrf;cJh
yg/ þonfwdkYudk tmZmenfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\vuf&mrsm;jzpfaom aoG;armfuGef;
&wkrsm;u oufaoxlcJhonf/
,if;aemuf &cdkifwdkif;rSm e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm; qufwdkuf
ay:cJhonf/ 1870-71ckrSm OD;armifjzL? 1888-ckwGif armifbifESifh AdkvfiwdkY
onf ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,frS t*Fvdyfrsm;tm;awmfvSefMuonf/ 1890-ckrSm
&aohawmif? ausmufawmf? ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,frsm;wGif OD;MumxGef;? OD;a&TvS?
Adkvfvmb? Adkvfausmf0wdkYu wpfzefawmfvSefMuonf/ olwdkYudkvnf; vlqdk;
olcdk;[lí e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;u rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf
,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkYvkyf&yfrsm;u oufaoxlcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
OD;csif;azmfESifhom;jzpfol OD;azmfatmifwdkYvnf; 1891-ck? pufwifbm
vavmufrSpí ar,lurf;ajc? r*FvmBuD; awmifajratmufpcef;uaeNyD;
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk awmfvSefMuonf/ OD;csif;azmfrSm ulawmif&Gm\
oHk;q,fajrmufjzpfaom uRef;tkyfBuD; jzpfonf/ OD;azmfatmifrSm ppfawGNrdKUodkY
oGm;a&mufynmoifMum;ap&m (7)ESpfwGif (7)wef;udk atmifjrifcJhonf[k
qdkonf/ i,fpOfuyif pmayusrf;*efESifh &cdkif&mZ0iftapmifapmifudk
avhvmzl;ol jzpfojzifh e,fcsJU t*Fvdyfrsm;udk rkef;wD;ol jzpfaeonf/
OD;csif;azmfESifhom;jzpfol OD;azmfatmifwdkY\ awmfvSef a&;vkyfief;
onf t*Fvdyfrsm;tm; tBuD;tus,fwkefvIyfaponf/ 1892-ck? azazmf0g&D
vrSm rsdK;cspftmZmenf ESpfOD;udk zrf;qD;rdonf/ ppfawGtusOf;axmifrSm
csKyfaESmifxm;onf/ tcsKyfcHaepOf ppfawGaxmif axmifxrI jzpfyGm;onf/
t*FvdyfvlrsdK; axmifrSL;wpfOD; aoqHk;onf/ oufqdkif&mtmPm ydkifrsm;u
½kef;&if;qefcwfrIudk aoewfypfNyD; ESdrfeif;&onf/ vltrsm;tjym; aoqHk;
&onf/ t*FvdyfaxmifrSL; aoqHk;& aom trIrSm OD;azmfatmifu olESifhom
qdkifonfqdkNyD; ay; aomtjypfudk cH,lonf/ OD;azmfatmifudk tmPmydkifrsm;
u ao'Pfay;vdkufonf/ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;acgif;aqmifrSm a&wdrfepf&&Sm
jyefonf/
odkYaomf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;t&Sdefonf &cdkifwdkif;wGif NidrfcJhonf[lí
um; r&SdcJhygacs/ jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; e,fcsJUvufatmuf usa&mufonfhtcg
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 151
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;a&;udk tav;ay;cJhaom q&mawmf
OD;OwårrSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJhaomfvnf; ppfawGNrfdKUrSm taeenf;cJhonf/
EdkifiHjcm; NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ rsdK;cspf
pdwfjyif;jyatmif jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk;udk tNrJvHIUaqmfaecJh onfrSm b0ewfxH
ysHvGefawmfrlonftxd jzpfonf/
NrdKUBuD;jyBuD; urÇmtESHYa&mufzl;aomfvnf; rdrd\Zmwd&yfajrudkum;
rarhyg/ q&mawmftm; t*FvdyfwpfOD;u rnfonfha'owGif ae&onfrSm
taysmfqHk;enf;/ rnfonfh tm[m&onf taumif;qHk;enf;[k ar;onf/
q&mawmfu rdrdonf ppfawGNrdKU ½ly&Gmacsmif;em;wef;rSm taysmfqHk;jzpf
onf/ qmaeonfhtcg pm;&aomtpmonf taumif;qHk;[k ajzMum;cJh
onf[k Mum;zl;ygonf/ ppfawGNrdKU ½ly&Gmacsmif;em;wef;udk aysmfp&m
taumif;qHk;[kqdkvdkufjcif;onfrSm q&mawmfonf a'opGJjzifhajzMum;
vdkufjcif; r[kwfyg/ rdrd\b0ESifh arG;&yfajrudk rarhaMumif; azmfxkwfjcif;om
jzpfwef&monf/
OD;rJatmif? OD;pdefvSatmifwdkYvnf; q&mawmfwdkYESifh wpfcsdefwnf;
yif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifMuavonf/ xdkyk*d¾Kvfrsm;rSm
ppfawGNrdKUrSjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfrbufrSmom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; t&Sdef
t[kefonf wpf[kefxdk;wufaeonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rSonf e,fcsJU
qefYusifa&;rSm xdyfydkif;rSyg0ifcJhaomtoif; jzpfonf/ &cdkifbufrSm &cdkif
wdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtpnf;t½Hk;onf xif&Sm;onf/ ,if; tpnf;t½Hk; ray:rDu
xif&Sm;aomtoif;rsm;rSm &cdkifjynftoif;? vli,frsm;Edk;Mum;a&;toif;?
&cddkifwdkif;vHk;qkdif&m BuD;yGm;a&;tzGJUcsKyfESifh wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ ,if;tzGJUrsm; wnfae&monf ppfawGNrdKUrSmyif jzpfonf/
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m BuD;yGm;a&;tzGJUcsKyfudk 1930-ck? Edk0ifbmv
avmufrSm zGJUpnf;onf/ xdktzGJUrSm q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm(ysHvGef)? q&mawmf
OD;ynmoD[wdkYrSm em,ursm; jzpfMuonf/ a&SUae OD;jrxGef;? OD;ausmfcdkif?
OD;xGef;pdef(eE´rmvm)? OD;bdk;cdkif? OD;atmifomOD; tp&Sdaomyk*d¾Kvfrsm; yg0if
onf/ wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;rSm OD;atmifxGef;OD; (uG,fvGef)? OD;pHa&T
('dkYvuf½Hk;)? OD;bpH ("npH)paom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; yg0ifonf/ xdktoif; (2)oif;rSm
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;rIudk t"dutav;xm;aom
toif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;wlaom toif;rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;
aMumifh wpfckwnf;aomtoif;jzpfajrmufEdkifa&;twGuf ppfawGNrdKU&Sd wefcdk;
jrxGef;atmif152
q&mawmfausmif;wGif ESpfzufaomtoif; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; n§dEIdif;Muonf/
,if;aemuf 1937-ck? 'DZifbmvtwGif;rSm ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;
tpnf;t½Hk;}}udk wnDwñGwfwnf; wnfaxmifMuavonf/ ,if;wGif
em,ursm;tjzpf q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm (ysHvGef)? OD;ynmoD[wdkY jzpfonf/
OD;omZHvS (uG,fvGef)rSm Ouú|? OD;atmifxGef;OD; (uG,fvGef)rSm 'k-Ouú|rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ xdktpnf;t½Hk;rSm ppfBudKacwfESifh ppftwGif;tcgu &cdkifwdkif;
wGif tiftm;t&Sd qHk;aom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;toif;yif jzpfonf/
xdktoif;BuD;\ t&Sdeft[kef aumif;wkef;tcsdefrSm 'kwd,urÇmppf
onf jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY ul;pufvmonf/ e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf jrefrmjynf
rS atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGm&onf/ zufqpf*syefrsm; ,if;ae&modkY tpm;xdk;
0ifvmcJhavonf/ &cdkifwdkif;odkYvnf; zufqpf*syefrsm; csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvm
awmhonf/ &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m tpnf;t½Hk;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf *syefrsm;
ra&mufrD tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pD;aqmif&Guf ae&onf/ &yf&GmNidrf0yf
a&;udk BudK;pm;&onf/ OD;atmifxGef;OD;rSm txl;c½dkif0ef&mxl;udk xrf;aqmif
&onf/ wdkif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmifae&if; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfav,mOfrS
ypfcsvdkufaom AHk;'PfaMumifh 1943-ck? arv(3)&ufaeYrSm uG,fvGefoGm;
&&Smavonf/
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vGwfvyfrI pdppfa&;aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;odkYwuf&if; a&m*guk&ef &efukefodkY
1943-ck? arvtwGif; vdkufvmonf/ OD;omZHvSrSm &efukefjynfolU aq;½Hk
BuD;wGif ,if;v twGif;rSm uG,fvGefjyefonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfESpfOD; qHk;½HI;&jcif;rSm
&cdkifjynftwGuf BuD;rm;aom qHk;½HI;rIwpf&yf jzpfonf/
odkYaomf &cdkifwdkif\ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh zufqpfawmf vSefa&;
onf t&Sdefum; avsmhroGm;acs/ ,if;vkyfief;udk usef&pfol vlBuD;vli,frsm;
u usa&muf&mrS wm0efudkod&SdpGm xrf;Muonf/ wpfzufrSvnf; ppfrD;
[kefjyif;oxuf jyif;vmonf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:odkYvnf; t*Fvdyfav,mOfrsm;
onf aeYpOfESifhtrQ AHk;rdk;&Gmaeonf/ AHk;'PfaMumifh taotaysmuf ysufpD;
qHk;½HI;rIrSmvnf; wGufcsufír&Edkifawmhyg/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUae vlxkrSm
tdk;tdrfrsm;udkpGefYypfNyD; awmvufaus;&GmodkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMu&onf/
ajymif;a&TU&mt&yfonf &cdkifvli,frsm;\ zufqpfqefYusifa&;ESifh jynfolY
vGwfajrmufa&; pcef;rsm;tjzpfodkY toGifajymif;oGm;Muonf/ zufqpf *syef
rsm;tm; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk &cdkifvli,frsm;onf jynfr&SdawmfvSef
a&; tiftm;pkrsm;ESifhvufwGJum awmfvSefcJhMuonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 153
,if;vli,frsm; tiftm;pkrsm;udk q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm(ysHvGef)?
q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[wdkYu OD;aqmifonf/ OD;ndKxGef; (,ckMopaMw;vs
oHtrwfBuD;)? AdkvfMumvSatmif? AdkvfpHomausmf? Adkvfarmifuav;?
AdkvfomxGef;atmifponfwdkYvnf; wpfwyfwpftm; yg0ifMuonf/ ,if;
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;onf jrefrmjynfrSmxuf tcsdef
apmpD;pGmuyif vkyfudkifaeMuNyD; jzpfonf/
zufqpf*syefrsm;\ &ufpufrIrsm;onf &cdkifvli,frsm;\ trsdK;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pdwf"mwfudk wuf<uaponf/ Edk;Mum;aponf/
,if;aMumifhvnf; zufqpf*syefrsm;udk awmfvSef&mrSm &cdkifvli,frsm;onf
ajymifajrmufaom tcef;uyg0ifchJMuonf r[kwfygavm/
r[mrdwfrsm;\ wefjyefxdk;ppfr[mrdwfrsm;\ wefjyefxdk;ppfr[mrdwfrsm;\ wefjyefxdk;ppfr[mrdwfrsm;\ wefjyefxdk;ppfr[mrdwfrsm;\ wefjyefxdk;ppf
wpfbufrSvnf; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf 1943-ck avmufuyif
zufqpf*syefrsm;tm; r[mrdwfwyfrsm;toGifESifh wefjyefxdk;ppfqifvmonf/
1944-ck? Edk0ifbmv (8)&ufaeYwGif a&wyfAdkvfcsKyfBuD; armifhbufwefonf
oufqdkif&m ppfaoemywdrsm;xHodkY &cdkifwdkif;rS *syefrsm;udk &Sif;vif;okwf
oif&efESifh Zefe0g&DvrukefrD ppfawGNrdKUudk a&wpfydkif; ukef;wpfydkif; ppfqif
wdkufcdkuf&ef ñTefMum;vdkufavonf/ ,if;ñTef Mum;csuftwdkif; zufqpf
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;xGef;atmif? rpöwm aZmfe'if ('kwd,ausmif;tkyf)ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;xGef;atmif? rpöwm aZmfe'if ('kwd,ausmif;tkyf)ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;xGef;atmif? rpöwm aZmfe'if ('kwd,ausmif;tkyf)ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;xGef;atmif? rpöwm aZmfe'if ('kwd,ausmif;tkyf)ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;xGef;atmif? rpöwm aZmfe'if ('kwd,ausmif;tkyf)
q&mOD;atmifxGef;OD; (,mtpGefqHk;xdkifcH k jzifh xdkifaeol)ESif h 1926 ckESpf?q&mOD;atmifxGef;OD; (,mtpGefqHk;xdkifcH k jzifh xdkifaeol)ESif h 1926 ckESpf?q&mOD;atmifxGef;OD; (,mtpGefqHk;xdkifcH k jzifh xdkifaeol)ESif h 1926 ckESpf?q&mOD;atmifxGef;OD; (,mtpGefqHk;xdkifcH k jzifh xdkifaeol)ESif h 1926 ckESpf?q&mOD;atmifxGef;OD; (,mtpGefqHk;xdkifcH k jzifh xdkifaeol)ESif h 1926 ckESpf?
ppfawGtrsKd;om;ausmif; abmvHk;toif;0ifrsm;yH kppfawGtrsKd;om;ausmif; abmvHk;toif;0ifrsm;yH kppfawGtrsKd;om;ausmif; abmvHk;toif;0ifrsm;yH kppfawGtrsKd;om;ausmif; abmvHk;toif;0ifrsm;yH kppfawGtrsKd;om;ausmif; abmvHk;toif;0ifrsm;yH k
jrxGef;atmif154
*syefrsm;udk xdk;ppfqifvm&m 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(5)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ajccsEdkifonf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;rdvQifodrf;rdcsif; av,mOf
uGif;udk ta&;wBuD; jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;odkY ta&;wBuD;jyKvkyf&jcif;rSm ppfawG
ausmufjzLNrdKUrsm;wGif av,mOfuGif;rsm;&Sdjcif;jzifh &efukefodkY xdk;ppfqif&mrSm
avaMumif;tultnD rsm;pGmay;Edkifa&;twGuf jzpfavonf/ odkYESifhppfawG
ausmufjzLNrdKUrsm;wGif(12)&moDoHk; av,mOfuGif;tjzpf toHk;jyKEdkif&ef jyKvkyf
jcif;jzpfonf/
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r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ xdk;ppfqif&mwGif vrf;aMumif;usaeonfh ppfvrf;
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&onf/ tdrfwdkifEG,f&pfí wpfNrdKUvHk;rSm AHk;'PfaMumifh acsmufrsm; csdKifhrsm;ESifh
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rnfrQ &SdcJhonfudkum; wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ajymEdkifrnf r[kwfygacs/ a&wyf
AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armifhbufwef tpDD&ifcHpmwGif---
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aom wG,fwmaom rdbom;orD; ZeD;cifyGef; nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;ponfh
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armifhbufwefum; u½kPmoufrdavrnf rxifyg/ ta&;w,l awG;aernf
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aom tpD&ifcHpm jzpfaomaMumifh[k xifjrifrdonf/
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qifajcykef;jzpfaom Muufudkif;wef? em&Dwef? usm;raomufodef;wefpaom
&Gmrsm;wGif ppfawGvlxk aexdkifcGifh&Muonf/ r[mrdwfrsm;\ NrdKUjytkyf
csKyfa&;udk em&DwefrSmxm;onf/ udkvdkeDpuf,EÅ,m;yHkpHudk csrSwfNyD; aoG;pkwf
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 155
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1/ Arakan Past Present Future by John Ogilvy Hay 1892.
2/ Burma Gazetteer Akyab District Volume A by Mr.R.B. Smart.
3/ Census of India 1991-Vol-IX. Burma Part II Table, by
C. Morgan Weeb. M.A, I.C.S.
4/ Series A Union of Burma 1953. Census of Population.
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pmar;yGJ(odkYr[kwf) First Arts pmar;yGJudk atmifjrifolaomfvnf;aumif;
tvm;wlpmar;yGJudk atmifjrifolwpfOD;OD;jzpf&ef vdkygonf/
pdkufysdK;a&; ynm&nfcRefqkpdkufysdK;a&; ynm&nfcRefqkpdkufysdK;a&; ynm&nfcRefqkpdkufysdK;a&; ynm&nfcRefqkpdkufysdK;a&; ynm&nfcRefqk
,if;ynm&nfcRefqkrSm(1)qk jzpfonf/ ynm&nfcRefqk axmufyHh
csD;jr§ifhaiGrSm wpfvvQif (50)½lyD;jzpfonf/ oifwef;umvrSm (4)ESpfjzpfonf/
tdEd,EdkifiH pdkufysdK;a&;aumvdyfwpfckckwGif ynmoifMum;&rnf jzpfygonf/
&cdkifZmwdjzpfNyD; (odkYr[kwf) tdEd,EdkifiHwGif ynmoifMum;cJhol jzpf&ygrnf/
wuúodkvf0ifwef; First Arts pmar;yGJ (odkYr[kwf) tvm;wl pmar;yGJwpfckckudk
atmifjrifol jzpf&ygrnf/
pufrItif*sifeD,m ynm&nfcRefqkpufrItif*sifeD,m ynm&nfcRefqkpufrItif*sifeD,m ynm&nfcRefqkpufrItif*sifeD,m ynm&nfcRefqkpufrItif*sifeD,m ynm&nfcRefqk
,if;ynm&nfcRefqkrSm (1)qk jzpfygonf/ ynm&nfcRefqk axmufyHh
csD;jr§ifhaiGrSm wpfvvQif (25)½lyD; jzpfygonf/ ynmoifumvrSm (5)ESpf
jzpfygonf/ jrefrmjynf (odkYr[kkwf) tdEd´,EdkifiH&Sd ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif
ynmoifMum;cJhol jzpf&ygrnf/ owårwef; (odkYr[kwf) t|rwef; pmar;yGJudk
atmifjrifol (odkYr[kwf) tvm;wlpmar;yGJudk atmifjr§ifhcJhol jzpf&ygrnf/
tulaps;onf ynm&nfcRefqktulaps;onf ynm&nfcRefqktulaps;onf ynm&nfcRefqktulaps;onf ynm&nfcRefqktulaps;onf ynm&nfcRefqk
,if;ynm&nfcRefqkrSm (1)qk jzpfygonf/ ynm&nfcRef axmufyHh
csD;jr§ifhaiGrSm wpfvvQif ½lyD;(25)jzpfygonf/ ynmoifumvrSm (3)ESpf jzpfyg
onf/ jrefrmjynf (odkYr[kwf) tdEd,EdkifiHwGif ynmoifMum;cJh&ol jzpf&rnf/
,if;ynm &nfcRefqk&Sifonf owårwef; (odkYr[kwf) t|rwef; pmar;yGJ
(odkYr[kwf) tvm;wlpmar;yGJudk atmifjrifcJh&ol jzpf&ygrnf/
olemjyKESifh om;zGm;q&mr ynm&nfcRefqkolemjyKESifh om;zGm;q&mr ynm&nfcRefqkolemjyKESifh om;zGm;q&mr ynm&nfcRefqkolemjyKESifh om;zGm;q&mr ynm&nfcRefqkolemjyKESifh om;zGm;q&mr ynm&nfcRefqk
,if;ynm&nfcRefqkrSm (1)qk jzpfygonf/ ynm&nfcRefqk axmufyHh
csD;jr§ifhaiGrSm wpfvvQif ½lyD(25)jzpfNyD; ynmoif umvrSm (2)ESpf jzpfygonf/
jrefrmjynf(odkYr[kwf) tdEd, EdkifiH&Sd om;zGm;aq;½Hk wpf½Hk½HkwGif ynmoifMum;
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 163
&rnf jzpfygonf/ &cdkifZmwd trsdK;orD;i,frsm;onf ,if;qkudk twef;pm;
cGJjcm;xm;jcif;r&SdbJ vGwfvyfpGm avQmufxm;EdkifaMumif; ,if;rSwfwrf;rsm;
t& od&Sd&ygonf/
twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
0dwdk&d,txdrf;trSwf &efyHkaiG aumfrwD ppfawGwGif *kPfxl;aqmif
twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;tjzpf armifpHOD;cdkifESifh armifxGef;csefwdkYtm; 1901-ck arv
(19)&ufaeYwGif usif;yonfh aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;rS twnfjyKwm0ef
ay;tyfMuygonf/ ,if;tjyif b*Fvm;bPfudk aumfrwD\udk,fpm;vS,f
tjzpf aumfrwD\aiGrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf ar;jref;pHk;prf;&efudkvnf;
tpnf;ta0;rS qHk;jzwfMuygonf/
aumfrwD0ifrsm; wdk;csJUjcif;aumfrwD0ifrsm; wdk;csJUjcif;aumfrwD0ifrsm; wdk;csJUjcif;aumfrwD0ifrsm; wdk;csJUjcif;aumfrwD0ifrsm; wdk;csJUjcif;
1901-ck? rwfv(6)&ufaeYwGif usif;yonfh vlxktpnf;ta0;rS
]0dwdk&d, txdrf;trSwf &efyHkaiGaumfrwD? ppfawG}udk zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/
,if;aumfrwDonf 1901-ck arv(19)&ufaeYwGif trIaqmiftzGJU tpnf;
ta0;udk jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS aumfrwD\Ouú|^twGif;a&;rSL;
rsm;udk wm0efay;tyfjcif;? ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu;qkrsm;udk owfrSwf
jcif;? aiGxdef;odrf;&ef b*Fvm;bPfudk a&G;cs,fjcif;rsm;udk qHk;jzwfMuygonf/
,if;tjyif t*Fvdyf? ukvm;(rlpvifESifh [dE´Ltygt0if)w½kwf? &cdkifponfh
xif&Sm;aom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; (55)OD;udk
aumfrwDwGif yg0if&ef arwåm&yfcHaMumif; qHk;jzwfMuygonf/ ,if;yk*d¾vf
(55)OD;udk aumfrwDwGif yg0if&efarwåm&yfcHaMumif; qHk;jzwfMuygonf/
,if;yk*d¾Kvf (55)OD;wdkY\ trnfrsm;udk aESmif;vlrsm;od&Sdap&ef tjynfhtpHk
wifjyvdkufygonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkYrSm-
1/ rpöwm tmbDav;
2/ OD;&Jausmfol
3/ OD;pHvSabmf
4/ OD;om'dk;a0
5/ OD;ay:xGef;atmif
6/ OD;ausmfZHOD;
jrxGef;atmif164
7/ OD;zoufESH
8/ OD;atmif&SD
9/ OD;vlbk
10/ armif&Jazmf
11/ armift'dk;
12/ armifausmfOD;
13/ armifa&Tom
14/ armifacG;xD;atmif
15/ a'gufwmom'dk;atmif
16/ OD;armifxGef;
17/ armifxGef;atmif (uEkwef;&Gm)
18/ armifom'if
19/ q&mpHvSatmif
20/ OD;csif;vTm
21/ armifom'dk;jzL
22/ armifcGufaygufau
23/ rd[ft'ltmruf
24/ rd[ftD;'wf[lpdef
25/ rpöwmtrftmrwf
26/ rd[ftaemf'if
27/ bmbl;bGdKif&rfaygvf
28/ bmbl;&rf*l;wD'g;
29/ bmbl;tdkbGdKifaemcsifacsmif'&D
30/ bmbl;'g*g&rf;*l;(p)
31/ bmbl;eDwdkeif'g&GdKif
32/ bmbl;eefpD'D(z)&(csf)
33/ bmbl;rm&D&rf;
34/ bmbl;yg&efql; (vf)
35/ tzkwfvif;
36/ tanmif;
37/ rpöwma*stdyf(cs)0Dqvif
38/ armifvSazmfOD;
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 165
39/ armifa&Tomatmif
40/ armifzaxmfOD; (ewf-NrdKUtkyf)
41/ armifatmifausmfZH
42/ armifatmifbef; (c½dkifcGJt&m&Sd-&aohawmif)
43/ armifomausmf (OD;&mZfawmifNrdKUtkyf)
44/ armifa&Tjr (ukvm;wefNrdKUtkyf)
45/ armifa&Tbef; (NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtkyf)
46/ armifvSazmfZH (c½dkifcGJt&m&Sd-ausmufawmf)
47/ armifa&Tyef; (rif;jym;NrdKUktkyf)
48/ armifawG;pH (aygufawmfNrdKUtkyf)
49/ armifjrom (ppfawGNrdKUtkyf)
50/ OD;awmvl (vufaxmuf&Jt&m&Sd)
51/ OD;a&Tom (vufaxmuf&Jt&m&Sd)
52/ OD;jromxGef; (ausmufwmf)
53/ OD;xGef;atmif (NrdKUa[mif;)
54/ OD;iarmif
55/ OD;eDxGef;wdkY jzpfMuygonf/
1901-ck? arv (19)&ufaeYwGif usif;yonfhaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;
rSwfwrf;udk OuúX jrOD;? *kPfxl;aqmif twGif;a&;rSL; pHOD;cdkifESifh xGef;csefwdkYu
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
rSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsuf/ / vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ trnfa&SUwGif rpöwm? OD;? armif? rd[f?
bmbl;ponfjzif h rl&if;wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;
jyefvnfwifjyxm;ygonf/
0dwdk&d,txdrf;trSwf&efyHkaiG aumfrwD(ppfawG)onf 0dwdk&d,
bk&ifrudk&nf&G,fNyD; wnfaxmifaomaumfrwDwpf&yf jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif
OD;jrOD;? OD;csef;xGef;atmif? OD;pHOD; cdkifESifh OD;xGef;csefponf &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;\
tajrmftjrifus,frIaMumifh ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;&ef qHk;jzwfEdkif
cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkYr[kwfrlbJ rpöwmtmatpaumh tBuHay;wifjy
onfhtqdkom atmifjrifcJhvQif ppfawGNrdKUwGif 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrausmuf½kyf
pdkufxlxm;onfh trsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfhyef;NcHwpfck wnf&Sdaeonfudk
awGUjrif&ayrnf/
jrxGef;atmif166
OD;jrOD;? OD;csefxGef;atmif? OD;pHOD;cdkifESifh OD;xGef;csefwdkY OD;aqmif
OD;&GufjyKcJhonfh ynm&nfcRefqk axmufyHhaMu;qkaygif;(29)qk&Sdonfhteuf
qkaygif;rnfrQudk rnfa&GUrnfrQ txd ay;cJhonfudkum; rod&yg/ odkY&mwGif
ESpfaygif;(85)ausmfumvu ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu; qkay;yHk ay;enf;rsm;
rS ,ckacwf tajctaexdatmif enf;,lzG,frsm;udk awGU&ygrnf/ &cdkifjynf
\ ynma&;? vlrIa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&; tajctaeudk ,if;ynm&nfcRef axmufyHh
aMu;vkyfief; atmifjrifonfESifhtrQ taxmuftulay;EdkifrnfrSm aocsm
vSygonf/
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23-10-198623-10-198623-10-198623-10-198623-10-1986
(þpmwrf;udk Education in Burma by Maung San Oo Khine, of
the Burma Subordinate Judicial and Exeecitive Service, Printed at the
Akyab Press. APPENDIX A, Page. 35 to 41 udk udk;um;a&;om;ygonf)
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aiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rSaiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rSaiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rSaiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rSaiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rS
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 167
&cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pmrsm;
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
jrxGef;atmif
1826-ckESpfwGif &cdkifjynfudk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm; odrf;,lonf/
,if;aemuf EdkifiHjcm;om;t&if;&Sifrsm;onf olwdkYtusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf t&if;
tESD;rsm;jr§KyfESHMuonf/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIrSm ,ciftcgxuf wdk;wuf
vmonf/
tdEd´,EdkifiHtygt0if taemufEdkifiHrsm;ESifh ul;vl;qufoG,frI
rsm;jym;vmonf/ udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;? ,EÅ&m;vnfywf Edkifa&;twGuf &cdkif
wdkif;&if;om;tcsdKUtm; td*Fvdyfpmudk oifMum;Edkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zGifhay;
xm;onf/ tcsdKUaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;onf tdEd´,EdkifiH&Sd NrdKUBuD;rsm;odkY
oGm;a&mufNyD; acwfynmrsm;udk oifMum;vmMuonf/
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tcsuftcsmusaom ppfawGNrdKUrSmvnf;
wpfaeYxufwpfaeY wdk;wufvmonf/ wdkufwmtaqmufttHkrsm; wdk;yGm;
vmonf/ ppfwaumif;? umvuwåm;ponfhNrdKUrsm;ESifh tywfpOfrSefrSef
oabFmBuD;rsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vmaeMuNyDjzpfonf/
,if;odkY pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;wdkYrSm wpfpHk
wpf&maom twdkif;twmxd wdk;wufaecJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; 1853-ck rwdkifrD
tcsdefxd &cdkifjynfwGif yHkESdyfpufESifh owif;pmxkwfa0a&;rSm&SdcJh[efrwl
ao;acs/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;twGuf aps;EIef;owif;rsm;? aMumfjim
rsm;wdkYtwGuf umvuwåm;xkwf owif;pmrsm;udkom tm;udk;ae&ao;
onf/
&cdkifjynf owif;pmvkyfief;udk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;tkyfpdk;NyD; tESpf
(20)ausmf (30)eD;yg;rSom owif;pmwpfapmif xkwfa0onfudk awGU&onf/
,if;owif;pmrSm (Akyab Commercial) jzpfonf/
jrxGef;atmif168
,if;aemuf &cdkifjynfwGif owif;pmrsm; xkwfa0vmonf/ odkY&m
wGif xkwfa0cJhaom owif;pmrsm;\ taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm &SmazGír&Edkif
avmufatmifyif jzpfaeayonf/ rsm;rMumrDESpfrsm;u xkwfa0cJhaom
owif;pmrsm;yifvQif &moDOwk'Pf? ydk;rTm;rsm; zsufqD;jcif;ESifh pepfwus
rxdef;odrf; jcif;rsm;aMumifh tcsdKUowif;pmrsm;yif rawGU&SdEdkifawmhyg/
odk Y&mwGif &cd kif jynfxkwf owif;pmrsm;ESif hywfoufíum;
taxmuftxm;vHk;0r&Sdawmhonfh tajctaerSm r&Sdao;yg/ wcsdKUaom
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;xHwGif rSwfwrf;rsm;? owif;pma[mif;rsm;udk ,ckxufwdkif
odrf;qnf;xm;olrsm; &Sdygao;onf/ ,if;odrf;qnf;xm;aom rSwfwrf;rsm;?
owif;pma[mif;rsm;udk aESmif;vlrsm; od&SdEdkif&eftwGuf azmfxkwfwifjy&ef
vdktyfaeygonf/
rSwfwrf;wif&Sdxm;aom owif;pmrsm;ESifh owif;pm a[mif;rsm;udk
twwfEdkifqHk; pkpnf;NyD; wifjyygrnf/ jynfhpHkavmufaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;[lí rrSwf,lao;yg/ vdktyfcsufrsm;? jznfhpGuf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh
jyifqif&rnfhtcsufrsm; &SdaeOD;rnfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/
ARAKAN NEWS owif;pmowif;pmowif;pmowif;pmowif;pm
1853 ckESpf xkwfa0pOftcgujzpf Akyab Commercial News
jzpfonf/ aemufESpftawmfMumrSm rpöwm a*stdka[; Mr. J.O, Hay u
0,f,lonf/ yHkESdyfwdkuftrnfESifh owif;pmudk Arakan News [k ajymif;vdkuf
onf/ ,if;owif;pmudk rpöwma[;uwpfqifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;wpfOD;jzpfaom
OD;vSazmfoltm; 1868ckrSm a&mif;vdkufonf/ OD;vSazmfol\ vuf0,fwGif
1892-93-ck txd&Sdaeygonf/ 1896-97ckrSm OD;aumif;pH&TDu ydkiffqdkifonf/
,if;owif;pmonf rnfonfhckESpfavmufrSm &yfpJoGm;onfudk twdtus
rod&yg/ odkY&mwGif 1916-ckrSm OD;csefxGef;\ rdefYcGef;wpfckudk tqdkyg owif;
pmwdkufwGif ½dkufESdyfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1916-ck wdkifatmif
&Sdaeao;onfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf/
(Arakan News)owif;pmud k rawGUzl; rzwfzl;aomfvnf;
,if;owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;rsm;udkpkpnf;NyD; pmtkyftjzpfESifh jyefvnf
½dkufESdyfxm;aom pmtkyf(2)tkyfudk awGUzl;ygonf/ (Old Arakan) trnfcH
rpöwma[;a&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;onfhpmtkyfjzpfonf/
1892-rSm (William Blackwood & Sons, London) pmtkyfwdkufu ½dkufESdyf
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 169
xkwfa0cJhygonf/ pmtkyftrnfrSm (Arakan Past Present Future) jzpfyg
onf/ rpöwma[;aqmif;yg;rsm;\ t"dutcsufrSm &cdkifjynftwGuf
vrf;yef;tquftoG,frsm; azmufvkyfay;&ef jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUrS rEÅav;?
rEÅav;rS w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpöudk txl;tav;
ay;a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ owif;pmrSmom ,if;udpöESifh
a&;om;cJhonf r[kwf? NAdwdoQygvDreftxd aygufatmifBudK;pm;cJhol
jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif w&m;olBuD;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhol rpöwma[;
onf owif;pmorm; wpfa,muftaeESifh &cdkifjynfaumif;pm;a&;twGuf
BudK;yrf;cJholjzpfaMumif;udk ol\vuf&mrsm;u oufaocHcJhygonf/
&cdkifjynf\ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udpöudk rpöwma[; a&;om;cJh
ouJhodkY OD;pHOD;cdkifqdkonfh yk*d¾KvfrSmvnf; NAdwdoQynma&;pepfudk ajymif;vJa&;
twGuf tqdkygowif;pmuae NyD; a&;om;cJhygonf/ ol\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
jyefvnfpkpnf;NyD; 1901ckESpfrSm (Akyab Press)u yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhygonf/
,if; pmtkyfrSm (Education in Burma) jzpfonf/ tqdkygpmtkyfwGif jrefrm
EdkifiHynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifa&;twGuf wuúodkvfrsm;? pmoif
ausmif;rsm;zGif hvSpfay;a&;udpörsm;udk tav;ay;a&;om;xm;ygonf/
,if;pmtkyf\ aemufqufwGJrSm 0dwdk&d,bk&ifr txdrf;trSwftwGuf
1901-ck? rwfv(6)&ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfonfh tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf; tjynfh
tpHkudk awGU&onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;t& ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu;(12) rsdK;ay;&ef
qHk;jzwfMuonf/ rlvwef;rSonf tif*sifeD,m? opfawm? v,f,mpdkufysdK;
a&;? a&aMumif;oGm;vma&; ponfh ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu;rsm;ay;&ef
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk awGUMu&onf/
,if;wdkYudk Munfhjcif;jzifh xdkyk*d¾KvfwdkY\ tem*wf&cdkifjynf arQmfrSef;
csufudk cefYrSef;Edkifonf/
(Arakan News) xkwfa0pu apmifa&rnfrQ½dkufESdyfcJhonfudk
rod&yg/ OD;aumif;pHOD; OD;pD;vkyfudkifonfhtcsdefrSm apmifa&(150)½dkuf&onf/
owif;pmrSm wpfywfvQif ESpfBudrfus xkwfa0onf/ owif;pmvkyfief;tjyif
ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvnf; ½dkufEdSyfaMumif; od&yg
onf/
jrxGef;atmif170
OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;
1892-93ck rSwfwrf;rsm;t& OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif (The Orphan) yHkESdyf
wdkufrS owif;pm(3)apmif xkwfa0aMumif; od&onf/
,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-
1. The Arakan Advocate,
2. The Arakan Echo.
3. The Daily Advertiser wdkYjzpfonf/
,if;yk*d¾Kvfonf owif;pm(3)apmifudk wpfNydKifwnf; xkwfa0cJh
aomfvnf; 1892-93ck rSwfwrf;rSmom tqdkygowif;pmrsm;udk awGU&onf/
1897-98ck rSwfwrf;wGif OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif yHkESdyfwdkufudk (The Akyab Orphan
Press)[k trnfajymif;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ yxrowif;pm (3)apmif
tpm; (The Arakan Times)[k trnfopfjzifh xkwfa0onfudk awGU&onf/
(The Arakan Advocate) ESifh (The Arakan Echo) owif;pm
(2)apmifrSm wpfywfvQif(3)Budrf ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ (The Daily
Advertiser) owif;pmrSm aeYpOfowif;pm jzpfonf/ yxrowif;pm
apmifa&(100)txd xkwfa0&onf/ 'kwd,owif;pmrSm wpfBudrfvQif
(125)apmiftxd xkwfa0&NyD; aeYpOfowif;pm wpfaeYvQifapmifa&(100)
xkwfa0&onf/ odkY&mwGif aeYpOfowif;pmom tcsdefrSefxkwfa0&aomfvnf;
usef(2)apmifrSm ESpfukefatmif xkwfa0Edkifjcif;&SdcJh[ef rwlacs/
(The Arakan Times)trnfjzifh 1896-97-ckESpfrSm xkwfa0onfh
owif;pmrSm aeYpOfowif;pmr[kwfbJ wpfywfvQif(3)Budrfxkwfa0onfh
apmifa&(150)xd xkwfa0&onf/ tqdkyg owif;pmtm;vHk;rSm ppfawGNrdKU
wGif ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ rnfonfhckESpfrSm &yfpJoGm;cJhonfudk rod&yg/
jynfBuD;r@dKif owif;pm
OD;armifapmazmfydkif (Arakan Press) yHkESdyfwdkufrSm jynfBuD;r@dKif
owif;pmudk 1892-93-ckwGif ½dkufESdyfonf/ wpfywfvQif(2)Budrfus xkwfa0
onf/ apmifa&(100)xkwfa0onf/ ,if;jynfBuD;r@dKifowif;pmudk
&cdkifpmESifh xkwfa0onf odkYr[kwf t*FvdyfpmESifh xkwfa0onfudkum;
twdtus rod&yg/ 1896-97-ckrSm owif;pmxkwfa0onfudk rawGU&yg/
odkY&mwGif yHkESdyfvkyfief;rSm &yfwnfvsuf&Sdygao;onf/ yHkESdyfwdkuftrnfudk
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 171
(Arakan Press) rS jynfBuD;r@dKifyHkESdyfwdkuf [lí owif;pm\ trnfudk
cH,lxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ yHkESdyfvkyfief;ESifh owif;pmxkwfa0a&;
vkyfief;rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif jzpfonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKUxkwf owif;pm
OD;atmifjzLESifh OD;pdefazmfydkif (The Arakan Industrial Press)rSm
ausmufjzLNrdKUrS ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ trnfrSm (Kyauk Pyu Adverisine
and Friend of Arakan) jzpfNyD; 1896-97-ckrSm xkwfa0onfudk awGU&onf/
tywfpOf owif;pmjzpfonf/ rnfonfhta&;tom;ESifh xkwfa0onfudk
rod&yg/ apmifa& (60)omxkwfa0cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif 1896-97 ck wGifom
rSwfwrf;awGU&NyD; usefESpfrsm;wGif rawGU&awmhyg/
&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm
]]&cdkifjynf&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;a&;toif;}}udk 1929
ckrSm zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ vlBuD;vli,frsm; pkaygif;NyD; wnfaxmifaom toif;
jzpfonf/ a&TapwDq&mawmf? OD;a&Tom? OD;a&TZHatmif? OD;zaxmf?
OD;xGef;atmifponfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk em,uxm;Muonf/ OuúXOD;armifomEdkY
jzpfNyD; twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;armifbjzpfonf/ ,if;toif;u owif;pm
wpfapmifudk xkwfa0onf/ ]]&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif;owif;pm}} jzpfonf/
,if;owif;pmrSm owif;pmoabmxuf r*¾Zif;oabm qefae
onfudk awGU&onf/ yxrqHk;ESifh aemufqHk;tjzpf wpfBudrfom xkwfa0EdkifcJh
onf/ trsdK;om;ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;ydkif jrefrmh*kPf&nfyHkESdyfwdkuf &efukefNrdKUwGif
½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkifwGif jzefYcsdcJhonf/
ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;
&cdkifjynf EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIonf ppfBudKacwfwGif jrefrm jynfrrSm
uJhodkY t&Sdeft[kef jyif;xefvsuf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}rSm xif&Sm;onf/ ,if;tpnf;t½Hk; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh
twl &cdkifjynfrSmvnf; owif;pm(2)apmif jyefvnfí xGufay:vmygonf/
]]&cdkifjynfowif;pm}}ESifh ]]wdkYvuf½Hk;owif;pm}}rsm; jzpfonf/
jrxGef;atmif172
&cdkifjynfowif;pm
]]&cdkifjynfowif;pm}}udk 1935-ckESpfrSm xkwfa0onf[k od&onf/
we*FaEGaeYxkwf owif;pmjzpfonf/ wpfapmifudk(5)jym;ay;&onf/
xkwfa0olrSm OD;a&TabmfjzpfNyD; wm0efcH t,f'DwmrSm OD;pHazmfOD; jzpfonf/
wGJzuft,f'DwmrSm q&mOD;owdk;vS jzpfonf/ 1938-ck? Zlvdkifv aemufydkif;
rSm q&mowdk;vSu wm0efcHt,f'Dwm jzpfvmonf/ OD;pHa&T (,ckawmwGif;)
u vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfvmonf/ ,if;owif;pmudk 1939-ckrSm
ydwfvdkuf&onf/
wdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pmwdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pmwdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pmwdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pmwdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pm
]]wdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pm}}udk wdkYvuf½Hk; OD;pHa&Tu OD;pD;xkwfa0onf/
yxrvufa&;rlrsm;ESifh 1935-36ckavmufrSm xkwfa0onf/ aemufydkif;wGif
yHkESdyfNyD;owif;pm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSmvnf; 1938-
39avmufrSm &ifqdkifoGm;ygonf/
tqdkyg owif;pm(2)apmifrSm e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;twGuf ta&;yg
cJhonfhowif;pmrsm; jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;a&;twGuf tiftm;wpf&yftae
ESifh &SdcJhonf/ ,if;owif;pmrsm;\ tmabmfrsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm ,cktcg
&SmírawGUEdkifavmufatmif &Sm;yg;aeonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm &cdkifjynfEdkifiHa&;
ordkif;twGufta&;ygonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;? tmabmfrsm; jzpfonf/
1942-ck aemufydkif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHonf *syefrsm;vufatmufodkY
usa&mufcJhonf/ *syefacwfESifh t*Fvdyfrsm; jyefvnfí jrefrmjynfudk
odrf;ypfonfhtcsdefxd &cdkifjynfwGif owif;pmvkyfief;rsm;udk rpwifEdkifao;
acs/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif; EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJUrsm;\ toHtjzpf
owif;pmrsm;udk &cdkifjynfwGif xkwfa0vmMuonf/
&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm
ppfawGNrdKUwGif 1949-ckavmufwGif tqdkygowif;pmudk ½dkufESdyf
xkwfa0ygonf/ t,f'DwmrSm OD;bodef;atmif jzpfonf/ wm0efcHxkwfvkyf
olrSm Od;xGef;vIdifjzpfonf/ ½ly&Gm&Sd jynfBuD;wHcGef yHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/
&cdkifjynf zqyvtzGJU xkwfa0aom owif;pm jzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSm
wpfESpfavmufomcHNyD; aemufydkif; ydwfvdkuf&onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 173
vrf;rSefowif;pmvrf;rSefowif;pmvrf;rSefowif;pmvrf;rSefowif;pmvrf;rSefowif;pm
&cdkifwdkif; owif;pmudk ydwfvdkufNyD;aemuf 1955-56 avmufwGif
vrf;rSefowif;pmudk zqyvtzGJUrS jyefvnfxkwfa0ygonf/ t,f'DwmrSm
q&mOD;owdk;vS jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU rdZH&yf vrf;rSefyHkESdyfwGif ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0
onf/ apmifa&rnfrQxkwfa0onfudk rod&yg/ wpfywfwpfBudrfom xkwfa0
cJhonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSmvnf; (1)ESpf? (2)ESpfcefYom wnfwHhcJhonf/
&cdkiftoHowif;pm&cdkiftoHowif;pm&cdkiftoHowif;pm&cdkiftoHowif;pm&cdkiftoHowif;pm
'DrdkopfygwDrS xkwfa0onf[k od&onf/ t,f'DwmrSm OD;tdk;avmif
(OD;tkef;armif)jzpfonf/ &efukefNrdKUwGif½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkifwGif jzefYcsdonf/
apmifa& rnfrQxkwfa0cJhonfudk rod&yg/ wpfywfwpfBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1955-56avmufrSm xkwfa0NyD; 1958-ckavmufrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;ygonf/
&cdkiftvif;owif;pm&cdkiftvif;owif;pm&cdkiftvif;owif;pm&cdkiftvif;owif;pm&cdkiftvif;owif;pm
&wntzGJUrS xkwfa0onfhowif;pm jzpfonf/ 1955-56-ck
avmufrSm xkwfa0onf/ ,if;owif;pmudk &efukefNrdKU? (316)? bm;vrf;&Sd
jynfolUpmyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/ yxrwGif t,f'DwmESifh xkwfa0olrSm
OD;vSxGef;jzL jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif t,f'DwmESifh xkwfa0olrSm OD;vSausmf
(armif0PÖ) jzpfonf/ yHkESdyfwdkufrSmvnf; trSwf-200? 27-vrf;? &efukef&Sd
Zmwd*kPfa&mifyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/ wpfywfwpfBudrf xkwfa0onf/
apmifa& rnfrQxkwfa0cJhonfudk rod&yg/ 1958-ckavmufrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;
ygonf/
&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif
1958-59avmufrSm xkwfa0onf/ Ak'¨[l;aeYwdkif; jzpfonf/
'DrdkopfygwD\ owif;pmjzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmudk t,f'Dwmtjzpf
OD;atmifxGef;jru yHkESdyfxkwfa0onf/ ppfawGNrdKU&Sd jynfolYyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyf
onf/ 1960-ckavmufrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;ygonf/
jrxGef;atmif174
&cdkifZmenf *sme,f&cdkifZmenf *sme,f&cdkifZmenf *sme,f&cdkifZmenf *sme,f&cdkifZmenf *sme,f
owif;pmoabmqefaeojzif h &cd kifZmenf*sme,fud kvnf;
azmfjyvdkufygonf/ ,if;*sme,ftwGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1960-ck? rwfvrSm
pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ (3)Budrfomxkwfa0EdkifcJhNyD; &yfqdkif;cJhonf/ pmwnf;
tzGJUrSm apmarmifarmif? aemifvwfESifh armifwifodef;wdkY yg0ifonf/ trSwf
(91)? vSnf;wef;? &efukef&Sd rsdK;ñGefYyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/ armifapmarmif
trSwf(51)? uRef;awmvrf;? prf;acsmif;? &cdkifu wm0efcH xkwfa0cJhonf/
&cdkifjynf owif;pmvkyfief;rSm ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfcJh NyD jzpfonf/
xkwfa0cJhonfh owif;pmrsm;rSmvnf; ikyfwpfcg ay:wpfvSnfh &SdcJhonf/
owif;pmrsm;rSm oufwrf;r&SnfcJhacs/ xkwfa0cJhonfh apmifa&rSm
vnf; ,ckacwftaeESifhMunfhvQif enf;yg;onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;acwftajc
taet& jzpfEdkifonfh taetxm;ESifh xkwfa0cJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
pD;yGm;a&;t&MunfhvQif ,if;jzefYcsdaomapmifa&rSm ,if;acwftwdkif;twm
t&yif tvGeftm;enf;aeygonf/ owif;pm&yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf jzefYa0
onfhapmifa&rSm ta&;BuD;aMumif; odomygonf/ owif;pmrsm;onf
taMumif;tcsdKUaMumifh &yfqdkif;cJh&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; t"dutcsufrSm
apmifa&enf;yg;rIonf t&if;cHjzpfrnf[k xifrdygonf/
wifjycJhaom owif;pmrsm;ESifhywfoufí razmfjyEdkif aomtcsuf
tvufrsm; &Sdaeonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm xkwfa0cJhonfh ckESpftwdtus? apmifa&
rnfrQxkwfa0cJhonf/ t,f'Dwmrsm;? rnfonfhtwGuf &yfqdkif;cJh&onf/
rnfonfhckESpfwGif &yfqdkif;cJhonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfonf/ vufvSrf;
a0;cJhNyDjzpfaom owif;pmrsm;xuf ,ckrsufarSmufacwfxkwf owif;pmrsm;
udkyif twdtus azmfrjyEdkifjcif;rSm þpmwrf;\ t"dutm; enf;csuf
wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rdrdwdkY udk,fwdkifyg0ifvkyfudkifcJh
olrsm;u azmfxkwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ jznfhpGufay;vdrfhrnf[k
vnf; xifrdygonf/ ,if;odkY azmfxkwfay;jcif;jzifh &cdkifjynf\ ordkif;pOf
wpf&yf\ [muGufaysmhuGufrsm;udk azsmufzsufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 175
udk;um;onfhpmtkyfrsm;
1/ Report on the Administration of Burma during 1892-93
2/ Report on the Administration of Burma during 1896-97
3/ Arakan Past Present Future by John Ogilvyhay,
William Black Wood & Son, London 1892.
4/ Education in Burma, by Maung San Oo Khine,
Puinted at the Akyab Press, 1901
5/ Early News Papers in Burma by C.A Cuttins,
Burma Research Society, Fiftieth Anniversary Publications
No. 2, 1960
6/ &cdkifwdkif; owif;pm? &cdkiftvif;? &cdkiftoHESifh tjcm; &cdkifjynf
xkwf owif;pmrsm;? *sme,frsm;/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf
pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/
jrxGef;atmif176
a[;\ &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;
azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
jrxGef;atmif
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf ta&SUbufESifh ½dk;rawmiftMum;&Sd a'orSm
&cdkifurf;ajrmifa'o jzpfonf/ ,if;a'oonf ajrmufbufwGif us,fjyefYNyD;
awmifbufodkY usOf;ajrmif;oGm;onf/ ajrmufrSawmifodkY oG,fwef;aeonfh
urf;ajrmifa'o jzpfonf/ rdk;rsm;NyD; opfawmxlxyfonf/ jrpfacsmif; yGm;rsm;
NyD; a&pD;oefonf/ urf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmuf ausmufaqmifrsm;onf/
awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;onf c&D;oGm;vma&;udk cufcJaponf/
,if;wdkYrSm &cdkifurf;ajrmifa'o\ obm0tcuftcJrsm; jzpfonf/
&cdkifa'o vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rSm obm0tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh rjzpf
xGef;EdkifaMumif; tpOfwpdkuf ajymqdkcJhMuonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;
pm;rsm;\vufoHk;pum; jzpfcJhonf/ aESmif;vlrsm;uvnf; oHa,mifvdkufí
pum;qdkMuonf/
odkY&mwGif Old Arakan trnfcH owif;pmq&ma[;onf ppfawGrS
rEÅav;udkjzwfNyD; w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udpöudk
owif;pmrSvnf;aumif;? oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;xHwifjyívnf;aumif;
txl;tav;ay;NyD; BudK;yrf;cJholwpfOD; jzpfonf/
a[;tolvJa[;tolvJa[;tolvJa[;tolvJa[;tolvJ
a[;trnf\tjynfhtpHkrSm John Ogilvy Hay, F.R.G.S jzpfonf/
a[;onf 1870-ck rwdkifrD odkYr[kwf ,if;0ef;usif avmufwGif &cdkifodkY
a&muf&Sdvmol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif(7)ESpfausmf (8)ESpfeD;yg;cefY aexdkif
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 177
cJhol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU wGifaepOf 1853-ckESpfxkwf Akyab Commercial
News owif;pmwdkufudk 0,f,lNyD; Arakan News owif;pmtjzpf trnf
ajymif;NyD; OD;pD;xkwfa0cJhol jzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]&cdkif0gBuD;}} Old
Arakan trnfjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/ ,if; Old Arakan trnf
jzifh t*FvdyfodkYa&muf&Sd NyD; aemufrSmvnf; owif;pmrsm;wGif a&;om;onfudk
awGU&onf/
ppfawGNrdKUwGif aexdkifpOf *kPfxl;aqmif w&m;rw&m;olBuD;
Honarary Megistrate of the Town of Akyab tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
a[;onf &cdkifwGif(7)ESpf (8)ESpfcefY aexdkifpOftwGif; &cdkifa'owGif
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; txl;nHhzsif;aeonfudk rsufjrifudk,fawGU awGUcJh&ol
jzpfonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;twGuf owif;pmorm;wpfOD;yDyD rdrdydkif
onfh Arakan News owif;pmrS aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tav;ay;a&;om;cJhol
jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf qdyfurf;aumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif;
&cdkifrSrEÅav;udkjzwfNyD; w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; (Indo Burma China
Railway Connections) azmufvkyfa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/
a[;onf 1888-ckavmufwGif t*FvefjynfodkY jyefvnf a&muf&Sd
onf/ t*FvefrSmvnf; ppfawGrS rEÅav;udkjzwfNyD; w½kwfjynfodkY rD;&xm;
vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpötwGuf oufqdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;xHodkY pmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? owif;pmrS vnf;aumif;? vludk,fwdkif csOf;uyfívnf;aumif;
BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhol jzpfonf/
a[;onf &cdkifrSw½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;
twGuf BudK;yrf;&mwGif &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHudk
t*Fvdyfrsm; wwd,tBudrf odrf;ydkuf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;t&m&SdcsKyftjzpf
vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhol pav'if (Sir E.B, Sladon Knight Codonel)
ESifh tif*sifeD,mcsKyfESifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\ jynfolU
vkyfief;Xme twGif;0eftjzpf vnf;aumif;? tdEd´,EdkifiHtpdk;&\ jynfolU
vkyfief;Xme\ twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol AdkvfcsKyfBuD; tvufZE´m;
za&Zm (General Alexander Fraser)ponfh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ tm;wufoa&m
ulnDrIudk &cJholjzpfonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkYrSm a[;ESifhyk*d¾Kvfa&;ta&vnf;
&if;ESD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
a[;\aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh ol\aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk avhvmygu
]],leD,H*suf tvHatmufwGif &cdkifjynfudk wdk;wufapvdkolwpfOD;}}
jrxGef;atmif178
jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ol\pGrf;aqmif csufrsm;onf tkyfpdk;olNAdwdoQvlrsdK;
wpfOD;\tjrifjzifh wifjycsufrsm;jzpfonf/ tkyfpdk;olNAdwdoQvlrsdK;wpfOD;
tjzpfjzifh BudK;yrf;csufrsm; jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif ol\wifjycsuf? BudK;yrf;csufrsm;onf &cdkifordkif;wGif
rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfayonf/
&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf
a[;onf &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;twGuf tkyfcsKyf
a&;? ppfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? a&aMumif; vrf;tajctae? ppfwaumif;ESifh
&cdkifa'o&Sd vlOD;a& tajctaersmudk aphpHkpGm avhvmonf/ oufqdkif&m
tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifrsm;? ppfa&;tmPmydkifrsm; aiGaMu;twGuf ukrÜPD
ydkif&Sifrsm;? a&aMumif;uRrf;usifolrsm;udkvnf; w½kwfrD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyf
a&;twGuf pmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? vludk,fwdkif oGm;a&mufívnf;aumif;
vlawGUqHk aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
a[;onf olUudk,fydkif Arakan News owif;pmrS 1876-ck?
Edk0ifbmv(4)&ufrS 1877-ck? Edk0ifbmv(24)&uftwGif; &cdkifw½kwf
rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf aqmif;yg; (12)apmifudk a&;om;azmfjy
cJhonf/
,if;tjyif tjcm;owif;pmrsm;jzpfaom Times, Indian Stateman,
The Pioneer Mail, The Spector, Saturday Review owif;pmrsm;\
owif;rsm;udk udk;um;ívnf;aumif;? t,f'DwmxH ay;pmrsm;jzif h
vnf;aumif; a&;om;cJhonf/
NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyfESif h Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
tdEd,EdkifiH\ twGif;0eftjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif &GufcJhol The Marquis
of Salisbury K.G xHodkYvnf;aumif;? tdEd,EdkifiH twGif;0ef Viscount Cross
G.C.B xHodk Yvnf;aumif;? tdEd ´,EdkifiHbk&ifcHcsKyf The Marquis of
Lansdowne G.C.S.L xHodkYvnf;aumif; pmtwefwef qufoG,fí &cdkif
w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&; tajctaersm;udk wifjytpD&ifcH
cJhonf/ vludk,fwdkifvnf; awGUqHkwifjyEdkifa&;twGuf vef'efNrdKUwGif 1887-
ck? pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYu pma&;om;NyD; awGUqHkcGifh awmif;cHcJhonf/
,if;yk*d¾Kvfrsm;xHrS pm&&SdaMumif; jyefMum;pm&&Sdaomfvnf; awGUqHkcGifh r&&Sdyg/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 179
,if;tjyif t*FvefEdkifiH NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfaom vDbmyl;? [l;vf?
refcsufpwmNrdKUrsm;&Sd ukefonfrsm;toif;wdkYxHodkYvnf; &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;
vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpö pma&;om; qufoG,fí oabmxm;rsm;udk ar;jref;
cJhonf/
,if;tjyif a[;onf t*Fvef&Sd a&wyfOD;pD;csKyfESifh ygvDreftrwf
jzpfol Lord George Hamilton M.P Ist. Iord of Admiralty xH tqdkyg
udpöESifh vludk,fwdkifawGUqHkcGifhudk 1890-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (25)&ufaeYu
awmif;cHcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;yk*d¾Kvf udk,fwdkif rawGUqHkEdkifcJhaomfvnf;
olUudk,fpm; AdkvfBuD; ba&;('f) Captain Bridge R,N. The Director of Nawal
Intelligeace qdkolESifh awGUqHkcGifh &&SdcJhonf/ ,if;tjyif a[;onf ol\
oabmxm;rsm;udk pmtm;jzifh 1890-ck? azazmf 0g&D (4)&ufaeYwGif tqdkyg
AdkvfBuD;xHodkY a&;om;ay;ydkYcJhonf/
,if;tjyif 1867-ck? arv (1)&ufrS 1874-ck? Mo*kwfv (4)&ufaeY
txd b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; txl;ojzifh ppfwaumif;ESifh ppfawGNrdKU
rsm;wGif yifv,ful;oabFm rmvdefrSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol (Capatin
James Ewert, for mary years commarder of a Britigh India Company,
Steomer in the Bay of Bengal) xHrS ppfawGoabFmqdyfonf ppfwaumif;
xuf aumif;rGefaom oabFmqdyfaumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oabmxm;
rSwfcsufudk &,lcJhonf/
t*FvefygvDreftrwfrsm;xHodkYvnf; 1891-ck? Mo*kwfvtwGif;u
a[;onf &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udpötwGuf ygvDrefwGif
wifjyaqG;aEG;Edkif&efpmrsm;udk jzefYa0cJhonf/
,if;tjyif xif&Sm;onfh avmh'f'gz&ifh (Lord Dufferin) pav'if?
za&Zm ponfwdkYtjyif pD;yGm;a&;bufrS yk*d¾Kvfrsm;? twwfynm&Sifrsm;xHrS
oabmxm;rsm;udk &,lEdkifcJhonf/
a[;onf &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;twGuf &cdkif
wGif &SdpOfuvnf;aumif;? t*FvefodkY jyefa&mufpOfuvnf;aumif; ol\
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk pkaygif;NyD; pmtkyfwpftkyf xkwfa0&ef pDpOfcJhonf/
1892-ck? rwfv(9)&ufaeYpGJjzifh vef'ef&Sd tdEd,EdkifiH twGif;0ef½Hk;odkY
&cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udpöESifhywfoufonfh aqmif&Gufcsuf
rsm;udk pmtkyfxkwfa0vdk aMumif; cGifhjyKcsufudk a[;u awmif;cHonf/ 1892-
ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeYpGJjzihf ,if;½Hk;rS oabmwlnDcsufudk &&SdcJhonf/
jrxGef;atmif180
,if;aMumifh 1892-ck? arvwGif William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh
and London) yHkESdyfwdkufrS &cdkiftwdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wf (Arakan Past
Present Future) pmtkyfudk ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/
,if;pmtkyfwGif &cdkifa'oodkY a[;ra&mufrDu tajctae? a&muf&SdNyD;
tajctaeESifh tem*wfumv a[; arQmfrSef;cJhaom &cdkifjynftajctaersm;
udk aphpHkpGm wifjyxm;onf/
qdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawGqdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawGqdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawGqdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawGqdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawG
ppfawGNrdKUonf yxrt*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJ NyD;onfhaemuf wnfaxmif
aom NrdKUjzpfonf/ 1870-ck? Zlvdkifv (7)&ufaeY xkwf Arakan News wGif
Old Arakan trnfcH a[;u &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;a[mif; Sir Archibald Bogle
\ ravsmhaomZGJvHkUvaMumifh &cdkifa'o\ qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rSm
wdk;wufvmaMumif;jzifh ,if;yk*d¾Kvftm; csD;usL;a&;om;xm;onf/ qefpyg;
vkyfief;ESpfpOfwpf[kefxdk; wdk;wufvmojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf qefpyg;vkyfief;
\ tcsuftcsmusaom NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfvmonf/ tESpfESpfq,fwdkif toHk;jyK
oGm;vm&ojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf vDbmyl;oabFmydkif&Sifrsm;\ od&SdrIrsm;vm
onf[k a[;u vDbmyl; ukefonfrsm;toif;odkY 1874-ck? Zlvdkifv (27)&uf
&ufpGJjzifh ay;ydkYonfh pmwGifazmfjyxm;onf/
a&S;u oabFmrmvdefrSL;rsm;? a&aMumif;tmrcHvkyfief; &Sifrsm;onf
ppfawGodkY oGm;vrf;wGif&Sdaom tdGKifhpwm Oyster Reef ausmufwef;rSm
awG;aMumufp&m jzpfcJhonf/ qmtmomz,fom\ pDpOfñTefMum;rIaMumifh
tGdKifpwmausmufaqmifay:wGif tvSrf;a0;onfhae&mrsm;rSyif rD;a&mifudk
jrifEdkifaom rD;jywdkufudk ESpftwefMumuyif zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;
rD;jyaMumifh ppfawGodkYoGm;vmaeus oabFmrsm;omru umvuwåm;NrdKUESifh
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; oGm;vmaeonfh oabFmrsm;twGufvnf;
rcefYrSef;Edkifaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk jzpfxGef;apEdkifaMumif;jzifh ,if;pmwGif
qufvufazmfjyxm;onf/
ppfawGNrdKUonf &cdkifjrpf0rS ig;rdkiftuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/ &efukefNrdKU
onf rkwåryifv,fauGUxdyfwGif&Sdonfh &Snfanmif;aom yifv,fc&D;oGm;
vmrI jzpfonf/ rdkif (30)cefY jrpfaMumif;twdkif; qefwuf&onf/ oabFmrsm;
oGm;vm&mrSm ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;aom tusdK;qufrsm;onf &efukefodkY oGm;&m
rSm jzpfxGef;EdkifaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; tqdkygpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 181
ppfawGrS rEÅav;rSm rdkif(100)yifra0;/ w½kwfjynfESifh jrefrmjynf
wdkYrS xGufaomxGufukefrsm;\ xGufayguf jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfypönf;
xkwfvkyfolrsm;\ yifv,fa&vufMum;rSm ppfawG jzpfonf/ tpçyxr
aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;rnf/ odkY&mwGif wdkawmif;aom
oGm;vma&;c&D;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIrsm; jzpfxGef;vmrIaMumifh ,if;ukefus
p&dwfrsm;rSm rMumrD axrdrnfjzpfonf[k a[;u ppfawGqdyfurf;rS rEÅav;
w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfjcif; tusdK;tjrwfudk azmfjyxm;
onf/
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf&Sd ppfawGNrdKUudkjzwfNyD;azmufvkyfaom rD;&xm;
vrf;onf r[mAsL[mt& vnf;aumif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;t& vnf;aumif;
uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tusdK;&Sdrnf jzpfonf/ Nidrf;csrf;rIudk
taxmuftuljyKrnf jzpfonf/ e,fpGefe,fzsm;a'orsm;&Sd vlrsm;\
0ifa&mufpGuf zufrIrsm;vnf; r&SdEdkifawmhyg[k a[;\rdwfaqGpav'ifu
ppfawGudkjzwfNyD; &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpöudk tav;ay;
axmufcHxm;onf/
,if;tjyif a[;onf NAdwdoQ-tdEd, oabFmukrÜPDwGif rmvdefrSL;
tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol *sDtD;0wf\ ppfawGqdyfurf;
onf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf&Sd qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;teuf aumif;rGefaom
qdyfurf;aumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oabmxm;rSwfcsufudk &,lNyD; oufqdkif&m
rsm;odkY wifjycJhonf/
ty,fcH &cdkifjynfty,fcH &cdkifjynfty,fcH &cdkifjynfty,fcH &cdkifjynfty,fcH &cdkifjynf
a[;onf &cdkifwGifvusL;ESpf&Snf aecJhol jzpfonf/ &cdkifa'oESifh
qufqHcJh&onfrSm tESpfESpfq,fcefY &Sdonf/ &cdkifudk oHa,mZOfBuD;ol
rsufESmjzL vlrsdK;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ,leD,H*suf tvHatmufwGif &cdkifudk
wdk;wufapvdkolwpfOD; jzpfonf/ &cdkifa'oudk tkyfpdk;olrsm;\ ypfy,fxm;
onfh a'otjzpf a[;ujrifonf/ tkyfpdk;olrsm;\ 0efcHcsuf? xifjrifcsufrsm;
udk a[;onf &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;BudK;yrf; csufrsm;wGif
tvsOf;oifhovdk azmfjyxm;onf/ ol\&cdkif twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wf
pmtkyfrSmvnf; ,if;wdkYudk azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
1867-ckrS 1871-cktxd r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;tjzpf aqmif&Guf
cJhol AdkvfcsKyfBuD;zdkuf (General Fytche) u oltNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemuf
jrxGef;atmif182
a&;om;cJhonfhpmwGif uREfkyfwdkYacwfwGif vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; acwf
aemufusaerIrSm uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf 0rf;enf;zG,fjzpf&yfwpf&yf jzpfonf/
wdkif;ESpfwdkif;jzpfaom &cdkifESifhweoFm&DwdkYudk odrf;,lcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;
(45)ESpf&SdNyD; yJcl;wdkif;rSm (18)ESpf&SdNyD; jzpfonf/ &cdkifrSm vrf;wpfvrf;rQ
r&Sdao;ay/ rNyD;jywfao;onfh 'uúm;ppfwaumif;vrf;udk >cif;csufxm;&rnf
jzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;0efcHcsufudk a[;uaumufEkwfazmfjy
xm;onf/
'uúm;ppfwaumif;rS ppfawGodkY qufoG,frnfhvrf;rSm ppfwaumif;
rS 'uúm;txd rdkif(60)cefY NyD;cJhonf/ ,if;vrf;rSm 'kwd, t*Fvdyf-jrefrm
ppfyGJtNyD;wGif avmh'gv[dkZD trdefYt& azmufvkyfcJhonfhvrf; jzpfonf/
odef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ukefuscJhaom tqdkygvrf;rSm ,cktcgawmBuD;
rsufrnf; jzpfaeonf/ ,if;udpöudk a[;uaxmufjyxm;onf/
]]ppfawGc½dkif\ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rSm rNyD;rjynfhpHkrIESifh
tvGef rauseyfrI&Sdaom tajctaejzpfonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,frI
cRwf,Gif;aomfjim;vnf; rdkiftenf;i,frQom a0;aom wdkufe,frsm;odkY
c½dkif t&m&Sdrsm;Munfh½Ippfaq;&ef rvma&mufonfudk uREkfyftaejzifh
em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfrdonf/ ppfawGNrdKUonf uREkfyfwdkYxHwGif
ESpfaygif;(60)&SdNyD jzpfonf/ ,if;umvtwGif; uREkfyfwdkYonf tcGef
aumufrsm;udk jrefrmjynf&Sd tjcm;a'orsm;xuf ydkrdkaumufcHcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif wpfpHkwpfOD;onf ,if;a'otESHUoGm;a&mufygu xdka'o&Sd
jynfolvlxkwdk;wufrItwGuf wpfjym;wpfcsyfrQ oHk;pG Jxm;onfh
taetxm;udk awGU&rnf r[kwfay}}[k Adamson's Settlement
Reoprt on Akyab District for 1885-86udk udk;um;azmfjyxm;NyD;
ty,fcH&cdkifjynftjzpf a[;u oufaoxlcJhonf/
,if;tjyif 1891-ck? azazmf0g&Dv (2)&ufaeYxkwf Times owif;
pmwGifvnf; ,if;(ppfawGc½dkif)wGif vrf;rSmrdkif(40)rQyif r&Sdao;aMumif;
azmfjyxm;onfh pmydk'fjzifh a[;\ ty,fcH&cdkifjynftaMumif;udk xyfrH
axmufcHxm;onf/
]]&cdkifa'oonf NAdwdoQtvHawmfatmufwGif ESpfaygif;(50)&SdNyD
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif omrefvrf;rSm rdkif(50)r&Sdao;? wpfESpfvQif
taumufcGefrS ydk&&SdaiGrSm odef;(20)ausmf&dSonf/ EdkifiHtESHY rD;&xm;
vrf;rsm; azmufvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 183
tpdk;&twGuf BuD;rm;aomtusdK;tjrwf &&Sdrnfjzpfonf}} ponfjzifh
a[;onf (Arakan News) owif;pmwGif 1876-ck? Edk0ifbm (4)&uf aeYu
a&;om;azmfjycJhonf/ ,if;pmom;rsm;twdkif; 1874-ckESpfu tdEd´,EdkifiH
twGif;0efjzpfol Marquis of Salisbury xH pmay;ydk YcJ honf/ tdEd´,
twGif;0efxHodkY azmfjyyg pmudkay;NyD;(18)ESpftMum 1892-ck? arvwGif
a&;onfh twdwfu&cdkifjynftaMumif;t&mudk azmf&mrSm azmfjyygpmudk
xyfrHwdk;wufrIr&Sdao; aMumif;udk a[;u xyfqifhí azmfjyxm;onf/
&cdkiftwdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wftaMumif;rsm;udk trSmpm oabm
jzifh pmtkyfwGif azmfjy&mwGif--
]]&cdkifonf bk&ifEdkifiHtjzpf jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifawmhrnf
r[kwfacs/ odomxif&Sm;onfh taetxm;odkY jymyHkrS xlaxmifEkdifNyD;
ppfawGqdyfurf;onf tdEd,EdkifiHwGif taumif;qHk; qdyfurf;wpfckESifh
BuD;us,faom a&wyfpcef;wpfck jzpfvmrnf/ ,if;\pGrf;&nfESifh
wnf&SdaeyHkwdkYrSm xl;xl;uJuJtajctaersm;aMumifh twnfjyKazmfjy
&jcif; jzpfayonf}}[k a[;u 1892? arv&ufpGJjzifh typfy,fcH &cdkif
jynf\ tem*wfudk a[;u arQmfrSef;cJhonf/
a[;\ &nf&G,fcsufa[;\ &nf&G,fcsufa[;\ &nf&G,fcsufa[;\ &nf&G,fcsufa[;\ &nf&G,fcsuf
a[;onf &cdkif? twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wfpmtkyfudk 1892-wGif
pDpOf½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ ,if;pmtkyfwGif ol\&nfñTef;vdkonfh taMumif;
t&mESifh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk a&SUqHk;pmrsufESmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ ol\&nfñTef;
csufonf jzpfapcsifaom qEESifh cH,lcsufrsm;udk twdkcsHK;NyD; azmfjyxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
a[;onf &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIrSm
tjrifhqHk;tqifhtxda&mufatmif wifjycJhonf/ wdkufwGef; vIHUaqmfcJhonf/
oufqdkif&m yk*d¾Kvfrsm;uvnf; ,if;udpöudk tav;ay; pOf;pm;cJhonf/
,if;aMumifh ol\&nfñTef;azmfjy&mwGif tav;eufqHk;tqifhjzifh pOf;pm;
cJhMuaomfvnf; cGifhjyKcsufr&&Sday[k a[;\aqmif&Gufcsufudk twdkcsHK;í
rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf/ yxrBudK;yrf;rItcsdef 1874-ck umvtwGif;u
wm0ef&Sdol 0efBuD;csKyfEdkifiHjcm;a&; wm0efcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;? tdEd,EdkifiH
twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol Marquis of Salisbury K.C 'kwd,tBudrf
BudK;yrf;rIumv twGuf tdEd´,EdkifiHtwGif;0ef Viscount Cross G.C.B ESifh
jrxGef;atmif184
tdEd ´,bk&ifc Hcs Ky f The Marquis of Lansdowne, G.C.S.Lwdk Ytm;
vnf;aumif; &nfñTef;xm;onfudkvnf;awGU&onf/
,if;ESifh wpfqufwnf;rSm t&Sifocifrsm;\ yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrI
jzifh wdk;wufrIaES;auG;aom tajctae&Sdonfh &cdkifjynfonf tusdK;pD;yGm;
jzpfxGef; wdk;wufvmrnf/ tdEd´,ESifh jrefrm-w½kwfvrf;rBuD; azmufvkyf
jcif;jzifh ,if;a'o\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom ppfawGNrdKUonf BuD;us,faom
aps;uGufESifh tdEd,tifyg,m\ wwd,tBuD;qHk; qdyfurf;NrdKUwpfNrdKU jzpfvm
rnf[k arQmfvifhygonf[k a[;u &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;onf/
]]&cdkifjynf&Sd ppfawGNrdKUonf ta&SUb*Fvm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH\
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;twGuf qdyfurf;BuD;wpfckjzpfonfudk tpdk;&
uaomfvnf;aumif;? jynfolvlxkuaomfvnf;aumif; tav;teuf
owdjyKjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ vGefcJhonfh ESpf(30)ausmfu ay;pmrsm;ESifh
*sme,frsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh uREkfyf\ pOf;pm;&ef axmufcHawmif;qdk
cJhaom odomxif&Sm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk uREkfyf\ aqmif&Guf
csufrsm; rNyD;qHk;rD jyefvnfyHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;jzifh xyfrHNyD;tav;xm;
owdjyKvmap&efrSm uREkfyf\ qE´yifjzpfygonf/ ,cktcsdeftxd
qdyfurf;udk toHk;&Sdatmif raqmif&GufMuao;yg}}[k ol\ aqmif&Guf
csufrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhjyKa&;twGuf tdEd´,EdkiHtwGif; 0ef½Hk;odkY
1892-ck? rwfv 19&ufpGJjzifh ay;ydkYonfh pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
,if;azmfjycsufrsm;rSm a[;\qEESifh &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk azmfñTef;xm;jcif;yif
jzpfayonf/
a[;\&cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIrSm umv
&SnfvsmcJhonf/ a[;ESifhtNydKif tdEd´,EdkifiHtmoHrS jrefrmjynfudk jzwfNyD;
w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udk Captain Sprye qdkolu
vnf; tqdkjyKcJhonf/ tvm;wl rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;twGuf tqdkjyK
csufrsm;vnf; ,if;tcsdef &&SdcJhonf/
a[;\ BudK;yrf;rIumvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH\ yxrqHk; rD;&xm;vrf;
jzpfaom &efukef-jynfrD;&xm;vrf;udk 1877-ckwGif azmufvkyfcJhonf/
&efukef-rEÅav;rD;&xm;vrf;udk 1889-ckwGif azmufvkyfcJhonf/ ,if;rD;&xm;
vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfNyD;pD;rIonf a[;\BudK;yrf;csufrsm;udk t[efYtwm;jzpfcJh
[ef&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ol\vkyfief;rsm;wGif ,if;udpörsm;tm; jyóemwpf&yf
taeESifh a[;u tav;teufjyKNyD; wifjyxm;onfudkum; rawGU&ay/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 185
tdEd´,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tjcm;rD;&xm;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfcJhMu
aomfvnf; a[;\ tqdkjyKcJhaom &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;um; taumif
txnf ray:cJhacs/
rnfodkYyif qdkapumrl tkyfpdk;ol rsufESmjzLvlrsdK; a[;\ BudK;yrf;csuf
rsm;udkum; rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif NAdwdoQvufatmuf
(66)ESpfausmf umvtwGif; &cdkifjynf\ tajctaewpfpdwfwpfa'oudk
ordkif;xif[yfrI wpf&yftaejzifh tav;xm;avhvm&rnfhudpöwpf&yfyif
jzpfygonf/
jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif
udk;um;onfhpmwrf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;
1/ Arakan Past Present Future, by John Ogilvy Hay.
Willian Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London
1892- May.
2/ ]]&cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pmrsm;}}
jrxGef;atmif &cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf-1 (1973-ck)
3/ ]]&cdkifa&;&m pmtkyfpmwrf; (rsufESmzHk;) jyyGJtñTef;}}
(&efukef)rS xkwfa0onf/
&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/
jrxGef;atmif186
&cdkifpmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm;
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
jrxGef;atmif
1853-ck rwdkifrD &cdkifwGif yHkESdyfwdkufvkyfief; r&Sdao;[k qdkEdkifyg
onf/ owif;pmwpfapmifudk 1853-ckwGif ppfawGNrdKU rS xkwfa0ygonf/
,if;owif;pm xkwfa0onfhESpfrSm &cdkifodkY yHkESdyfvkyfief; pmyHkESdyfpufrsm;
a&muf&Sdvmonf[k qdkEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ yHkESdyfvkyfief;&cdkifwGif pwifonfh
umv[k rSwf,l&rnf jzpfygonf/
jynfBuD;r@dKif owif;pmudk 1892-93wGif xkwfa0ygonf/
,if;owif;pmudk &cdkifjrefrm ta&;tom;ESifh xkwfa0cJhaMumif; odEdkifygvQif
,if;taxmuftxm;t& &cdkif-jrefrm ta&;tom;ESifh xkwfa0onfhpmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;&SdaeNyD[k qdkEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl &cdkifwGif &cdkifjrefrm ta&;tom; ESifhxkwfa0cJh
onfh pmtkyfrsm;rSm 1920-ckESifh ,if;ywf0ef; usifavmufwGif&SdaeNyD jzpfyg
onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf rpwifrD ppfBudKacwfwGif pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk &cdkifrSm
½dkufESdyfxkwfa0rIrsm; jznf;jznf;rSefrSef xkwfa0aeNyD jzpfygonf/ ,if;pm
tkyfpmwrf;rsm; ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onfhvkyfief;rSm 'kwd,urÇm ppf'PfaMumifh
&cdkifrSm vHk;0eD;yg; ysufpD;cJh&ygonf/ ppfNyD;pESifh vGwfvyfa&; &&SdNyD;aemufydkif;
umvrSm &cdkifwGif yHkESdyf vkyfief;&Sdonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tvGefyif
tm;enf; aeygao;onf/ ,cktcsdefxdyif yHkESdyfvkyfief;rSm zdwfpm? vufurf;
pm tqifhrSom &Sdaeygao;onf/ pmtkyfrsm;yHkESdyfa&;ESifh taMumif;udpörsm;
ay:aygufcJhvQif &efukefodkYvma&muf NyD; yHkESdyfae&onfudk awGUjrifEdkifygonf
&cdkifvli,frsm;\ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIonf 'kwd,urÇmppf rwdkifrD
umvxuf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&; &&SdNyD;aemufydkif; umvrSm t&Sdeft[kef
&&SdvmNyD jzpfygonf/ pmayvIyf&Sm;rI\ toD;tyGifhrsm;jzpfaom pmapmif
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 187
r*¾Zif;rsm;udk &efukefwGif½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkifjynfe,fNrdKU&GmtESHY jzefYa0cJhMuonf/
ppfawG NrdKUwGif wcsdKUpmapmifrsm;udk ½dkufESdyfcJhMuygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfrsm;udk
jzefYcsd&mrSm vli,ftoif;tzGJUrsm; wm0ef,ljzefYcsdcJh jcif;u rsm;onf/ ,if;odkY
jzefYcsd&mrSm wm0ef,ljzefYcsdaom toif;tzGJUrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rItay: rlwnfNyD;
&cdkifESifhywfoufonfh pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm; wnfwHcJhrIrsm;? oufwrf;&SnfMumrI
rsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;
vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950
]]&efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; toif;}}\
ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;udk 1949-ck? pufwifbmv (15)&ufaeY nae
(4)em&DwGif ,leDbmpDwD pmoifwef; trSwf (2)rSm jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;tpnf;
ta0;rS Ouú| udkazmfZHESifh twGif;a&;rSL; udkausmfxGef;wdkY yg0ifonfh 1949-
50ckESpftwGuf trIaqmiftzGJUudk wifajr§mufMuygonf/ ,if; trIaqmif
tzGJUESifh pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm; BudK;pm;rIaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY\ aemifawmfrsm;
vufxufü pmapmifuav;rsm; xkwfa0cJhonf/ odkYaomf ,ckESpftzdkYwGifum;
aemifawmfrsm;\ ajrawmifajr§mufay;rIudk taMumif;jyKí pmrsufESm(80)
ausmfrQ yg0ifaomvGwfvyfa&; pmapmifwpfck jzpfay:EdkifpGrf; &SdcJhavonf}}
[k 1949-50ck? &efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;toif;
twGif;a&;rSL;\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
,if;pmapmifonf &cdkifvli,frsm;\ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;teuf
tapmqHk;xGufay:vmonfh pmapmifr*¾Zif;wpfck jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyf
jrefrm(2)bmomjzifh xkwfa0&efjzpfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;trD xkwfa0&ef
twGuf tcsdefvkí tvkyfvkyfae&ojzifh t*Fvdyfu@udk csefvSyfcJhonf[k
vnf; ,if;pmapmifwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
,if;pmapmifwGif twdkifyifcH pmwnf;tjzpf OD;ausmf&if(bDat)
wm0efcHpmwnf; armifwifatmif('k-0dZÆmwef;) wuúodkvf eE´rdwf? wGJzuf
pmwnf;? armifxGef;NrdKif ('k-Oya' wef;)? cspf'gvD taxGaxGtvkyfwm0efcH
udkpHa&TvS(y-0dZÆm) &JoD[ wGJzuftvkyfwm0efcH rwifaESmif; (y-0dZÆm)
&SifaESmif;wdkYjzpfygonf/
jrxGef;atmif188
&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;
1950-ckwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm;toif;
r*¾Zif;vGwfvyfa&;pmapmifudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif
onf ]]&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;}}xGufay:vma&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpf
jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY vGwfvyfa&;pmapmifxkwfa0cJhNyD; 1951-ckwGif &efukef
wuúodkvf ausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm;toif; BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh yxrqHk;aom
]]&cdkifwefaqmif}}udk xGef;n§day;vdkuf ygonf/ r*¾Zif;wGif jrefrm-t*Fvdyf
u@ESpf&yfjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/
1952-ckESpf ]]&cdkifwefaqmif trSwf-2}}udk jrefrm-t*Fvdyf
ESpfu@jzifh xkwfa0cJhygonf/ 1953-ckwGifrl ½kef;uefwGef;z,fí r&aom
tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;aMumifh rxGufEdkif cJhay/ ]]uREkfyfwdkYonf &cdkifwefaqmif\
tvif;&dyfESifh uif;uGmír&ojzifh vGefcJhonfhESpfESifh ,ckESpf (2)ESpfaygif;
twGuf þav;ESpfajrmuf &cdkifwefaqmif zGm;jrifvm&ayonf}}[k awGU&yg
onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1954-55ck &cdkifwefaqmifrSm (2)ESpfaygif; trSwf(3)ESifh
trSwf(4)tjzpf xkwfa0cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
&cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf(5)udk 1955-56wGif xkwfa0cJh onf/ 1957-
58wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(6)udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/ &cdkifwefaqmif
trSwf(1)rS trSwf(5)txdwGif jrefrm? t*Fvdyf u@ESpf&yfudk azmfjyxm;
ygonf/ trSwf(6)wGif a&S;a[mif;a0omvD&u©0PÖwpfpdwfwa'oudk
wifjycJhonf/ 1958-59ckwGif &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf(7)udk xkwfa0cJhyg
onf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif &cdkifpmayu@udkvnf; wdk;csJUxm;onfudk awGU&
ygonf/ 1959-60wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf (8)udk jzefYcsdonfudk awGU&
ygonf/ 1960-61wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(9)udkvnf;aumif;? 1961-
62 wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(11)udk vnf;aumif; &cdkif? jrefrm? t*Fvdyf
u@rsm;jzifh xkwfa0cJhMuygonf/
1962-63 &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(11)udk xkwfa0cJhNyD;aemuf &cdkif
wefaqmifr*¾Zif;rSm taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh (8)ESpfcefY xkwfa0jcif;udk
rawGU&yg/ ,if;aemuf 1971-72wGif &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf (12)udk
xkwfa0cJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif &cdkifpmayu@ESifh t*Fvdyfu@udk azmfjyxm;
jcif; r&Sdyg/ ,if;tjyif pmapmiftrSwfudkvnf; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
,if;aemuf &cdkifwefaqmif 1973-74 pmapmiftrSwf(13)udk
1974-ckwGif xkwfa0cJhygonf/ 1975-76wGif &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf (14)udk
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 189
vnf;aumif;? 1977-78wGif &cdkif wefaqmiftrSwf(15)udk vnf;aumif;
xkwfa0cJhygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;rsm;wGifvnf; &cdkifpmayu@ESifh t*Fvdyfu@
wdkYudk azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
&cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf (16)udk 1980-ckwGif xkwfa0cJhygonf/ ,if;
r*¾Zif;wGif jrefrm-t*FvdyfESpfckudk jyefvnfNyD; azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;&cdkifwef
aqmiftrSwf(16)udk 1980-ckwGif xkwfa0cJhNyD;onfrS ,aeYxufwdkif
&cdkifwefaqmifum; ay:xGufvmjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif;onf &efukefwuúodkvf&Sd &cdkifausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;wdkY\ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh xGef;vif;vmonfh rD;½SL;wefaqmifwpf&yf
jzpfonf/ aemifawmfaemifawmfrsm; xGef;n§dcJhaom rD;½SL;wefaqmifwpf&yf
jzpfonfh &cdkifwefaqmifudk xGef;n§day;&efrSm ,aeYwuúodkvfynmudk qnf;yl;
aeMuaom wuúodkvfa&muf &cdkifarmifr,frsm;\ wm0efwpf&yfyif jzpfay
onf/
"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;
ppfawGc½dkifrSvma&mufMuonfh &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ynm
oifMum;aeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u 1951-ck Mo*kwfv (1)&uf
aeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf "n0wDausmif; ol-ausmif;om;rsm;toif;udk
Ouú|udkazmfZH? twGif;a&;rSL; udkausmfcifyg0ifonfh trIaqmif(18)OD;jzifh
zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ ,if;toif;rS BuD;rSL;í "n0wDr*¾Zif; (1951-52) twGJ
(1)? trSwf(1)udk twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;ausmf&if (r[m0dZÆm) pmwnf;pHa&TvS
('k-0dZÆm)wdkYu jrefrmu@wGif vnf;aumif;? twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;uHBuD;
(r[m0dZÆm)pmwnf; pdefxGef;atmif? wGJzufpmwnf; rjroDwmwdkYu t*Fvdyf
u@wGifvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufMuonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;udk 1952-ckESpf ESpfOD;
ydkif;wGif xkwfa0cJhonf/
"n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf-2rSm twdkifyifcHpmwnf;
OD;ausmf&if (r[m0dZÆm)? pmwnf; rvSvSMuif (0dZÆm)? wGJzufpHausmfom (y-
0dZÆm) ynma&;wdkYu jrefrmpmu@wGifvnf;aumif;? twdkifyifcHpmwnf;
a':jrpdef? pmwnf; rjroDwm (0dZÆm)? wGJzufpmwnf; apmvSatmif
(odyHÜ 0dZÆm)wdkYu t*Fvdyfpmu@wGif wm0ef,lcJhMuonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif; twGJ
(1) trSwf-2udk 1953-ckESpfOD;ydkif;rSm jzefYcsdcJhonf/
jrxGef;atmif190
"n0wDr*¾Zif;twGJ(1)? trSwf(1)ESifh (2)ESpfapmifom xkwfa0cJh
ygonf/ aemufydkif;wGif &efukefwuúodkvf "n0wD ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
rsm;toif;onf &efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;toif;
ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;ygonf/ ,if;aMumifh "n0wDr*¾Zif;udk xkwf0jcif;rjyKawmh
bJ &cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;udk tm;jznfhNyD; xkwfa0oGm;Muygonf/
t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;
1952-rwfvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ trSwf 163-ck? 34-vrf;? &efukef
&Sd &cdkifvli,frsm;toif;(&efukef)rS xkwfa0jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;rSm
,cktcg &SmazGrawGUawmhyg/ ,if;aMumifh ,if;pmtkyfwGif yg0ifonfh
taMumif;t&m? uavmif&Sifrsm;ESifh pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;udk rodEdkifawmhyg/
,if;r*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xGufcJhygonf/
ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmifppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmifppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmifppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmifppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmif
EdkifiHawmf wef;jrifhausmif; trSwf(1)rS xkwfa0aom pmapmif jzpfyg
onf/ yxrqHk;tBudrf ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS xkwfa0aom pmapmif
jzpfonf/ 1953-ck? azazmf0g&D(22)&ufaeYwGif xkwfa0rnf[k aMunmcJh
onf/ odkY&mwGif pmapmif½dkufESdyfNyD; jynfawmfomoabFmjzifh udkom'dk;ESifh
udkausmfvSjzLwdkYu &efukefrS ,laqmifvmMuygonf/ ppfawGqdyfurf;
ta&mufwGif pmapmifxkwfa0cGifhvufrSwf r,lrIaMumifh jzefYa0cGifh &yfqdkif;
jcif;cH&onf/ w&m;pGJum'PfaiG(100d) 'Pfwyfjcif;cH&onf/ pmtkyfrsm;
udkvnf; rD;½I dUzsufqD;cH&onf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;
ESpfywfvnf pmapmiftrSwf(1)udk vHk;0xkwfa0jcif; rjyKvdkuf&yg/
]ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnf pmapmif (1954-55)} twGJ(1)
trSwf(2)pmapmifudk 1956-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif ½dkufESdyfjzefYa0cJhygonf/
,if;pmapmifwGif twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;om'if? wm0efcHpmwnf;
udkarmifarmifvSESifh rjzLarwdkY jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;trSwf(2) pmapmifxGufNyD;
aemuf ]ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmif}xGuf ay:jcif; r&Sd
awmhyg/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 191
"npmapmif"npmapmif"npmapmif"npmapmif"npmapmif
,if;pmapmiftwGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1958-ck? arvrSm xkwfa0yg
onf/ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;tjzpf "n0wDOD;btkef;? wm0efcHpmwnf;
owdk;EG,f? pmwnf; &u©ol&def? 'k-pmwnf; "npdk;ESifh "nrif;ausmfwdkY jzpfMu
onf/ "npmapmif uavmif&SiftzGJUudk (6-7-1958)aeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU
a&Tjym;&yf twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;btkef; tdrfrSmzGJUpnf;Muonf/ Ouú|
udkat;xGef;? twGif;a&;rSL; udkatmifjrtygt0if tzGJU0if(15)OD; yg&Sdonf/
"npmapmifudk ppfawGNrdKU rdZH&yf? vrf;rSefyHkESdyfwdkufwGif ½dkufESdyfNyD; udkwifOD;u
wm0efcH xkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmapmifrSm trSwfrnfrQxd xkwfa0cJhaMumif;
rod&yg/
wufaeopf pmapmifwufaeopf pmapmifwufaeopf pmapmifwufaeopf pmapmifwufaeopf pmapmif
1958-ckavmufrSm pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmapmif wm0efcH
pmwnf;tjzpf udkarmifausmf? pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;rSm ppfawG aemifvwf?
jrwHZOf? prf;EG,f? vJhvJhrm? cifav;olZmwdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ twGJ(2)
trSwf(7)pmapmifudk (16-10-1959)&ufpGJjzifh xkwfa0onfudk awGU&
ygonf/ ,if;pmapmifudk ppfawGNrdKUausmif;wufvrf; jynfolUpmyHkESdyfwdkufwGif
½dkufESdyfNyD; udkausmfarmifu xkwfa0ygonf/ pmapmiftrSwf rnfrQtxd
xkwfa0cJhaMumif;? rnfonfhckESpfavmufwGif xkwfa0rI &yfqdkif;cJhaMumif;rsm;
udkum; rod&Sd&yg/
acwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifacwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifacwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifacwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifacwfa&SUaqmif pmapmif
pmapmif twGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1961-ck? {NyDvrSm xkwfa0onf/
pmwnf;tzGJU0if OD;owdk;vS? OD;ausmfjr? udkOD;a&TZH? udkpHvSatmif?
udkatmifa&TxGef;ESifh udkausmfpdk;wdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ ppfawGNrdKU yHkESdyfwdkuf
wGif ½dkufESdyfonf/ twGJ rnfrQxGufcJhaMumif;? rnfonfh ckESpfwGif xkwfa0rI
&yfqdkif;cJh&aMumif;rsm;udk rod&Sd&yg/
jrxGef;atmif192
&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif
,if;pmapmifudk jynfolUyHkESdyfwdkuf OD;atmifxGef;OD;vrf;? ppfawGwGif
½dkufESdyfNyD; t,f'Dwm OD;atmifxGef;jru yHkESdyfxkwfa0onf/ 1959-ckESpf
OD;ydkif;wGif jzefYa0cJhonf/ pmapmifoabmxuf t&G,ftpm; owif;azmfjy
xm;yHkrsm;rSm owif;pmoabm aqmifaeygonf/ rnfonhfckESpfwGif &yfqdkif;
cJhaMumif; rod&yg/
&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;
aqmif;yg;rsm;udkpkaygif;NyD; ½dkufESdyfxm;onfh pmapmifjzpfonf/
aqmif;yg;trsm;pkrSm &cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk avhvmvdkufpm;ol vli,fwdkY\
wifjycsufrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;aMumifh pmtkyfudkvnf; vli,fb0ESifh
udkufnDatmif ]&cdkifñGefYzl;}}[lí trnfay;vdkufygonf[k rdwfqufpum;
wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rsm; pmapmifwGif &cdkifpmayu@?
*Dw? &moDbGJU? ordkif;okawoe pmay[lí u@rsm;cGJxm;onfudk awGU&
onf/
&cdkifvli,frsm;\ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yf jzpfonf/ 1968ck? Zlvdkifv
rSm &efukefNrdKUwGif ½dkufESdyfjzefYa0ygonf/ aemufwGif ]&cdkifñGefYzl;uAsmrsm;}
[lí uAsmpmtkyfwpftkyfudk ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0NyD; aemufxyf ]&cdkifñGefYzl;}
pmapmifrsm; rxGufawmhyg/
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtzGJU(&efukef)rS xkwfa0aom r*¾Zif;
jzpfonf/ 1971-ck azazmf0g&DvwGif twGJ(1)udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtzGJU(&efukef)\ Ouú|rSm OD;armifarmifcifjzpfNyD;
twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;cifarmifaxG;? wGJzuftwGifa&;rSL;rSm OD;atmifausmf
wdkYjzpfNyD; r*¾Zif;wm0efcHpmwnf;rSm OD;atmifomOD;? OD;BudKifomatmif?
OD;oef;armifwdkY jzpfMuygonf/ pmwnf;rsm;rSm OD;omñGefY? OD;odef;vGif?
OD;atmifausmfpdef? OD;armifxGef;a0? OD;wifarmifESifh OD;ausmfwifwdkY jzpfMu
ygonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 193
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0EdkifcJhNyD; aemufxyf
rxGufawmhyg/
&cdkifr*¾Zif;&cdkifr*¾Zif;&cdkifr*¾Zif;&cdkifr*¾Zif;&cdkifr*¾Zif;
&cdkifr*¾Zif;twGJ(1)udk 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&ufaeYwGif
pmqdkawmf txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0ygonf/ &cdkif,Ofaus;rI aumfrwD
tjzpf (ppfawGNrdKUe,f)pmayaumfrwDwGif Ouú|OD;ausmfOD; (taemufom;)
twGif;a&;rSL; OD;OD;ausmfodef;(tm;opf)ESifh tzGJU0if(11)OD; yg0ifonf/
,if;r*¾Zif;wGif twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;omausmf? wm0efcHpmwnf;
taemufom;(ppfawG) pmwnf;tzGJU0if tm;opf? udkav;i,f(ppfawG)?
armifapmol(ppfawG)? ppfawG odef;aemifwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(2)udk 1975-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif xkwfa0onf/
,if;r*¾Zif;wGif twdkifyifcH t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf tm;opf (ppfawG)
ppfawG odef;aemifwdkYu aqmif&Gufygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(3)udk 1976-ck? pufwifbmvwGif xkwfa0yg
onf/ wm0efcHpmwnf; apmodef;armif (cGyfa'gif;eD-ppfawG) pmwnf;tzGJU0if
rsm;tjzpf ppfawGyGifhvTm? tm;opf? a':arodef;? armifrrif;rm? (ajrmufOD;)
A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG) ppfawG odef;aemifESifh ppfawGndKoefYwdkYu aqmif&GufMu
ygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(4)udk 1977-ck? pufwifbmvwGif xkwfa0
onf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;\ twdkifyifcH pmwnf;rSm OD;ausmf OD;? wm0efcHpmwnf;rSm
OD;OD;bodef; (ppfawG odef;aemif) pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawG yGifhvTm?
ppfawG ndKoefY? a':arodef;? armifrif;rm (ajrmufOD;)ESifh ppfawG xGef;,OfwdkY
u aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif;trSwf(5)udk 1977-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0ygonf/
twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;ausmfOD;? wm0efcHpmwnf; ppfawG odef;aemif? pmwnf;
tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGyGifhvTm? ppfawG ndKoefY? a':arodef;? ppfawG
xGef;,OfESifh A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)wdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif;trSwf(6)udk 1980-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif q&mawmf
OD;Owår &mjynfhtxdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwf0jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif
twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;ausmfOD;? wm0efcHpmwnf; ppfawG odef;aemif? pmwnf;
tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawG ndKoefY? A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)? jrifhausmfvIdif (ppfawG)?
jrxGef;atmif194
armifodef;cdkif(ppfawG)? ppfawG yGifhvTm? &u© ESif;jrZHESifh a':OD;jrarwdkYu
aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(7)udk 1981-ckwGif xkwfa0ygonf/ &cdkifr*¾Zif;
aumfrwDwGif em,ursm;tjzpf oQiftkef;? taemufom;(ppfawG) yef;csD
rif;ndKwdkYu aqmif&GufNyD; pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGodef;aemif?
atmifvSodef;? ppfawGyGifhvTmESifh ppfawGndKoefYwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/
]]aqmif;yg;aygif;(48)yk'f? 0w¬Kwdk(30)yk'f? 0w¬K&Snf(15)yk'f? uAsmyk'f
a& (200) ESifh umwGef;rsm; vufcH&&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf toifhawmfqHk;
,lqaom aqmif;yg;(12)yk'f? 0w¬Kwdk(4)yk'f? 0w¬K&Snf(2)yk'f? uAsm(18)yk'fESifh
umwGef;tcsdKUudk &cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(7)wGif xnfhoGif;&ef a&G;cs,fcJhMu
ygonf}}[k r*¾Zif;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)udk 1984-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif xkwfa0onf/
&cdkif? jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfu@rsm; yg0ifonf/ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;tjzpf
OD;ausmfOD;? wm0efcHpmwnf; ppfawG odef;aemif? pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf
ppfawGndKoefY? A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)? armifaumufpH (ppfawG)ESifh ppfawG
yGifhvTmwdkY u aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(9)udk 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0onf/
,if;r*¾Zif;wGif twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;ausmf OD;? OD;btkef;? wm0efcHpmwnf;
ppfawG odef;aemif? pmwnf;tzGJU0if ppfawGndKoefY? ppfawGyGifhvTm? A*sD;ausmf
(ppfawG)? armifaumufpH (&cdkifjynf)ESifh atmifvSodef;wdkY yg0ifaqmif&GufMu
ygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif;udk 1973-ckavmufuyifpwifNyD; NrdKUe,f &cdkif,Ofaus;rI
tzGJU (ppfawG)rS xkwfa0vm&m 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvtxd r*¾Zif;udk;apmif
xkwfa0cJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ trSwf (10)udk xkwfa0Edkif&ef pdkif;jyif;vsuf&SdaMumif;
od&ygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;onf wpfESpfvQif wpfBudrfus xGufaeonfudk awGU&
ygonf/
&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif
&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif twGJ(1)? trSwf(1)udk 1975-ck? Edk0ifbmv
wGif &cd ki f jynfe,fjynfolUaumifpD tvkyftrIaqmiftzG J UtwGuf
OD;rGD;vSatmif (a&T0)u wm0efcHxkwfa0onf/ &cdkifjynfe,f jynfolUaumifpD
BuD;MuyfrIjzifhxkwfa0cJh&m trSwfpOf(13)txd xkwfa0cJhNyD; jzpfygonf/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 195
1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif &cddkifjynfe,f (10)ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf tjzpf
]&cdkifjynfe,f r*¾if;}udk xkwfa0Jhygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif; wGif &cdkifjynfe,f\
(10)ESpfc&D;rSwfwdkifrsm;tjzpf w&m;pD&ifa&;? vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;? EdkifiHa&;?
w&m;pD&ifa&;? pyg;oD;ESHwdk;csJUpdkufysdK;a&;? &cdkifajrrSm pufrIv,f,m? *kPf,l
zG,f&m qefpyg;wifydkYrI? qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;ponfh q,fESpf
twGif; &cdkifjynfe,fa&;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;?
ydkUaqmifa&;? usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;rsm; 0w¬KuAsmrsm;
tjyif t*Fvdyfu@udkyg xnfhoGif;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ þr*¾Zif;rSm
&cdkifjynfe,f jynfolUaumifpDrS oD;jcm;aumfrwD zGJUpnf;í xkwfa0aom
pmtkyf jzpfygonf/
ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;
ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;udk 1978-ckESpfuyif xkwfa0cJhonf[k od&
onf/ 1983-84ck pmoifESpfwGif ppfawGaumvdyf r*¾Zif;trSwf(6)udk
1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif wuúodkvf
aumvdyfrsm;rS pmay0goem&Sifrsm;omru jyifyrSpmay0goem&Sifrsm; yg0if
a&;om;Muonf/ q&m-q&mru MuwfrwfNyD; ausmif;ol-ausmif; om;rsm;
u wm0ef,lxkwfa0aomr*¾Zif; jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh r*¾Zif;rsm;qufwdkuf
xGufay:vmjcif; jzpfygonf/
rdom;pk0dkif;r*¾Zif;rdom;pk0dkif;r*¾Zif;rdom;pk0dkif;r*¾Zif;rdom;pk0dkif;r*¾Zif;rdom;pk0dkif;r*¾Zif;
rdom;pk0dkif; tajccHa'orSm awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *GjzpfNyD; 1970-
71rS ynmoif axmufyHha&;udk pwifay;cJhonf/ rdom;pk0dkif;r*¾Zif;udk
1978-ck? ZlvdkifvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ ppfawGa'oaumvdyfESifh wuúodkvf
rsm; &efukefrS awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *GNrdKUe,frsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;rI
jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;\ wm0effcHpmwnf;rSm udkarmifarmifjrifhjzpfNyD;
vufaxmufpmwnf;rsm;rSm udkvSjrifh? udkxGef;aomif;? udkjrifhvIdifESifh
udkcifodef;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ rdom;pk0kdif;r*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0cJh
ygonf/
jrxGef;atmif196
'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;
oHwGJtoif;&efukefrS xkwfa0aom r*¾Zif;jzpfonf/ r*¾Zif;
aumfrwDOuú| OD;wifatmif? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;cifarmifjzpfNyD; pmwnf;
OD;wifatmif? wGJzufpmwnf; wifhcdkifwdkYjzpfonf/ 1979-ck? arvwGif
xkwfa0ygonf/ ,if;'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfwnf; xkwfa0cJhygonf/
aemufxyf xkwfa0jcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
arC0wDr*¾Zif;arC0wDr*¾Zif;arC0wDr*¾Zif;arC0wDr*¾Zif;arC0wDr*¾Zif;
(5)Budrfajrmuf &cdkifjynfe,faeYudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh rmefatmif
NrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpDr*¾Zif; jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD\ BudK;yrf;rI\ toD;
tyGifhrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcHpmwnf;tjzpf rmefatmif
jrat;jzpfNyD; pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf atmifoljrwf? atmifaz?
odef;wifvwf? apmcGefEdkifESifh armifcifwG,fwdkY yg0ifMuygonf/ arC0wD
r*¾Zif; trSwf(2)twGuf pmrlydwf&ufudk 1980-ck? arv(31)&ufaeYudk
owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; ,if;r*¾Zif;trSwf(2)rSm ,aeYwdkif xGufay:
vmjcif;udk rawGU&yg/
&cdkifaMu;rHkr*¾Zif;&cdkifaMu;rHkr*¾Zif;&cdkifaMu;rHkr*¾Zif;&cdkifaMu;rHkr*¾Zif;&cdkifaMu;rHkr*¾Zif;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI pmMunfhwdkuf? tkwfusif; &efukef\(16) ESpfjynfh
tjzpf 1979-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0cJ honf/ &cd kif,Ofaus;rI
pmMunfhwdkufaumfrwD Ouú|rSm OD;atmifausmfjzpfNyD; taxGaxG twGif;a&;
rSL;rSm OD;odef;ausmf jzpfygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;\ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;rSm
jrwfausmfolESifh EG,f(ppfawG)wdkYjzpfNyD; wm0efcHpmwnf;rSm armifAndK
jzpfonf/ &cdkifaMu;rHkr*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0cJhNyD;aemuf qufvuf
xGufay:vmjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
½dk;rr*¾Zif;½dk;rr*¾Zif;½dk;rr*¾Zif;½dk;rr*¾Zif;½dk;rr*¾Zif;
ppfawGNrdKUe,f pmayvkyfom;tzGJUrS xkwfa0aom r*¾Zif; jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKUe,f pmayvkyfom;tzGJUOuú|rSm OD;ausmfausmfjzpfNyD; twGif;a&;rSL;
rSm OD;armifBuD;pdef jzpfygonf/ ½dk;rr*¾Zif;udk 1984-ck? rwfvwGif trSwf(1)
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 197
udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/ ½dk;rr*¾Zif; trSwf(2)pmrlrsm;udk 31-5-84aeYudk
aemufqHk;xm;í ay;ydkYEdkifaMumif; pmrlrsm;zdwfac:xm;aomfvnf; ½dk;r
r*¾Zif;trSwf(2)udk ,aeYtxd rjrifrawGU&ao;yg/
OD;&mZfajr r*¾Zif;OD;&mZfajr r*¾Zif;OD;&mZfajr r*¾Zif;OD;&mZfajr r*¾Zif;OD;&mZfajr r*¾Zif;
ykPÖm;uRef;NrdKUe,f jynfolYaumifpD pmayqyfaumfrwDrS BuD;rSL;í
OD;&mZfajrr*¾Zif;udk 1984-ck? Edk0ifbmvwGif xkwfa0cJhygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;
aumfrwDOuú|rSm OD;a&TabmfomjzpfNyD; twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;apmwifarmif
jzpfNyD; aumfrwDwGif tzGJU0if(10)OD; yg0ifygonf/ pmwnf;tzGJUwGif rif;a&T
(ykPÖm;uRef;)u twdkifyifcHpmwnf;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? tzG JU0if
OD;OD;vSarmifESifh OD;apmatmifwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/ OD;&mZfajrr*¾Zif;
trSwf(2)twGuf pmrlrsm;ay;ydkY&ef aMumfjimxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;\ c&D;vrf;pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;\ c&D;vrf;pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;\ c&D;vrf;pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;\ c&D;vrf;pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;\ c&D;vrf;
&cddkifodkY pmyHkESdyfvkyfief; a&muf&SdvmonfrSm ESpfaygif;(130)ausmf
&SdNyD[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif &cdkifwGif pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm; xkwfa0
jzefYcsdcJhonfrSm q,fpkESpf oHk;pkausmf av;pkyif rjynfhao;yg/ ,if;q,fpkESpf
rsm;twGif; xkwfa0cJhonfh pmapmifr*¾Zif;aygif;(21)apmif &SdcJhygonf/ ,if;
pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;\ trsm;pkudk &efukefwGif½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkif&Sd NrdKU&GmtESHYESifh
&efukef&Sd &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;udk jzefYa0cJhMuonf/ ,if;pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;udk
OD;pD;OD;aqmif xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJholrsm;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh pmayudk avhvm
vdkufpm;Muaom vli,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf
&cdkifpmay,Ofaus;rI? &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;\ vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeonfh tajc
taersm;udk &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;tm; od&Sdoabmaygufap&ef apwem
t&if;cHNyD; pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;udk xkwfa0cJhMuonfudk awGU&ygonf/
&cdkifpmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm;onf wpfESpfwpfBudrf? ESpfESpf wpfBudrf
avmufom ay:xGufvmaom pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkY
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