jointness with the public – the community policing reform (1980-2000):

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Jointness with the public – The Community Policing

Reform (1980-2000):

1

The citizen & the policeman at the center

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• "Community policing Reform" (CP) is the only Police Reform born

outside the police. All the other reforms were focused on

effectiveness & efficiency;

• Maybe that's why many police officers hate CP, & in many countries,

it implemented only at the a declarations level.

• CP was created in the US in order to deal with the alienation

between the police and the public, and because the Police lost

control of the streets after the “Due Process Revolution” after it

existing tools became irrelevant.

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• The CP Purpose (1): A Social service that redesigns the

community & motivate it “to keep the streets clean”

instead of focusing on catching criminals.

• The CP Purpose (2): Changing the police’s culture and

doctrine. This means a different distribution of

organizational power.

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Police is one of the most important national security organizations

• Most countries suffer mostly from Internal national

security problems, & not from external enemies!

• Some of them are problems of: Homeland Security;

Multicultural Society; Organizational Crime, Money

Laundering; Government Corruption; etc.

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Police Reforms

5

In order to understand The Community Policing Reform, we will review the major reforms in policing, prepared the police to the 21st century’s challenge

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Since the establishment of the first uniformed police in London on 1829, there were six reforms in policing:

• They all were created in the United States;

• Most of them were created inside the police force, in order to adapt to a changing reality, & to become more effective and more efficient.

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Six Police Reforms:

• The Progressive Reform (The twenties of the twentieth

century);

• The professional reform in US Police: 1930-1980;

• The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000);

• “The New York Model" (1994-2000);

• The Homeland Security Reform (2000-2005);

• “The Technological reform" from 2005

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1. The Progressive Reform in US Police (The twenties of the twentieth century):

• Leadership; • No politics; • Improving the quality of

human resources; • Practice; • Effectiveness and efficiency.

August Vollmer, the Chief of Berkeley, California Police, 1907-1932

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2. The professional reform in US Police: 1930-1980

• Policing as a profession;

• Elevation of HR;

• Practice; • Academization; • Machinery.

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3. The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000)

We will talk about it soon!

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4. “The New York Model":  Rudolph Giuliani & William Bratton (1994-2000)

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• "Zero tolerance"; • Compstat; • The beginning of the

technological revolution.

• They wrote books how to download crime and became a legend in the Western world.

• However, the truth is that crime is going down all over the US for 25 years…

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“Hot Spots”

• Computerized techniques of mapping crime and identifying “Hot

Spots”.

• Formulating a strategic police response to those “hot spots”.

• Research shows that using “Hot Spots” can reduce crime in both the

hot spot and surrounding areas.

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• Accountability;

• Reliability;

• Measurement.

Crime dataPersonal data & pictures

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For example:

• The order was: “No beggars in the streets”!

• The Precinct Chief declares: “No beggars in my territory”

• Behind him, a beggar's picture was projected, taken in

his Precinct the same morning.

• The Precinct Chief was deposed in front of everyone.

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The Significance:

• Giuliani & Bratton won bureaucracy by establishing a

direct connection to the Precinct Chiefs in the field.

• Reducing hierarchies made the police more flexible!

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The end of the story:

• Bratton was dismissed by

Giuliani when he became too

popular and famous.

• He became the Commissioner

of Los Angeles Police

Department (LAPD) (2002–

2009).

• Crime continued to fall...

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5. The Homeland Security Reform (2000-2005)

Reality is accelerating!

• Homeland Security is part of police duties;

• Two sets of lows in parallel

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6. “The Technological reform" from 2005

It is a collection of technological revolutions, occurring in various areas all the time

From “Hot Spots” to “Predictive Policing”

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“The Technological reform"

• Cameras al over the city;

• Mobile Phones enable us to locate people, even in

retrospect;

• Surveillance and listening to suspects are made relatively

easily;

• Dependency on human resources among offenders has

significantly diminished;

• Forensics has become a very important partner in the

criminal investigation.

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Network analysis tells us almost everything about an organizations: power, influence, "bottlenecks", collaboration, strengths, weaknesses, etc.

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We can identify "Telnets" in a criminal organization, "and take him out of the game" on time!

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We know who to "crack“, in order to drag his organization into chaos

“Bottle Neck”

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From Hot Spots to Predictive Policing• The latest item on policing: Locating the development of

patterns in crime networks, allows us to predict where

and when crime will occur tomorrow.

Predictive Policing:13% reduction in crime in California!

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Lets go back to Community PolicingWorking with the community for its quality of life

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The original British police never needed a community policing reform. It was always community oriented!

The police officer Character in Mary Poppins (14:08)

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In the UK, citizens expect police officers even today, to be substitute parents and marriage counselors ...

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But in the empire, A problematic model of the imperial police developed!

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Israeli police began to engage in community policing, for security reasons, ten years before the Western world.

We will discussed that in details, tomorrow.

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The Broken Windows Theory

• The theory was introduced

in a 1982 article (March) by

social scientists James Q.

Wilson and George L.

Kelling.

• in an article titled "Broken

Windows" which appeared

in the The Atlantic Monthly.

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The main idea: neglect encourages crime and vice versa

Fear of crime is worse than crime itself.

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The Basic Concept

• Crime is everyone's business. Not only, of the police;

• Anyway, the police has no control over crime factors.

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This is the key issue!

If the police does not affect crime, then what's the point in creating more & more effectiveness and efficiency reforms?

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This argument is true

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Every year police objectives are to reduce

crime statistics. Is it really up to them?

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Good police work

Crime drops

The relationship between crime results & police work is not linear;

increasing crime

Bad police work

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This is Brigadier General Avi Noyman from the Israel Police

• I asked him to prepare his final thesis on INDC about the

"luck contribution to police work"

• The Commissioner was very angry and said that police

work is the result of hard work, and not luck!

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So, I asked him to change the word Luck to Uncertainty…

• Noyman analyzed six

episodes of organized crime

and serious murders.

• His main conclusion:

Uncertainty is a major factor

in the success and failure of

police work!

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The Police officer as a Public Servant• All the police services

are concentrated in

one place: The

service center.

• Measurement of

waiting times and

response to phone

calls.

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Problem Oriented Policing

Fundamental solutions to problems

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Problem Oriented Policing

• For years, police focused on the “means”

of policing rather than its “ends”.

• Police officers are measured in their

ability to detect problems in the

community and take care of them once

and for all, rather than treat the

symptoms repeatedly.

• That’s why they should be much more

important then their officers!

professor Herman

Goldstein

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So police objectives must be determined separately based on problems in the field

It does not make

sense that all police

stations will work on

the same goals!

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Encouraging independence and creativity of the police officers in the street

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Jointness

• Jointness of all the agencies that work in the community

and all government offices to resolve problems

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“This is the difference between "cleaning trash" and "maintaining a clean city"

Ra'anana Mayor Zeev Bielski

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Consider an intelligence officer claiming that his city is cleared from drugs, and therefore, he decreased arrests...

Do the police have a genuine interest to reduce crime?

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The new approach: police as a social service

• Enforcement is only a small part of policing;

• 85% of the public applications have nothing to do with enforcement.

• Only 5-10% of the police officer time goes on enforcement.

• The law enforcement system cannot be overloaded.

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Social work as a model

Problem: The police do not want to be social

workers!

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CP adopted “The customer-based approach“ from the business field

We are the customer servants & we measure effectiveness by customer satisfaction!

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Remember self organization?

• Redesign community means to create self-organization

& accelerate it!

• It can be accelerated by an internal or external catalyst.

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A neighborhood resident who maintains intensive activities to improve the quality of life, and draws the rest of the population;

internal catalyst

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A neighborhood cop who organize the residents against the presence of criminal activity in their neighborhood

External catalyst

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The lesson from Henry Ford & the “Ford T”

Ford lost the market when he refused to produce vehicles in a variety of colors!

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On the other hand, the Japanese took control of the American car market

After reviewing studies about what consumers want

• Electric windows

• Heating seats • etc.

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This means changing the organizational culture

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Strategies

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Environmental Care has become a scientific field

• For example, they found

that in public parks,

playing classical music

and lowering the bushes

are an effective treatment

against criminals!

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The Means: Zero Tolerance

If there is no control over the factors of crime, the police should focus on the symptoms

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Strict enforcement of minor offences

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“Educating” the population by the by "McDonald's Way“:A 50%-50% partnership – Police - Community

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For example, the Sappers police Unit• People warns the Police about suspicious objects in the

streets.

• The Police takes care of them!

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The use of volunteers by the police is a classic community strategy in many police organizations, all over the worldWe will deal with it separately, in the next lecture

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"Community policing" is an "ectopic pregnancy"! It was born outside the Police

After that, the police returned to the familiar pattern of effectiveness and efficiency reforms!

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It was "born" at Harvard University

It is based on fundamental values , philosophy, world view, and a new corporate strategy that is very different from the police world!

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It was as if they invented the police again, by what the public wants!

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… and the public loves it!

… but police officers hate it! They prefer to consider

themselves as “Rambo”s, that protect the city (While

other people just get in the way ...)

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Unlike other police reforms, it got a very partial success, to say the least

It absorbed as a leading perception policing, only in a few countries, mainly in Canada

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It’s main success is declarative

Many claim they are implementing community policing, because of federal funding and the fear from the public ...

But very few really understand what

community policing is!

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So why it was adopted?

Because in

that time,

police did not

have any other

effective tool!

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Background: “The Due Process Revolution" in the 60’

• The duty to every suspect his rights; • The duty to give legal advice to any

offender; • Admissible evidence are “poisoned

fruit”.

The result: The police lost control of the street ...

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Serious scandals of corruption, especially in NYPD, were “exploded"

The main problem was the police’sorganizational culture

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• “Police Lies”

• “Blue Lies”

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1971: The Knapp Commission on NYPD Corruption

Separation between “Meat

Eaters" - police officers who

committed the acts of

corruption; & the "Grass

Eaters" those who did not

report on them.

According to the Commission,

"Grass Eaters" are more

dangerous!

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The result: Police confusion, corruption & an increasing use of force

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Systems are clogged

• Over-occupancy of prisons and detention centers;

• No ability to initiate. Cops only “turn off fires”...

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It was hard to be a cop in the U.S. in the 60s and 70s ...

"Those who were not involved in policing during the sixties and early seventies, have difficulty imagining the isolation, humiliation and the feel, almost on the edge of paranoia, of being under threat ..."(Trojanowicz & Bucqeroux, 1990)

White & Alienated police

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Stop, I’m one of you…(1:15)

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A dramatic increase in crime (70th to 80th)

• Empty city centers;

• Police lost control of the street;

• Alienation between the police and civilians

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2000: : community policing was fading all over the western world

From a leading strategy to one of many areas of activity…But, commanders continue to declare that they are implementing community policing…

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CP left many questions unanswered (1)

• What is Community? • What “sharing” or “involvement” really means?? • Can we really redesign the community?• Is it possible to motivate any public? • Who represents the community? • Is it even desirable that the police will intervene

in the community?

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CP left many questions unanswered (2)

• Do community occupations damage law enforcement work?

• Did the police have real intentions, or is it only a way to improve its performance at the expense of the citizens, as an alternative to the reduction of resources and lack of access to certain areas?

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Why police officers hate CP?

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1. CP challenged the basic assumptions of London Police

according to which, the responsibility for order and security lies in the hands of police staff on a regular basis.

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2. CP has created a revolution in the distribution of the police power

Traditionally, the power is in the hands of investigations and detectives!

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3. Problems of identity: social workers in uniform

Who wants to be a social worker?

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4. The fear of the rank officers to lose control over the police officers in the field

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Who really won CP?

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What do we have left from CP in Israel?

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The Israel Police declared three challenges concerning Jointness:

• Jointness between the police

& all the other agencies

working in the community;

• Redesigning community;

• Jointness inside the police in

order to increase police

effectiveness.

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Since the late nineties of the last century, IP become the leading factor in Jointness among other agencies in the public service

Israel Police has been very successful with the first goal

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Give a task to a police commander and he will immediately looks for partners in his task-environment

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This is very different from other Police Organizations, & it becomes a part of its culture!

The more IP cooperates, the less it suffers from criticism and enjoys the results more!

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Israel Police is a haunted organizing by the public and the media

Commanders consider

Jointness as an

excellent tool for

reducing criticism & as

a way to achieve

other resources to

handle their tasks

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IP never really tried to redesign the community

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But it invests a lot attempting to approach alienated population groups - mainly Arabs and ultra-Orthodox

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Dealing with Jointness inside the police started only this year,

After an effective way to measure cooperation between units was found

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I hope I was helpful

!

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