isotopic fractionation
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Definitions and Isotopic Fractionation
Elemental EcologyWeek One
Chemistry RefresherWhat’s an isotope?
Measuring and Reporting Isotope Values
Isotopic FractionationWhy are isotopes useful?
What are the six main elements found in living organisms?
CHONPS
What are the six main elements found in living organisms?
Protons: subatomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus
1.67262 x 10-27 kg1.00727 amu
Neutrons (N): subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus
1.67493 x 10-27 kg1.00866 amu
Electrons: subatomic particle with a negative charge found orbiting the nucleus
9.10938 x 10-31 kg0.00054858 amu
What makes up an atom?
Atomic Number (Z): integer that expresses the number of protons in a nucleus (defines an element)
Mass Number (A): the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
Atomic Mass: the average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element weighted by their abundances
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU): a mass equal to exactly 1/12th the mass of a 12C atom
Nuclide Definitions
Isotopes: two or more atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
same Z, different N, different A
Stable Isotopes: Do not radioactively decay, although they may be radiogenic.
Typically, the heavier stable isotopes of an element are less abundant than the lighter stable isotopes of the same element.
Radioactive Isotopes: Contain unstable nuclei and dissipate excess energy through spontaneous radioactive decay in which alpha, beta, or gamma rays are emitted and a new element is formed.
So, what’s an isotope then?
Table of Isotopes (1996) Z=0-50
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H31/2+
12.33 y
b-
H42-
He53/2-
0.60 MeV
n
He60+
806.7 ms
b-
He7(3/2)-
160 keV
n
He80+
119.0 ms
b-n
He9
n
Li42-
Li53/2-
1.5 MeV
p
Li82+
838 ms
b-2a
Li93/2-
178.3 ms
b-n
Li101.2 MeV
n
Li113/2-
8.5 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Be60+
92 keV
2p
Be73/2-
53.29 d
EC
Be80+
6.8 eV
2a
Be100+
1.51E+6 y
b-
Be111/2+
13.81 s
b-a
Be120+
23.6 ms
b-
Be140+
4.35 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
B7(3/2-)
1.4 MeVB82+
770 ms
EC2a
B93/2-
0.54 keV
2pa
B121+
20.20 ms
b-3a
B133/2-
17.36 ms
b-n
B142-
13.8 ms
b-
B1510.5 ms
b-
B17(3/2-)
5.08 ms
b-n
B19
C80+
230 keVC9
(3/2-)126.5 ms
ECp,ECp2a,...
C100+
19.255 s
EC
C113/2-
20.39 m
EC
C140+
5730 y
b-
C151/2+
2.449 s
b-
C160+
0.747 s
b-n
C17193 ms
b-n
C180+
66 ms
b-n
C19 C200+
C220+
N11740 keV
p
N121+
11.000 ms
EC3a
N131/2-
9.965 m
EC
N162-
7.13 s
b-a
N171/2-
4.173 s
b-n
N181-
624 ms
b-n,b-a,...
N190.27 s
b-n
N20100 ms
b-n
N2185 ms
b-n
N2224 ms
b-n
N23
O120+
0.40 MeV
2p
O13(3/2-)
8.58 ms
ECp
O140+
70.606 s
EC
O151/2-
122.24 s
EC
O195/2+
26.91 s
b-
O200+
13.51 s
b-
O21(1/2,3/2,5/2)+
3.42 s
b-
O220+
2.25 s
b-
O23[1/2+]82 ms
b-n
O240+
61 ms
b-n
O253/2+5 ms
b-
O260+
14 ms
b-
O271/2+3 ms
b-
O280+
3 ms
b-
O295/2-3 ms
b-
O300+
2.0 ms
b-
O313/2-
1.3 ms
b-
O320+
1.0 ms
b-
O335/2-
600 us
b-
O340+
700 us
b-
F15(1/2+)
1.0 MeV
p
F160-
40 keV
p
F175/2+
64.49 s
EC
F181+
109.77 m
EC
F202+
11.00 s
b-
F215/2+
4.158 s
b-
F224+,(3+)4.23 s
b-
F23(3/2,5/2)+
2.23 s
b-
F24(1,2,3)+0.34 s
b-
F25[1/2+]59 ms
b-n
F26[0+,3+]
7 msF27[5/2+]5 ms
F281+,2+1.8 ms
b-
F293/2+
2.3 ms
b-
F301-,4-
2.1 ms
b-
F311/2+
1.9 ms
b-
F321-,2-
1.1 ms
b-
F331/2+
1.0 ms
b-
F342-,3-
600 us
b-
F351/2+
600 us
b-
F360-,1-
500 us
b-
F375/2+
1.0 ms
b-
F380-,1-
300 us
b-
Ne160+
122 keV
2p
Ne171/2-
109.2 ms
ECp,ECa,...
Ne180+
1672 ms
EC
Ne191/2+
17.34 s
EC
Ne235/2+
37.24 s
b-
Ne240+
3.38 m
b-
Ne25(1/2,3/2)+
602 ms
b-
Ne260+
197 ms
b-n
Ne27[3/2+]32 ms
b-n
Ne280+
17 ms
b-n
Ne29[1/2+]0.2 s
b-
Ne300+
14 msNe31
3/2+8 ms
b-
Ne320+
19 ms
b-
Ne333/2-
12 ms
b-
Ne340+
5 ms
b-
Ne355/2-3 ms
b-
Ne360+
3 ms
b-
Ne371/2-
1.8 ms
b-
Ne380+
3 ms
b-
Ne391/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Ne400+
1.3 ms
b-
Ne417/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Na19[3/2+]150 ms
p
Na202+
447.9 ms
ECa
Na213/2+
22.49 sNa22
3+2.6019 y
Na244+
14.9590 h
b-*
Na255/2+
59.1 s
b-
Na263+
1.072 s
b-
Na275/2+
301 ms
b-n
Na281+
30.5 ms
b-n
Na293/2
44.9 ms
b-n
Na302+
48 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Na31[5/2+]
17.0 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Na32[0-,3-]
13.2 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Na33[3/2+]8.2 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Na34[0-,3-]5.5 ms
b-n
Na35[3/2+]1.5 ms
b-n
Na361-,4-
2.3 ms
b-
Na373/2+
2.2 ms
b-
Na381-,2-
1.6 ms
b-
Na393/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Na401-,2-
500 us
b-
Na413/2+
900 us
b-
Na422-,5-
700 us
b-
Na433/2+
700 us
b-
Na441-,2-
150 us
b-
Mg200+
95 ms
ECp
Mg21(3/2,5/2)+
122 ms
ECp
Mg220+
3.857 s
EC
Mg233/2+
11.317 s
EC
Mg271/2+
9.458 m
b-
Mg280+
20.91 h
b-
Mg293/2+
1.30 s
b-
Mg300+
335 ms
b-
Mg31[3/2+]230 ms
b-n
Mg320+
120 ms
b-n
Mg33[5/2-]90 ms
b-n
Mg340+
20 ms
b-n
Mg35[3/2-]30 ms
Mg360+
18 msMg37
5/2-12 ms
b-
Mg380+
11 ms
b-
Mg391/2-7 ms
b-
Mg400+
24 ms
b-
Mg417/2-
1.5 ms
b-
Mg420+
2.5 ms
b-
Mg431/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Mg440+
20 ms
b-
Mg451/2-
300 us
b-
Mg460+
2.1 ms
b-
Mg473/2+
800 us
b-
Al215/2+
30 ms
EC
Al22[2+,3+]70 ms
ECp
Al23[5/2+]0.47 s
ECp
Al244+
2.053 s
ECa*
Al255/2+
7.183 s
EC
Al265+
7.4E+5 y
EC*
Al283+
2.2414 m
b-
Al295/2+
6.56 m
b-
Al303+
3.60 s
b-
Al31(3/2,5/2)+
644 ms
b-
Al321+
33 ms
b-
Al33[3/2+]16 ms
Al34[1-,2-]60 ms
b-n
Al35[5/2+]150 ms
b-n
Al36[1-,4-]11 ms
Al375/2+7 ms
b-
Al38[0-,5-]5 ms
Al39[5/2+]5 ms
Al401-,6-4 ms
b-
Al413/2+5 ms
b-
Al421-,2-
1.8 ms
b-
Al435/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Al442-,3-
1.0 ms
b-
Al455/2+6 ms
b-
Al462-,3-
400 us
b-
Al471/2+
900 us
b-
Al484+,5+800 us
b-
Al491/2+
700 us
b-
Al501+,2+700 us
b-
Al511/2+
600 us
b-
Si220+
6 ms
ECp
Si23[5/2+]12 ms
Si240+
102 ms
ECp
Si255/2+
220 ms
ECp
Si260+
2.234 s
EC
Si275/2+
4.16 s
EC
Si313/2+
157.3 m
b-
Si320+
172 y
b-
Si33[3/2+]6.18 s
b-
Si340+
2.77 s
b-
Si35[5/2-]0.78 s
b-
Si360+
0.45 s
b-n
Si37[3/2-]
130 msSi38
0+500 ms
Si39[5/2-]
170 msSi40
0+40 ms
Si41[1/2-]60 ms
Si420+
70 ms
b-
Si433/2-
13 ms
b-
Si440+
20 ms
b-
Si451/2-9 ms
b-
Si460+
40 ms
b-
Si475/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Si480+
2.0 ms
b-
Si499/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Si500+
1.3 ms
b-
Si515/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Si520+
1.1 ms
b-
Si535/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Si540+
900 us
b-
P231/2+9 ms
EC
P242+,3+7 ms
EC
P251/2+
24 ms
EC
P26(3+)
20 ms
ECp
P271/2+
260 ms
ECp
P283+
270.3 ms
ECp,ECa,...
P291/2+
4.140 s
EC
P301+
2.498 m
EC
P321+
14.262 d
b-
P331/2+
25.34 d
b-
P341+
12.43 s
b-
P351/2+
47.3 s
b-
P36[2-,3-]5.6 s
b-
P37[1/2+]2.31 s
b-
P38[1-,2-]0.64 s
b-n
P39[1/2+]0.16 s
b-n
P40[2-,3-]260 ms
b-n
P41[1/2+]120 ms
b-n
P42[3-,4-]110 ms
b-n
P43[3/2+]60 ms
P44[0-,1-]30 ms
P45[1/2+]24 ms
P460-,1-5 ms
b-
P471/2+
30 ms
b-
P481-,4-
2.1 ms
b-
P493/2+3 ms
b-
P503+,6+1.6 ms
b-
P513/2+
1.4 ms
b-
P521+,4+1.1 ms
b-
P535/2+
900 us
b-
P540+,5+1.0 ms
b-
P555/2+
1.0 ms
b-
P562+,3+700 us
b-
P571/2-
600 us
b-
S240+
6 ms
EC
S251/2+5 ms
EC
S260+
30 ms
EC
S27[3/2+]21 ms
ECp,EC2p,...
S280+
125 ms
ECp
S29[5/2+]187 ms
ECp
S300+
1.178 s
EC
S311/2+
2.572 s
EC
S353/2+
87.51 d
b-
S377/2-
5.05 m
b-
S380+
170.3 m
b-
S39(3/2,5/2,7/2)-
11.5 s
b-
S400+
8.8 s
b-
S41[5/2-]1.1 s
S420+4 s
S43[7/2-]
220 ms
b-n
S440+
200 ms
b-n
S451/2-
70 ms
b-
S460+
50 ms
b-
S471/2-6 ms
b-
S480+
14 msS493/2-5 ms
b-
S500+
5 ms
b-
S519/2+4 ms
b-
S520+
3 ms
b-
S533/2+
2.4 ms
b-
S540+
2.1 ms
b-
S555/2+
2.1 ms
b-
S560+
2.0 ms
b-
S575/2+
1.7 ms
b-
S580+
1.0 ms
b-
S591/2-
300 us
b-
S600+
230 us
b-
Cl251/2+
1.1 ms
EC
Cl261+,4+1.3 ms
EC
Cl271/2+
2.4 ms
EC
Cl281+,2+1.7 ms
EC
Cl293/2+
11 ms
EC
Cl301+,2+30 ms
EC
Cl31[3/2+]150 ms
ECp
Cl321+
298 ms
ECp,ECa,...
Cl333/2+
2.511 s
EC
Cl340+
1.5264 s
EC*
Cl362+
3.01E+5 y
EC,b-
Cl382-
37.24 m
b-*
Cl393/2+
55.6 m
b-
Cl402-
1.35 m
b-
Cl41(1/2,3/2)+
38.4 s
b-
Cl42[2-,3-]6.8 s
b-
Cl43[1/2+]3.3 s
b-
Cl44[3-,4-]600 ms
Cl45[3/2+]405 ms
b-n
Cl46[0-,3-]202 ms
b-n
Cl471/2+
90 ms
b-
Cl48[0-,1-]40 ms
Cl491/2+
30 ms
b-
Cl502-,3-5 ms
b-
Cl511/2+8 ms
b-
Cl524+,5+5 ms
b-
Cl531/2+3 ms
b-
Cl540-,1-
2.1 ms
b-
Cl551/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Cl562-,3-
800 us
b-
Cl571/2-
800 us
b-
Cl583+,4+1.4 ms
b-
Cl591/2+
1.3 ms
b-
Cl602+,3+1.1 ms
b-
Cl611/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Cl621+,2+700 us
b-
Cl631/2+
600 us
b-
Ar275/2+
1.7 ms
EC
Ar280+
14 ms
EC
Ar293/2+4 ms
EC
Ar300+
40 ms
EC
Ar31[1/2+]
15.1 ms
ECp,EC2p,...
Ar320+
98 ms
ECp
Ar331/2+
173.0 ms
ECp
Ar340+
844.5 ms
EC
Ar353/2+
1.775 s
EC
Ar373/2+
35.04 d
EC
Ar397/2-
269 y
b-
Ar417/2-
109.34 m
b-
Ar420+
32.9 y
b-
Ar43(3/2,5/2)5.37 m
b-
Ar440+
11.87 m
b-
Ar45[1/2-]
21.48 s
b-
Ar460+
8.4 s
b-
Ar47[3/2-]
800 msAr48
0+250 ms
Ar491/2-
70 ms
b-
Ar500+
50 msAr51[1/2-]24 ms
Ar520+
16 ms
b-
Ar539/2+
15 ms
b-
Ar540+
10 ms
b-
Ar559/2+
12 ms
b-
Ar560+
7 ms
b-
Ar579/2+5 ms
b-
Ar580+
3 ms
b-
Ar597/2+
2.4 ms
b-
Ar600+
2.0 ms
b-
Ar615/2+
1.8 ms
b-
Ar620+
2.0 ms
b-
Ar633/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Ar640+
2.0 ms
b-
Ar651/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Ar660+
700 us
b-
Ar679/2+
600 us
b-
K293/2+
1.2 ms
EC
K301+,4+800 us
EC
K313/2+4 ms
EC
K321+,2+3 ms
EC
K331/2+
40 ms
EC
K340+,1+40 ms
EC
K353/2+
190 ms
ECp
K362+
342 ms
ECp,ECa,...
K373/2+
1.226 s
EC
K383+
7.636 m
EC*
K422-
12.360 h
b-
K433/2+
22.3 h
b-
K442-
22.13 m
b-
K453/2+
17.3 m
b-
K46(2-)
105 s
b-
K471/2+
17.5 s
b-
K48(2-)6.8 s
b-n
K49(1/2+,3/2+)
1.26 s
b-n
K50(0-,1,2-)472 ms
b-n
K51(1/2+,3/2+)
365 ms
b-n
K52[2-,3-]105 ms
b-n
K53(3/2+)30 ms
b-n
K54[1-,8-]10 ms
b-n
K557/2-4 ms
b-
K561-,2-3 ms
b-
K571/2+5 ms
b-
K584+,5+3 ms
b-
K591/2+3 ms
b-
K600-,7-
1.9 ms
b-
K617/2-
1.5 ms
b-
K621-,6-
1.5 ms
b-
K637/2-
1.7 ms
b-
K642+,3+1.1 ms
b-
K651/2+
1.2 ms
b-
K663+,4+900 us
b-
K671/2+
900 us
b-
K684+,5+700 us
b-
K691/2+
700 us
b-
K702+,3+500 us
b-
Ca300+
1.3 ms
EC
Ca315/2+
900 us
EC
Ca320+
5 ms
EC
Ca333/2+
1.9 ms
EC
Ca340+
30 ms
EC
Ca35[1/2+]50 ms
EC2p
Ca360+
100 ms
ECp
Ca373/2+
175 ms
ECp
Ca380+
440 ms
EC
Ca393/2+
859.6 ms
EC
Ca417/2-
1.03E+5 y
EC
Ca457/2-
163.8 d
b-
Ca477/2-
4.536 d
b-
Ca493/2-
8.715 m
b-
Ca500+
13.9 s
b-
Ca51(3/2-)10.0 s
b-n
Ca520+
4.6 s
b-
Ca53(3/2-,5/2-)
90 ms
b-n
Ca540+
90 msCa55
5/2-12 ms
b-
Ca560+
30 ms
b-
Ca573/2-8 ms
b-
Ca580+
12 ms
b-
Ca591/2+7 ms
b-
Ca600+
4 ms
b-
Ca619/2+4 ms
b-
Ca620+
4 ms
b-
Ca633/2+3 ms
b-
Ca640+
3 ms
b-
Ca655/2+
2.0 ms
b-
Ca660+
1.9 ms
b-
Ca677/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Ca680+
1.5 ms
b-
Ca699/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Ca700+
1.2 ms
b-
Ca711/2+
900 us
b-
Ca720+
900 us
b-
Ca733/2+
700 us
b-
Sc320-,3-
1.1 ms
EC
Sc337/2-4 ms
EC
Sc342-,5-
1.6 ms
EC
Sc357/2-
15 ms
EC
Sc363-,4-9 ms
EC
Sc377/2-
60 ms
EC
Sc382-,5-
40 ms
EC
Sc39(7/2-)80 ms
Sc404-
182.3 ms
ECp,ECa,...
Sc417/2-
596.3 ms
EC
Sc420+
681.3 ms
EC*
Sc437/2-
3.891 h
EC
Sc442+
3.927 h
EC**
Sc464+
83.79 d
b-*
Sc477/2-
3.345 d
b-
Sc486+
43.67 h
b-
Sc497/2-
57.2 m
b-
Sc505+
102.5 s
b-*
Sc51(7/2)-12.4 s
b-
Sc523+
8.2 s
b-
Sc53[7/2-]
150 msSc54[0+,1+]15 ms
Sc55[7/2-]30 ms
Sc563+,4+14 ms
b-
Sc577/2-
13 ms
b-
Sc582+,5+6 ms
b-
Sc597/2-7 ms
b-
Sc603+,4+5 ms
b-
Sc617/2+5 ms
b-
Sc621+,8+3 ms
b-
Sc631/2-3 ms
b-
Sc641-,2-
2.1 ms
b-
Sc651/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Sc662-,3-
1.7 ms
b-
Sc671/2-
1.7 ms
b-
Sc683-,4-
1.4 ms
b-
Sc691/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Sc704-,5-
1.1 ms
b-
Sc711/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Sc720-,1-
800 us
b-
Sc731/2-
800 us
b-
Sc741-,2-
700 us
b-
Sc751/2-
800 us
b-
Sc760-,1-
500 us
b-
Ti340+
3 ms
EC
Ti355/2+
1.2 ms
EC
Ti360+
13 ms
EC
Ti371/2+7 ms
EC
Ti380+
60 ms
EC
Ti39(3/2+)26 ms
ECp
Ti400+
50 ms
EC
Ti413/2+
80 ms
ECp
Ti420+
199 ms
EC
Ti437/2-
509 ms
EC
Ti440+
49 y
EC
Ti457/2-
184.8 m
EC
Ti513/2-
5.76 m
b-
Ti520+
1.7 m
b-
Ti53(3/2)-32.7 s
b-
Ti540+
30 sTi55[1/2-]
150 msTi56
0+800 ms
Ti57[3/2-]50 ms
Ti580+
150 ms
b-
Ti593/2-
21 ms
b-
Ti600+
50 ms
b-
Ti611/2-
30 ms
b-
Ti620+
18 ms
b-
Ti639/2+
13 ms
b-
Ti640+
14 ms
b-
Ti653/2+9 ms
b-
Ti660+
6 ms
b-
Ti675/2+6 ms
b-
Ti680+
5 ms
b-
Ti697/2+4 ms
b-
Ti700+
4 ms
b-
Ti719/2+3 ms
b-
Ti720+
3 ms
b-
Ti731/2+
2.1 ms
b-
Ti740+
2.0 ms
b-
Ti753/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Ti760+
1.6 ms
b-
Ti771/2+
1.0 ms
b-
Ti780+
1.0 ms
b-
Ti793/2+
1.0 ms
b-
Ti800+
800 us
b-
V361-,4-
900 us
EC
V373/2-5 ms
EC
V381-,2-4 ms
EC
V393/2-
11 ms
EC
V401-,2-8 ms
EC
V411/2-
24 ms
EC
V421-,2-
30 ms
EC
V431/2-
40 ms
EC
V44[2+,3+]90 ms
ECa
V457/2-
547 ms
EC
V460+
422.37 ms
EC*
V473/2-
32.6 m
EC
V484+
15.9735 d
EC
V497/2-
330 dV52
3+3.75 m
b-
V537/2-
1.61 m
b-
V543+
49.8 s
b-
V55(7/2-)6.54 s
b-
V56[0+,3+]200 ms
V57[3/2-]
140 msV58
[0+,3+]50 ms
V59[3/2-]50 ms
V60[1+,4+]13 ms
V615/2-
30 ms
b-
V622+,3+21 ms
b-
V633/2-
18 ms
b-
V641-,2-8 ms
b-
V653/2-9 ms
b-
V660-,3-8 ms
b-
V673/2-5 ms
b-
V681-,4-4 ms
b-
V693/2-4 ms
b-
V702-,5-3 ms
b-
V713/2-3 ms
b-
V723-,6-3 ms
b-
V733/2-
2.4 ms
b-
V741-,2-
1.7 ms
b-
V753/2-
1.6 ms
b-
V760-,3-
1.3 ms
b-
V773/2-
1.3 ms
b-
V780-,3-
1.1 ms
b-
V793/2-
800 us
b-
V800-,3-
900 us
b-
V813/2-
800 us
b-
V820+,3+700 us
b-
V833/2-
500 us
b-
Cr380+
4 ms
EC
Cr391/2+4 ms
EC
Cr400+
9 ms
EC
Cr411/2+9 ms
EC
Cr420+
40 ms
EC
Cr433/2+
30 ms
EC
Cr440+
120 ms
EC
Cr45(7/2-)50 ms
ECp
Cr460+
0.26 s
EC
Cr473/2-
508 ms
EC
Cr480+
21.56 h
EC
Cr495/2-
42.3 mCr51
7/2-27.702 d
EC
Cr553/2-
3.497 m
b-
Cr560+
5.94 m
b-
Cr573/2-,5/2-,7/2-
21.1 s
b-
Cr580+
7.0 s
b-
Cr59[3/2-]0.74 s
b-
Cr600+
0.57 s
b-
Cr61[3/2+]800 ms
Cr620+
400 msCr63
3/2-100 ms
b-
Cr640+
150 ms
b-
Cr651/2+
100 ms
b-
Cr660+
70 ms
b-
Cr673/2+
40 ms
b-
Cr680+
30 ms
b-
Cr695/2+
19 ms
b-
Cr700+
16 ms
b-
Cr717/2+
12 ms
b-
Cr720+
11 ms
b-
Cr739/2+9 ms
b-
Cr740+
8 ms
b-
Cr751/2+5 ms
b-
Cr760+
4 ms
b-
Cr773/2+3 ms
b-
Cr780+
3 ms
b-
Cr793/2+
2.5 ms
b-
Cr800+
1.3 ms
b-
Cr813/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Cr820+
1.3 ms
b-
Cr833/2-
1.3 ms
b-
Cr840+
1.0 ms
b-
Cr853/2+
800 us
b-
Cr860+
700 us
b-
Mn402-,3-
2.4 ms
EC
Mn415/2-5 ms
EC
Mn422-,3-4 ms
EC
Mn435/2-
13 ms
EC
Mn441-,2-
13 ms
EC
Mn455/2-
18 ms
EC
Mn46[2+,5+]15 ms
Mn475/2-
80 ms
EC
Mn484+
158.1 ms
ECp,ECa,...
Mn495/2-
384 ms
EC
Mn500+
283.0 ms
EC*
Mn515/2-
46.2 m
EC
Mn526+
5.591 d
EC*
Mn537/2-
3.74E+6 y
EC
Mn543+
312.3 d
EC,b-
Mn563+
2.5785 h
b-
Mn575/2-
87.2 s
b-
Mn583+
65.3 s
b-*
Mn593/2-,5/2-
4.6 s
b-
Mn60(0+)51 s
b-*
Mn61(5/2-)0.71 s
b-
Mn62(3+)
0.88 s
b-
Mn63[5/2-]0.25 s
b-
Mn64[1+,4+]40 ms
Mn65[5/2-]30 ms
Mn660-,5-
23 ms
b-
Mn675/2-
20 ms
b-
Mn682+,3+14 ms
b-
Mn695/2-
14 ms
b-
Mn700-,5-
11 ms
b-
Mn715/2-9 ms
b-
Mn721-,6-7 ms
b-
Mn735/2-7 ms
b-
Mn742-,7-6 ms
b-
Mn755/2-5 ms
b-
Mn762-,3-3 ms
b-
Mn775/2-3 ms
b-
Mn781-,4-
2.5 ms
b-
Mn795/2-
2.2 ms
b-
Mn801-,4-
1.9 ms
b-
Mn815/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Mn822+,3+1.2 ms
b-
Mn835/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Mn841+,4+1.1 ms
b-
Mn855/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Mn861-,4-
700 us
b-
Mn875/2-
700 us
b-
Mn880+,5+700 us
b-
Mn891/2-
700 us
b-
Fe420+
5 ms
EC
Fe431/2+3 ms
EC
Fe440+
11 ms
EC
Fe453/2+
10 ms
EC
Fe460+
18 ms
EC
Fe475/2-
30 ms
EC
Fe480+
60 msFe49(7/2-)75 ms
ECp
Fe500+
500 ms
ECp
Fe51(5/2-)
305 ms
EC
Fe520+
8.275 h
EC*
Fe537/2-
8.51 m
EC*
Fe553/2-
2.73 y
EC
Fe593/2-
44.503 d
b-
Fe600+
1.5E+6 y
b-
Fe613/2-,5/2-5.98 m
b-
Fe620+
68 s
b-
Fe63(5/2)-6.1 s
b-
Fe640+
2.0 s
b-
Fe65[1/2-]0.4 s
b-
Fe660+3 s
Fe67[1/2+]1.1 s
Fe680+
0.10 s
b-
Fe693/2+
400 ms
b-
Fe700+
250 ms
b-
Fe715/2+
120 ms
b-
Fe720+
90 ms
b-
Fe737/2+
50 ms
b-
Fe740+
50 ms
b-
Fe759/2+
50 ms
b-
Fe760+
40 ms
b-
Fe771/2+
24 ms
b-
Fe780+
15 ms
b-
Fe793/2+
12 ms
b-
Fe800+
7 ms
b-
Fe811/2+3 ms
b-
Fe820+
4 ms
b-
Fe833/2+
2.0 ms
b-
Fe840+
1.9 ms
b-
Fe853/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Fe860+
1.9 ms
b-
Fe873/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Fe880+
1.3 ms
b-
Fe895/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Fe900+
1.2 ms
b-
Fe911/2+
700 us
b-
Fe920+
1.0 ms
b-
Co443-,4-3 ms
EC
Co451/2-5 ms
EC
Co460-,1-5 ms
EC
Co471/2-
10 ms
EC
Co483+,4+13 ms
EC
Co493/2-
40 ms
EC
Co50[2+,5+]50 ms
Co51[7/2-]
100 msCo52[1+,6+]18 ms
EC
Co53(7/2-)
240 ms
EC*
Co540+
193.23 ms
EC*
Co557/2-
17.53 h
EC
Co564+
77.27 d
EC
Co577/2-
271.79 d
EC
Co582+
70.82 d
EC*
Co605+
5.2714 y
*
Co617/2-
1.650 h
b-
Co622+
1.50 m
b-*
Co63(7/2)-27.4 s
b-
Co641+
0.30 s
b-
Co65(7/2)-1.20 s
b-
Co66(3+)
0.23 s
b-
Co67(7/2-)0.42 s
b-
Co68[3-,4-]0.18 s
b-
Co69[7/2-]0.27 s
b-
Co70[2-,5-]50 ms
Co717/2-
40 ms
b-
Co721-,6-
30 ms
b-
Co737/2-
30 ms
b-
Co740-,7-
19 ms
b-
Co757/2-
17 ms
b-
Co761-,8-
15 ms
b-
Co777/2-
13 ms
b-
Co783-,4-7 ms
b-
Co797/2-7 ms
b-
Co802-,5-5 ms
b-
Co817/2-5 ms
b-
Co823-,4-
2.0 ms
b-
Co837/2-3 ms
b-
Co841-,2-
2.0 ms
b-
Co851/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Co861+,2+2.3 ms
b-
Co871/2-
2.0 ms
b-
Co881-,2-
1.5 ms
b-
Co891/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Co902+,3+1.3 ms
b-
Co915/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Co920-,1-
800 us
b-
Co931/2-
800 us
b-
Co942+,3+800 us
b-
Co951/2-
700 us
b-
Co963+,4+600 us
b-
Ni460+
4 ms
EC
Ni471/2+3 ms
EC
Ni480+
5 ms
EC
Ni497/2-5 ms
EC
Ni500+
17 ms
EC
Ni51[3/2-]15 ms
Ni520+
80 msNi53(7/2-)45 ms
ECp
Ni540+
600 ms
EC
Ni557/2-
212.1 ms
EC
Ni560+
5.9 d
EC
Ni573/2-
35.60 hNi59
3/2-7.6E+4 y
EC
Ni631/2-
100.1 y
b-
Ni655/2-
2.5172 h
b-
Ni660+
54.6 h
b-
Ni67(1/2-)21 s
b-
Ni680+
19 s
b-
Ni69[9/2+]11.4 s
b-
Ni700+
2.1 mNi71[3/2+]1.86 s
b-
Ni720+
2.1 s
b-
Ni73[5/2+]0.90 s
b-
Ni740+
1.1 s
b-
Ni757/2+1.0 s
b-
Ni760+
1.0 s
b-
Ni779/2+
500 ms
b-
Ni780+
500 ms
b-
Ni791/2+
160 ms
b-
Ni800+
180 ms
b-
Ni813/2+
90 ms
b-
Ni820+
90 ms
b-
Ni831/2+7 ms
b-
Ni840+
12 ms
b-
Ni853/2+6 ms
b-
Ni860+
3 ms
b-
Ni873/2-3 ms
b-
Ni880+
3 ms
b-
Ni893/2+
1.9 ms
b-
Ni900+
1.9 ms
b-
Ni915/2-
1.8 ms
b-
Ni920+
1.5 ms
b-
Ni931/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Ni940+
1.1 ms
b-
Ni951/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Ni960+
1.1 ms
b-
Ni977/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ni980+
900 us
b-
Ni991/2-
800 us
b-
Cu481-,2-
2.5 ms
EC
Cu493/2-4 ms
EC
Cu502+,5+5 ms
EC
Cu513/2-
13 ms
EC
Cu521+,2+7 ms
EC
Cu531/2-
20 ms
EC
Cu542+,3+18 ms
EC
Cu55[1/2-]
200 Ns
EC
Cu56[3+,4+]60 ms
Cu573/2-
199.4 ms
EC
Cu581+
3.204 s
EC
Cu593/2-
81.5 s
EC
Cu602+
23.7 mCu61
3/2-3.333 h
EC
Cu621+
9.74 m
EC
Cu641+
12.700 h
EC,b-
Cu661+
5.088 m
b-
Cu673/2-
61.83 h
b-
Cu681+
31.1 s
b-*
Cu693/2-
2.85 m
b-
Cu70(1+)4.5 s
b-*
Cu71(3/2-)19.5 s
b-
Cu72[1-,2-]6.6 s
b-
Cu73[1/2-]3.9 s
b-
Cu74[2-,3-]1.59 s
b-
Cu75[1/2-]
1.224 s
b-n
Cu76[3-,4-]641 ms
b-
Cu77[1/2-]
469 ms
b-
Cu78[4-,5-]342 ms
b-
Cu79[1/2-]
188 ms
b-n
Cu800-,1-
130 ms
b-
Cu811/2-
100 ms
b-
Cu821-,2-
50 ms
b-
Cu831/2-
40 ms
b-
Cu841-,2-
16 ms
b-
Cu851/2-
13 ms
b-
Cu863+,4+5 ms
b-
Cu877/2-3 ms
b-
Cu882+,5+3 ms
b-
Cu897/2-3 ms
b-
Cu902-,5-
2.4 ms
b-
Cu917/2-
2.4 ms
b-
Cu921+,6+2.4 ms
b-
Cu937/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Cu941-,6-
1.2 ms
b-
Cu957/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Cu963-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
Cu977/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Cu980+,7+900 us
b-
Cu997/2-
800 us
b-
Cu1001-,6-
600 us
b-
Cu1017/2-
600 us
b-
Cu1023-,4-
700 us
b-
Zn517/2-3 ms
EC
Zn520+
8 ms
EC
Zn533/2-4 ms
EC
Zn540+
23 ms
EC
Zn555/2-
12 ms
EC
Zn560+
80 msZn57(7/2-)40 ms
ECp
Zn580+
600 ms
EC
Zn593/2-
182.0 ms
ECp
Zn600+
2.38 m
EC
Zn613/2-
89.1 s
EC
Zn620+
9.186 h
EC
Zn633/2-
38.47 m
EC
Zn655/2-
244.26 d
EC
Zn691/2-
56.4 m
b-*
Zn711/2-
2.45 m
b-*
Zn720+
46.5 h
b-
Zn73(1/2)-23.5 s
b-*
Zn740+
96 s
b-
Zn75(7/2+)10.2 s
b-
Zn760+
5.7 s
b-
Zn77(7/2+)2.08 s
b-*
Zn780+
1.47 s
b-
Zn79[9/2+]995 ms
b-n
Zn800+
0.545 s
b-n
Zn81[1/2+]0.29 s
b-n
Zn820+
220 ms
b-
Zn831/2+
22 ms
b-
Zn840+
70 ms
b-
Zn853/2+
23 ms
b-
Zn860+
22 ms
b-
Zn871/2-
15 ms
b-
Zn880+
9 ms
b-
Zn893/2-8 ms
b-
Zn900+
8 ms
b-
Zn913/2+4 ms
b-
Zn920+
4 ms
b-
Zn935/2-4 ms
b-
Zn940+
4 ms
b-
Zn955/2+
2.4 ms
b-
Zn960+
2.4 ms
b-
Zn971/2+
2.0 ms
b-
Zn980+
1.8 ms
b-
Zn997/2-
1.8 ms
b-
Zn1000+
1.5 ms
b-
Zn1017/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Zn1020+
900 us
b-
Zn1031/2+
1.0 ms
b-
Zn1040+
800 us
b-
Zn1051/2+
700 us
b-
Ga531/2-5 ms
EC
Ga541+,2+2.1 ms
EC
Ga551/2-7 ms
EC
Ga562+,3+6 ms
EC
Ga571/2-
12 ms
EC
Ga583+,4+15 ms
EC
Ga591/2-
40 ms
EC
Ga600+,1+60 ms
EC
Ga61(3/2-)
300 msGa62
0+116.12 ms
EC
Ga633/2-,5/2-
32.4 s
EC
Ga640+
2.630 m
EC
Ga653/2-
15.2 m
EC
Ga660+
9.49 h
EC
Ga673/2-
3.2612 d
EC
Ga681+
67.629 m
EC
Ga701+
21.14 m
EC,b-
Ga723-
14.10 h
b-*
Ga733/2-
4.86 h
b-
Ga74(3-)
8.12 m
b-*
Ga753/2-
126 s
b-
Ga76(3-)
32.6 s
b-
Ga77(3/2-)13.2 s
b-
Ga78(3+)
5.09 s
b-
Ga79(3/2-)
2.847 s
b-n
Ga80(3)
1.697 s
b-n
Ga81(5/2-)
1.221 s
b-n
Ga82(1,2,3)0.602 s
b-n
Ga83[1/2-]0.31 s
b-n
Ga840-,1-
30 ms
b-
Ga851/2-
90 ms
b-
Ga861-,2-
30 ms
b-
Ga873/2-
30 ms
b-
Ga880-,3-
11 ms
b-
Ga893/2-
14 ms
b-
Ga901-,2-7 ms
b-
Ga911/2+7 ms
b-
Ga922-,5-6 ms
b-
Ga931/2+5 ms
b-
Ga942-,3-4 ms
b-
Ga951/2+4 ms
b-
Ga961-,4-3 ms
b-
Ga973/2-3 ms
b-
Ga981+,4+2.3 ms
b-
Ga993/2-
1.8 ms
b-
Ga1002+,5+1.7 ms
b-
Ga1013/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Ga1021-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
Ga1033/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ga1041-,2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ga1053/2-
900 us
b-
Ga1061-,2-
800 us
b-
Ga1073/2-
800 us
b-
Ga1080+,3+800 us
b-
Ge553/2-
2.0 ms
EC
Ge560+
10 ms
EC
Ge575/2-5 ms
EC
Ge580+
19 ms
EC
Ge597/2-
15 ms
EC
Ge600+
80 ms
EC
Ge61(3/2-)40 ms
ECp
Ge620+
900 ms
EC
Ge631/2-
300 ms
EC
Ge640+
63.7 s
EC
Ge65(3/2)-30.9 s
ECp
Ge660+
2.26 h
EC
Ge671/2-
18.9 m
EC
Ge680+
270.82 d
EC*
Ge695/2-
39.05 h
EC
Ge711/2-
11.43 d
EC**
Ge751/2-
82.78 m
b-*
Ge777/2+
11.30 h
b-*
Ge780+
88.0 m
b-
Ge79(1/2-)19.1 s
b-*
Ge800+
29.5 s
b-
Ge81(9/2+)7.6 s
b-*
Ge820+
4.60 s
b-
Ge83(5/2+)1.85 s
b-
Ge840+
1.2 s
b-
Ge851/2+
40 ms
b-
Ge860+
200 ms
b-
Ge873/2+
50 ms
b-
Ge880+
50 ms
b-
Ge893/2+
19 ms
b-
Ge900+
24 ms
b-
Ge913/2+
30 ms
b-
Ge920+
20 ms
b-
Ge933/2+
14 ms
b-
Ge940+
14 ms
b-
Ge955/2-
11 ms
b-
Ge960+
8 ms
b-
Ge975/2+4 ms
b-
Ge980+
4 ms
b-
Ge995/2-4 ms
b-
Ge1000+
3 ms
b-
Ge1017/2-3 ms
b-
Ge1020+
2.3 ms
b-
Ge1035/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Ge1040+
1.4 ms
b-
Ge1059/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Ge1060+
1.3 ms
b-
Ge1071/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Ge1080+
900 us
b-
Ge1093/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ge1100+
800 us
b-
Ge1111/2-
800 us
b-
Ge1120+
700 us
b-
As573/2-3 ms
EC
As581+,4+2.4 ms
EC
As593/2-7 ms
EC
As602+,5+8 ms
EC
As611/2-
17 ms
EC
As621+,2+30 ms
EC
As633/2-
90 ms
EC
As641+,2+70 ms
EC
As65[3/2-]0.19 s
EC
As66[0+,3+]
95.77 ms
EC
As67(5/2-)42.5 s
EC
As683
151.6 s
EC
As695/2-
15.2 m
EC
As704(+)
52.6 m
EC
As715/2-
65.28 h
EC
As722-
26.0 h
EC
As733/2-
80.30 d
EC
As742-
17.77 d
EC,b-*
As762-
26.32 h
EC,b-
As773/2-
38.83 h
b-
As782-
90.7 m
b-
As793/2-
9.01 m
b-
As801+
15.2 s
b-
As813/2-
33.3 s
b-
As82(1+)
19.1 s
b-*
As83(5/2-,3/2-)
13.4 s
b-
As84(0-,1-,2-)
5.5 s
b-n*
As85(3/2-)
2.028 s
b-n
As86[1-,2-]0.9 s
b-n
As87(3/2-)0.73 s
b-n
As881-,2-
70 ms
b-
As891/2-
80 ms
b-
As901-,2-
30 ms
b-
As911/2-
40 ms
b-
As921+,2+40 ms
b-
As931/2-
30 ms
b-
As941-,2-
18 ms
b-
As953/2-
20 ms
b-
As961+,4+16 ms
b-
As973/2-
11 ms
b-
As982+,3+8 ms
b-
As991/2-5 ms
b-
As1002+,3+4 ms
b-
As1011/2-3 ms
b-
As1023+,4+3 ms
b-
As1031/2-3 ms
b-
As1042-,3-
2.0 ms
b-
As1051/2-
1.8 ms
b-
As1064+,5+1.8 ms
b-
As1071/2-
1.5 ms
b-
As1083-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
As1091/2-
1.0 ms
b-
As1104+,5+1.1 ms
b-
As1111/2-
900 us
b-
As1120+,1+800 us
b-
As1131/2-
800 us
b-
As1145+,6+1.2 ms
b-
As1155/2-
600 us
b-
Se595/2-
2.0 ms
EC
Se600+
7 ms
EC
Se617/2-7 ms
EC
Se620+
24 ms
EC
Se631/2-
17 ms
EC
Se640+
90 ms
EC
Se651/2-
40 ms
EC
Se660+
600 ms
EC
Se673/2-
400 ms
EC
Se680+
40 s
EC
Se69(3/2-)27.4 s
ECp
Se700+
41.1 m
EC
Se713/2-,5/2-4.74 m
EC
Se720+
8.40 d
EC
Se739/2+
7.15 h
EC*
Se755/2+
119.779 d
EC*
Se797/2+
6.5E+4 y
b-*
Se811/2-
18.45 m
b-*
Se839/2+
22.3 m
b-*
Se840+
3.1 m
b-
Se85(5/2+)31.7 s
b-
Se860+
15.3 s
b-
Se87(5/2+)5.85 s
b-n
Se880+
1.52 s
b-n
Se89(5/2+)0.41 s
b-n
Se900+
140 ms
b-
Se91[3/2+]0.27 s
b-n
Se920+
60 ms
b-
Se933/2-
100 ms
b-
Se940+
50 ms
b-
Se953/2+
30 ms
b-
Se960+
30 ms
b-
Se975/2-
30 ms
b-
Se980+
18 ms
b-
Se995/2+8 ms
b-
Se1000+
8 ms
b-
Se1015/2-7 ms
b-
Se1020+
5 ms
b-
Se1037/2-5 ms
b-
Se1040+
4 ms
b-
Se1055/2+3 ms
b-
Se1060+
2.4 ms
b-
Se1079/2-
2.5 ms
b-
Se1080+
2.1 ms
b-
Se1097/2+
1.6 ms
b-
Se1100+
2.2 ms
b-
Se1119/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Se1120+
1.2 ms
b-
Se1131/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Se1140+
1.0 ms
b-
Se11511/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Se1160+
600 us
b-
Se1177/2-
700 us
b-
Se1180+
600 us
b-
Br611/2+4 ms
EC
Br620-,1-3 ms
EC
Br639/2+
10 ms
EC
Br643-,6-9 ms
EC
Br659/2+
23 ms
EC
Br662-,7-
21 ms
EC
Br679/2+
40 ms
EC
Br684-,5-
40 ms
EC
Br69[9/2+]200 ms
Br70[0+,9+]79.1 ms
EC*
Br715/2-
21.4 s
EC
Br72(3)+
78.6 s
EC*
Br731/2-
3.4 m
EC
Br74(0-,1)
25.4 m
EC*
Br753/2-
96.7 m
EC
Br761-
16.2 h
EC*
Br773/2-
57.036 h
EC*
Br781+
6.46 m
EC,b-*
Br801+
17.68 m
EC,b-*
Br825-
35.30 h
b-*
Br833/2-
2.40 h
b-
Br842-
31.80 m
b-*
Br853/2-
2.90 m
b-
Br86(2-)
55.1 s
b-
Br873/2-
55.60 s
b-n
Br88(1,2-)16.5 s
b-n
Br89(3/2-,5/2-)
4.40 s
b-n
Br90[1+,2+]1.92 s
b-n
Br91[1/2+]0.541 s
b-n
Br92(2-)
0.343 s
b-n
Br93(5/2-)
102 ms
b-n
Br94[1+,2+]70 ms
b-n
Br951/2-
90 ms
b-
Br961-,2-
50 ms
b-
Br971/2-
50 ms
b-
Br982+,3+40 ms
b-
Br991/2-
30 ms
b-
Br1002+,3+7 ms
b-
Br1011/2+7 ms
b-
Br1022-,3-7 ms
b-
Br1031/2+5 ms
b-
Br1043-,4-4 ms
b-
Br1051/2+4 ms
b-
Br1062+,3+3 ms
b-
Br1071/2+3 ms
b-
Br1084-,5-3 ms
b-
Br1091/2+
2.3 ms
b-
Br1104-,5-
2.1 ms
b-
Br1119/2+
1.8 ms
b-
Br1120+,3+4 ms
b-
Br1133/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Br1141+,2+1.5 ms
b-
Br1153/2-
1.3 ms
b-
Br1165+,6+1.9 ms
b-
Br1171/2-
900 us
b-
Br1182+,5+900 us
b-
Br1191/2-
800 us
b-
Br1201+,4+600 us
b-
Br1215/2+
600 us
b-
Kr631/2-
2.3 ms
EC
Kr640+
9 ms
EC
Kr653/2-8 ms
EC
Kr660+
30 ms
EC
Kr675/2-
21 ms
EC
Kr680+
70 ms
EC
Kr691/2-
30 ms
EC
Kr700+
400 ms
EC
Kr71[9/2+]97 ms
EC
Kr720+
17.2 s
EC
Kr735/2-
27.0 s
ECp
Kr740+
11.50 m
EC
Kr75(5/2)+4.3 m
EC
Kr760+
14.8 h
EC
Kr775/2+
74.4 m
EC
Kr791/2-
35.04 h
EC*
Kr817/2+
2.29E+5 y
EC**
Kr859/2+
10.756 y
b-*
Kr875/2+
76.3 m
b-
Kr880+
2.84 h
b-
Kr89(3/2+,5/2+)
3.15 m
b-
Kr900+
32.32 s
b-
Kr91(5/2+)8.57 s
b-
Kr920+
1.840 s
b-n
Kr93(1/2+)1.286 s
b-n
Kr940+
0.20 s
b-n
Kr95[3/2-]0.78 s
b-
Kr960+
200 ms
b-
Kr973/2+
90 ms
b-
Kr980+
100 ms
b-
Kr995/2-
80 ms
b-
Kr1000+
50 ms
b-
Kr1015/2+
16 ms
b-
Kr1020+
23 ms
b-
Kr1031/2+
18 ms
b-
Kr1040+
15 ms
b-
Kr1057/2-
11 ms
b-
Kr1060+
9 ms
b-
Kr1075/2+7 ms
b-
Kr1080+
5 ms
b-
Kr1099/2-5 ms
b-
Kr1100+
3 ms
b-
Kr1111/2-3 ms
b-
Kr1120+
3 ms
b-
Kr1133/2-3 ms
b-
Kr1140+
2.2 ms
b-
Kr1151/2-
2.0 ms
b-
Kr1160+
1.9 ms
b-
Kr11711/2-
2.4 ms
b-
Kr1180+
1.2 ms
b-
Kr1197/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Kr1200+
1.0 ms
b-
Kr1213/2-
800 us
b-
Kr1220+
900 us
b-
Kr1231/2+
700 us
b-
Kr1240+
600 us
b-
Rb662-,5-3 ms
EC
Rb673/2+7 ms
EC
Rb681-,2-6 ms
EC
Rb693/2+
13 ms
EC
Rb703-,4-
12 ms
EC
Rb717/2+
30 ms
EC
Rb721+,8+30 ms
EC
Rb733/2+
300 ms
EC
Rb74(0+)
64.9 ms
EC
Rb75(3/2-,5/2-)
19.0 s
EC
Rb761
39.1 s
EC
Rb773/2-
3.75 m
EC
Rb780(+)
17.66 m
EC*
Rb795/2+
22.9 m
EC
Rb801+
34 s
EC
Rb813/2-
4.576 h
EC*
Rb821+
1.273 m
EC*
Rb835/2-
86.2 d
EC
Rb842-
32.77 d
EC,b-*
Rb862-
18.631 d
EC,b-*
Rb882-
17.78 m
b-
Rb893/2-
15.15 m
b-
Rb900-
158 s
b-*
Rb913/2(-)58.4 s
b-
Rb920-
4.492 s
b-n
Rb935/2-
5.84 s
b-n
Rb943(-)
2.702 s
b-n
Rb955/2-
377.5 ms
b-n
Rb962+
0.199 s
b-n
Rb973/2(+)
169.9 ms
b-n
Rb98(1,0)
114 ms
b-n,b-2n,...*
Rb99(5/2+)59 ms
b-n
Rb100[1-,4-]51 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Rb101[3/2+]32 ms
b-n
Rb102[1+,4+]37 ms
b-n
Rb1033/2+
18 ms
b-
Rb1041+,2+14 ms
b-
Rb1053/2+
12 ms
b-
Rb1062-,5-
10 ms
b-
Rb1073/2+8 ms
b-
Rb1081+,4+8 ms
b-
Rb1093/2+6 ms
b-
Rb1103-,6-6 ms
b-
Rb1117/2+3 ms
b-
Rb1123-,4-3 ms
b-
Rb1131/2-4 ms
b-
Rb1141+,2+3 ms
b-
Rb1151/2-3 ms
b-
Rb1160+,1+3 ms
b-
Rb1171/2-
2.5 ms
b-
Rb1184+,7+3 ms
b-
Rb1193/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Rb1203+,4+1.5 ms
b-
Rb1211/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Rb1220+,3+1.2 ms
b-
Rb1233/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Rb1241+,4+1.1 ms
b-
Rb1253/2+
600 us
b-
Rb1262-,3-
700 us
b-
Rb1273/2+
700 us
b-
Rb1280+,3+600 us
b-
Sr680+
8 ms
EC
Sr691/2-7 ms
EC
Sr700+
16 ms
EC
Sr713/2-
14 ms
EC
Sr720+
60 ms
EC
Sr733/2-
40 ms
EC
Sr740+
400 ms
EC
Sr753/2+
200 ms
EC
Sr760+9 s
EC
Sr77(5/2+,7/2+)
9.0 s
ECp
Sr780+
2.5 m
EC
Sr79(3/2-)
2.25 m
EC
Sr800+
106.3 m
EC
Sr811/2-
22.3 m
EC
Sr820+
25.55 d
EC
Sr837/2+
32.41 h
EC*
Sr859/2+
64.84 d
EC**
Sr895/2+
50.53 d
b-
Sr900+
28.78 y
b-
Sr915/2+
9.63 h
b-
Sr920+
2.71 h
b-
Sr935/2+
7.423 m
b-
Sr940+
75.3 s
b-
Sr951/2+
23.90 s
b-
Sr960+
1.07 s
b-
Sr971/2+
426 ms
b-n
Sr980+
0.653 s
b-n
Sr993/2+
0.269 s
b-n
Sr1000+
202 ms
b-n
Sr101(5/2)
118 ms
b-n
Sr1020+
69 ms
b-n
Sr1035/2+
40 ms
b-
Sr1040+
80 ms
b-
Sr1051/2+
60 ms
b-
Sr1060+
40 ms
b-
Sr1077/2-
30 ms
b-
Sr1080+
24 ms
b-
Sr1091/2-
20 ms
b-
Sr1100+
14 ms
b-
Sr1115/2+
12 ms
b-
Sr1120+
7 ms
b-
Sr1135/2-6 ms
b-
Sr1140+
6 ms
b-
Sr1153/2-5 ms
b-
Sr1160+
4 ms
b-
Sr1171/2-4 ms
b-
Sr1180+
3 ms
b-
Sr1191/2-5 ms
b-
Sr1200+
2.4 ms
b-
Sr1217/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Sr1220+
1.9 ms
b-
Sr1235/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Sr1240+
1.6 ms
b-
Sr1255/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Sr1260+
900 us
b-
Sr1271/2+
800 us
b-
Sr1280+
1.0 ms
b-
Sr1293/2+
700 us
b-
Sr1300+
700 us
b-
Sr1313/2-
700 us
b-
Y702-,3-4 ms
EC
Y715/2+8 ms
EC
Y722+,3+7 ms
EC
Y735/2+
17 ms
EC
Y741-,4-
16 ms
EC
Y755/2+
40 ms
EC
Y761+,4+40 ms
EC
Y775/2+
190 ms
EC
Y780+,5+
210 ms
EC
Y79[5/2+]2.4 s
Y80(3,4,5)
35 s
EC
Y81(5/2+)72.4 s
EC
Y821+
9.5 s
EC
Y83(9/2+)7.08 m
EC*
Y841+
4.6 s
EC*
Y85(1/2)-2.68 h
EC*
Y864-
14.74 h
EC*
Y871/2-
79.8 h
EC*
Y884-
106.65 d
EC**
Y902-
64.10 h
b-*
Y911/2-
58.51 d
*
Y922-
3.54 h
b-
Y931/2-
10.18 h
b-*
Y942-
18.7 m
b-
Y951/2-
10.3 m
b-
Y960-
5.34 s
b-*
Y97(1/2-)3.75 s
b-n**
Y98(0)-
0.548 s
b-n*
Y995/2+
1.470 s
b-n
Y1001-,2-
735 ms
b-n*
Y101(5/2+)448 ms
b-n
Y102[1+,4+]0.36 s
b-n*
Y1035/2+
90 ms
b-
Y1040+,5+30 ms
b-
Y1055/2+
50 ms
b-
Y1062+,3+40 ms
b-
Y1075/2+
30 ms
b-
Y1081-,6-
30 ms
b-
Y1095/2+
19 ms
b-
Y1102-,3-
16 ms
b-
Y1115/2+
12 ms
b-
Y1120+,5+9 ms
b-
Y1135/2+
12 ms
b-
Y1142-,7-6 ms
b-
Y1159/2+5 ms
b-
Y1163-,6-5 ms
b-
Y1179/2+4 ms
b-
Y1184-,5-4 ms
b-
Y1199/2+3 ms
b-
Y1203+,4+7 ms
b-
Y1211/2-3 ms
b-
Y1222+,3+2.5 ms
b-
Y1231/2-3 ms
b-
Y1243+,4+2.4 ms
b-
Y1251/2+
2.1 ms
b-
Y1263+,4+2.1 ms
b-
Y1271/2+
1.3 ms
b-
Y1281+,2+1.0 ms
b-
Y1293/2+
1.0 ms
b-
Y1301-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
Y1315/2-
800 us
b-
Y1321+,4+800 us
b-
Y1335/2-
700 us
b-
Y1340-,5-
700 us
b-
Zr720+
7 ms
EC
Zr733/2-7 ms
EC
Zr740+
18 ms
EC
Zr753/2-
17 ms
EC
Zr760+
50 ms
EC
Zr773/2+
30 ms
EC
Zr780+
300 ms
EC
Zr795/2+
160 ms
EC
Zr800+7 s
Zr81[1/2+]15 s
ECp
Zr820+
32 s
EC
Zr83(1/2-)44 s
ECp
Zr840+
25.9 m
EC
Zr857/2+
7.86 m
EC*
Zr860+
16.5 h
EC
Zr87(9/2)+1.68 h
EC*
Zr880+
83.4 d
EC
Zr899/2+
78.41 h
EC**
Zr935/2+
1.53E+6 y
b-
Zr955/2+
64.02 d
b-
Zr971/2+
16.91 h
b-
Zr980+
30.7 s
b-
Zr991/2+2.1 s
b-
Zr1000+
7.1 s
b-
Zr101(3/2+)2.1 s
b-
Zr1020+
2.9 s
b-
Zr103(5/2)1.3 s
b-
Zr1040+
1.2 s
b-
Zr1055/2+
100 ms
b-
Zr1060+
400 ms
b-
Zr1071/2+
220 ms
b-
Zr1080+
180 ms
b-
Zr1097/2-
140 ms
b-
Zr1100+
80 ms
b-
Zr1111/2-
60 ms
b-
Zr1120+
50 ms
b-
Zr1135/2+
40 ms
b-
Zr1140+
20 ms
b-
Zr1155/2-
17 ms
b-
Zr1160+
12 ms
b-
Zr1173/2-
12 ms
b-
Zr1180+
9 ms
b-
Zr1191/2-9 ms
b-
Zr1200+
7 ms
b-
Zr1217/2-
11 ms
b-
Zr1220+
4 ms
b-
Zr1235/2-4 ms
b-
Zr1240+
4 ms
b-
Zr1253/2+3 ms
b-
Zr1260+
3 ms
b-
Zr1271/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Zr1280+
1.6 ms
b-
Zr1291/2+
1.6 ms
b-
Zr1300+
1.4 ms
b-
Zr1313/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Zr1320+
1.1 ms
b-
Zr1333/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Zr1340+
1.0 ms
b-
Zr1355/2+
900 us
b-
Zr1360+
800 us
b-
Zr1375/2-
700 us
b-
Nb743-,4-3 ms
EC
Nb751/2+5 ms
EC
Nb761-,2-7 ms
EC
Nb771/2+
12 ms
EC
Nb781+,2+10 ms
EC
Nb791/2+
40 ms
EC
Nb802+,3+40 ms
EC
Nb811/2+
210 ms
EC
Nb820+,1+
700 ms
EC
Nb83(5/2+)4.1 s
EC
Nb84(3+)12 s
ECp
Nb85(9/2+)20.9 s
EC
Nb86(5+)88 s
EC
Nb87(9/2+)2.6 m
EC*
Nb88(8+)
14.5 m
EC*
Nb89(9/2+)1.9 h
EC*
Nb908+
14.60 h
EC**
Nb919/2+680 y
EC*
Nb92(7)+
3.47E+7 y
EC,b-**
Nb94(6)+
2.03E+4 y
b-*
Nb959/2+
34.975 d
b-*
Nb966+
23.35 h
b-
Nb979/2+
72.1 m
b-*
Nb981+
2.86 s
b-*
Nb999/2+
15.0 s
b-*
Nb1001+
1.5 s
b-**
Nb101+
7.1 s
b-
Nb1021+
1.3 s
b-*
Nb103(5/2+)1.5 s
b-
Nb104(1+)4.8 s
b-n*
Nb105(5/2+)2.95 s
b-
Nb106[2+,3+]1.02 s
b-
Nb107[1/2+]330 ms
b-
Nb1081-,2-
500 ms
b-
Nb1095/2-
500 ms
b-
Nb1101+,6+
400 ms
b-
Nb1115/2-
200 ms
b-
Nb1120-,1-
100 ms
b-
Nb1131/2+
60 ms
b-
Nb1141-,6-
22 ms
b-
Nb1157/2+
15 ms
b-
Nb1161-,6-
15 ms
b-
Nb1177/2+
11 ms
b-
Nb1182-,5-
11 ms
b-
Nb1197/2+9 ms
b-
Nb1203-,4-8 ms
b-
Nb1217/2+6 ms
b-
Nb1224-,5-
12 ms
b-
Nb1231/2+5 ms
b-
Nb1241-,8-4 ms
b-
Nb1259/2+4 ms
b-
Nb1261-,2-3 ms
b-
Nb1271/2+3 ms
b-
Nb1281+,2+1.5 ms
b-
Nb1293/2+
1.9 ms
b-
Nb1301+,2+1.9 ms
b-
Nb1313/2-
1.7 ms
b-
Nb1320-,3-
1.8 ms
b-
Nb1333/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Nb1340+,3+1.2 ms
b-
Nb1353/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Nb1361-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
Nb1375/2+
900 us
b-
Nb1380-,5-
800 us
b-
Nb1395/2-
800 us
b-
Nb1402+,3+700 us
b-
Mo779/2+4 ms
EC
Mo780+
7 ms
EC
Mo793/2-5 ms
EC
Mo800+
50 ms
EC
Mo815/2+
30 ms
EC
Mo820+
70 ms
EC
Mo837/2+
90 ms
EC
Mo840+
1.1 s
EC
Mo853/2+
400 ms
EC
Mo860+8 s
Mo87(7/2+)13.4 s
ECp
Mo880+
8.0 m
EC
Mo89(9/2+)2.04 m
EC*
Mo900+
5.67 h
EC
Mo919/2+
15.49 m
EC*
Mo935/2+
4.0E+3 y
EC*
Mo991/2+
65.94 h
b-
Mo1011/2+
14.61 m
b-
Mo1020+
11.3 m
b-
Mo103(3/2+)67.5 s
b-
Mo1040+
60 s
b-
Mo105(5/2-)35.6 s
b-
Mo1060+
8.4 s
b-
Mo107[5/2+]3.5 s
b-
Mo1080+
1.5 s
b-
Mo109[1/2+]0.53 s
b-
Mo1100+
1.8 s
b-
Mo1117/2-1.2 s
b-
Mo1120+
600 ms
b-
Mo1135/2-
150 ms
b-
Mo1140+
100 ms
b-
Mo1151/2+
60 ms
b-
Mo1160+
50 ms
b-
Mo1175/2-
50 ms
b-
Mo1180+
30 ms
b-
Mo1193/2-
30 ms
b-
Mo1200+
24 ms
b-
Mo1211/2-
22 ms
b-
Mo1220+
17 ms
b-
Mo12311/2-30 ms
b-
Mo1240+
11 ms
b-
Mo1257/2-9 ms
b-
Mo1260+
8 ms
b-
Mo1273/2-8 ms
b-
Mo1280+
7 ms
b-
Mo1293/2-3 ms
b-
Mo1300+
3 ms
b-
Mo1311/2+3 ms
b-
Mo1320+
2.2 ms
b-
Mo1333/2+
2.3 ms
b-
Mo1340+
1.8 ms
b-
Mo1353/2-
1.5 ms
b-
Mo1360+
1.5 ms
b-
Mo1375/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Mo1380+
1.3 ms
b-
Mo1395/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Mo1400+
1.0 ms
b-
Mo1411/2-
900 us
b-
Mo1420+
800 us
b-
Mo1437/2+
800 us
b-
Mo1440+
700 us
b-
Tc795/2+6 ms
EC
Tc801-,4-3 ms
EC
Tc815/2+7 ms
EC
Tc822+,7+10 ms
EC
Tc835/2+
30 ms
EC
Tc841+,6+40 ms
EC
Tc853/2+
70 ms
EC
Tc860+,3+90 ms
EC
Tc873/2+
300 ms
EC
Tc88(7-,8+)300 ms
Tc89(9/2+)12.8 s
EC*
Tc901+
8.7 s
EC*
Tc91(9/2)+3.14 m
EC*
Tc92(8)+
4.23 m
EC
Tc939/2+
2.75 h
EC*
Tc947+
293 m
EC*
Tc959/2+
20.0 h
EC*
Tc967+
4.28 d
EC*
Tc979/2+
2.6E6 y
EC*
Tc98(6)+
4.2E+6 y
b-
Tc999/2+
2.111E+5 y
b-*
Tc1001+
15.8 s
b-
Tc101(9/2)+
14.22 m
b-
Tc1021+
5.28 s
b-*
Tc1035/2+
54.2 s
b-
Tc104(3+)
18.3 m
b-
Tc105(3/2-)7.6 m
b-
Tc106(1,2)35.6 s
b-
Tc107[3/2-]21.2 s
b-
Tc108(2-,3)5.17 s
b-
Tc109[5/2+]0.87 s
b-
Tc110[2-,7-]0.92 s
b-
Tc111[5/2+]0.30 s
b-
Tc1121-,6-
160 ms
b-
Tc113[5/2+]130 ms
b-
Tc1140-,5-
90 ms
b-
Tc1155/2+
70 ms
b-
Tc1162+,3+50 ms
b-
Tc1175/2+
40 ms
b-
Tc1180-,5-
40 ms
b-
Tc1195/2+
30 ms
b-
Tc1201-,4-
20 ms
b-
Tc1215/2+
19 ms
b-
Tc1222-,3-
18 ms
b-
Tc1235/2+
13 ms
b-
Tc1244-,7-
18 ms
b-
Tc1257/2+9 ms
b-
Tc1260-,7-8 ms
b-
Tc1279/2+7 ms
b-
Tc1280-,3-7 ms
b-
Tc1293/2+4 ms
b-
Tc1301+,2+3 ms
b-
Tc1311/2+4 ms
b-
Tc1320-,1-3 ms
b-
Tc1335/2+
2.1 ms
b-
Tc1341+,4+2.2 ms
b-
Tc1355/2+
2.1 ms
b-
Tc1361-,4-
1.6 ms
b-
Tc1375/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Tc1380+,5+1.6 ms
b-
Tc1393/2-
1.5 ms
b-
Tc1401+,4+1.3 ms
b-
Tc1413/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Tc1421+,2+1.1 ms
b-
Tc1433/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Tc1442-,5-
1.0 ms
b-
Tc1453/2-
900 us
b-
Tc1461+,4+700 us
b-
Tc1473/2-
600 us
b-
Ru811/2-5 ms
EC
Ru820+
12 ms
EC
Ru831/2-4 ms
EC
Ru840+
11 ms
EC
Ru851/2+
20 ms
EC
Ru860+
90 ms
EC
Ru873/2+
70 ms
EC
Ru880+
700 ms
EC
Ru895/2+
300 ms
EC
Ru900+
13 s
EC
Ru91(9/2+)
9 s
EC*
Ru920+
3.65 m
EC
Ru93(9/2)+59.7 s
EC*
Ru940+
51.8 m
EC
Ru955/2+
1.643 h
EC
Ru975/2+2.9 d
Ru1033/2+
39.26 d
b-*
Ru1053/2+
4.44 h
b-
Ru1060+
373.59 d
b-
Ru107(5/2)+3.75 m
b-
Ru1080+
4.55 m
b-
Ru109(5/2+)34.5 s
b-
Ru1100+
14.6 s
b-
Ru111[9/2-]2.12 s
b-
Ru1120+
1.75 s
b-
Ru113[7/2-]0.80 s
b-
Ru1140+
0.5 s
b-
Ru115[5/2-]0.40 s
b-n
Ru1160+
500 ms
b-
Ru1171/2+
180 ms
b-
Ru1180+
220 ms
b-
Ru1195/2-
200 ms
b-
Ru1200+
120 ms
b-
Ru1213/2-
110 ms
b-
Ru1220+
80 ms
b-
Ru1231/2-
70 ms
b-
Ru1240+
50 ms
b-
Ru12511/2-90 ms
b-
Ru1260+
30 ms
b-
Ru1277/2-
30 ms
b-
Ru1280+
30 ms
b-
Ru1293/2-
23 ms
b-
Ru1300+
20 ms
b-
Ru1311/2-5 ms
b-
Ru1320+
6 ms
b-
Ru1331/2+5 ms
b-
Ru1340+
4 ms
b-
Ru1353/2+4 ms
b-
Ru1360+
3 ms
b-
Ru1373/2-
2.4 ms
b-
Ru1380+
2.3 ms
b-
Ru1395/2+
2.3 ms
b-
Ru1400+
1.9 ms
b-
Ru1415/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Ru1420+
1.5 ms
b-
Ru1431/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Ru1440+
1.2 ms
b-
Ru1457/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Ru1460+
1.0 ms
b-
Ru1475/2-
900 us
b-
Ru1480+
700 us
b-
Ru1497/2-
700 us
b-
Ru1500+
700 us
b-
Rh833/2+
10 ms
EC
Rh842-,3-5 ms
EC
Rh855/2+
10 ms
EC
Rh862+,3+10 ms
EC
Rh875/2+
22 ms
EC
Rh881+,4+18 ms
EC
Rh895/2+
80 ms
EC
Rh900+,5+80 ms
EC
Rh915/2+
400 ms
EC
Rh921+,6+
300 ms
EC
Rh935/2+3 s
EC
Rh94(3+)
70.6 s
ECp*
Rh95(9/2)+5.02 m
EC*
Rh966+
9.90 m
EC*
Rh97(9/2)+30.7 m
EC*
Rh98(2)+
8.7 m
EC*
Rh99(1/2-)16.1 d
EC*
Rh1001-
20.8 h
EC*
Rh1011/2-3.3 y
EC*
Rh102(1-,2-)207 d
EC,b-**
Rh1041+
42.3 s
EC,b-*
Rh1057/2+
35.36 h
b-*
Rh1061+
29.80 s
b-*
Rh1077/2+
21.7 m
b-
Rh108(5+)
6.0 m
b-*
Rh1097/2+80 s
b-
Rh1101+
3.2 s
b-*
Rh111(7/2+)11 s
b-
Rh1121+
3.8 s
b-*
Rh113[3/2+]2.72 s
b-
Rh114(1+)
1.85 s
b-*
Rh115(7/2+)0.99 s
b-
Rh1161+
0.68 s
b-*
Rh117(7/2+)0.44 s
b-
Rh1181+,2+
130 ms
b-
Rh1193/2+
110 ms
b-
Rh1201-,4-
90 ms
b-
Rh1213/2+
60 ms
b-
Rh1220-,3-
60 ms
b-
Rh1233/2+
50 ms
b-
Rh1241-,2-
40 ms
b-
Rh1255/2+
30 ms
b-
Rh1263-,8-
40 ms
b-
Rh1275/2+
22 ms
b-
Rh1281-,6-
18 ms
b-
Rh1299/2+
17 ms
b-
Rh1301-,4-
16 ms
b-
Rh1315/2+8 ms
b-
Rh1322-,3-3 ms
b-
Rh1335/2+5 ms
b-
Rh1342+,3+5 ms
b-
Rh1355/2+4 ms
b-
Rh1361-,2-4 ms
b-
Rh1371/2-4 ms
b-
Rh1381+,2+3 ms
b-
Rh1391/2-3 ms
b-
Rh1402+,3+2.4 ms
b-
Rh1411/2-
2.4 ms
b-
Rh1422-,3-
1.9 ms
b-
Rh1431/2+
1.8 ms
b-
Rh1440-,1-
1.7 ms
b-
Rh1451/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Rh1463+,4+1.5 ms
b-
Rh1471/2+
1.3 ms
b-
Rh1482-,3-
1.1 ms
b-
Rh1497/2+
800 us
b-
Rh1500-,7-
800 us
b-
Rh1517/2+
700 us
b-
Rh1523-,4-
700 us
b-
Rh1537/2+
700 us
b-
Pd860+
9 ms
EC
Pd871/2+8 ms
EC
Pd880+
20 ms
EC
Pd893/2+
16 ms
EC
Pd900+
70 ms
EC
Pd915/2+
50 ms
EC
Pd920+
500 ms
EC
Pd937/2+
220 ms
EC
Pd940+
9.0 s
EC
Pd95[9/2+]900 ms
*
Pd960+
122 s
EC
Pd97(5/2+)3.10 m
EC
Pd980+
17.7 m
EC
Pd99(5/2)+21.4 m
EC
Pd1000+
3.63 d
EC
Pd101(5/2+)8.47 h
EC
Pd1035/2+
16.991 d
EC
Pd1075/2+
6.5E+6 y
b-*
Pd1095/2+
13.7012 h
b-*
Pd1115/2+
23.4 m
b-*
Pd1120+
21.03 h
b-
Pd113(5/2)+93 s
b-**
Pd1140+
2.42 m
b-
Pd115(5/2+)25 s
b-*
Pd1160+
12.4 s
b-
Pd117(5/2+)4.3 s
b-*
Pd1180+
1.9 s
b-
Pd119[1/2+]0.92 s
b-
Pd1200+3 s
b-
Pd1215/2-1.8 s
b-
Pd1220+
1.1 s
b-
Pd1233/2-
500 ms
b-
Pd1240+
400 ms
b-
Pd1259/2-
400 ms
b-
Pd1260+
250 ms
b-
Pd12711/2-
300 ms
b-
Pd1280+
130 ms
b-
Pd1297/2-
110 ms
b-
Pd1300+
100 ms
b-
Pd1313/2-
90 ms
b-
Pd1320+
70 ms
b-
Pd1331/2-7 ms
b-
Pd1340+
12 ms
b-
Pd1353/2-5 ms
b-
Pd1360+
7 ms
b-
Pd1373/2+5 ms
b-
Pd1380+
6 ms
b-
Pd1393/2-4 ms
b-
Pd1400+
5 ms
b-
Pd1415/2+4 ms
b-
Pd1420+
3 ms
b-
Pd1435/2-3 ms
b-
Pd1440+
2.5 ms
b-
Pd1451/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Pd1460+
1.9 ms
b-
Pd1477/2+
1.8 ms
b-
Pd1480+
1.6 ms
b-
Pd1495/2-
1.3 ms
b-
Pd1500+
1.1 ms
b-
Pd1517/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Pd1520+
900 us
b-
Pd1531/2-
900 us
b-
Pd1540+
800 us
b-
Pd1551/2-
800 us
b-
Pd1560+
700 us
b-
Ag883+,4+5 ms
EC
Ag897/2+
11 ms
EC
Ag902+,5+10 ms
EC
Ag917/2+
20 ms
EC
Ag921+,6+21 ms
EC
Ag937/2+
90 ms
EC
Ag940+,7+80 ms
EC
Ag957/2+
700 ms
EC
Ag96(8+,9+)
5.1 s
ECp
Ag97(9/2+)19 s
EC
Ag98(5+)
46.7 s
EC
Ag99(9/2)+124 s
EC*
Ag100(5)+
2.01 m
EC*
Ag1019/2+
11.1 m
EC*
Ag1025+
12.9 m
EC*
Ag1037/2+
65.7 m
EC*
Ag1045+
69.2 m
EC*
Ag1051/2-
41.29 d
EC*
Ag1061+
23.96 m
EC,b-**
Ag1081+
2.37 m
EC,b-**
Ag1101+
24.6 s
EC,b-*
Ag1111/2-
7.45 d
b-*
Ag1122(-)
3.130 h
b-
Ag1131/2-
5.37 h
b-*
Ag1141+
4.6 s
b-
Ag1151/2-
20.0 m
b-*
Ag116(2-)
2.68 m
b-*
Ag117(1/2-)72.8 s
b-*
Ag118(1)-
3.76 s
b-*
Ag119(7/2+)2.1 s
b-*
Ag120[0-,7-]1.23 s
b-*
Ag121(7/2+)0.78 s
b-n
Ag122(3+)
0.48 s
b-n*
Ag123(7/2+)0.309 s
b-n
Ag1240-,3-
120 ms
b-
Ag1259/2+
110 ms
b-
Ag1261-,10-
120 ms
b-
Ag1273/2+
80 ms
b-
Ag1282-,9-
90 ms
b-
Ag1299/2+
50 ms
b-
Ag1302-,5-
40 ms
b-
Ag1315/2+
40 ms
b-
Ag1323-,6-
30 ms
b-
Ag1337/2+
30 ms
b-
Ag1343-,4-5 ms
b-
Ag1357/2+7 ms
b-
Ag1362-,5-3 ms
b-
Ag1377/2+6 ms
b-
Ag1382+,5+5 ms
b-
Ag1391/2+6 ms
b-
Ag1401-,2-5 ms
b-
Ag1411/2+5 ms
b-
Ag1422+,3+4 ms
b-
Ag1431/2+4 ms
b-
Ag1442+,3+3 ms
b-
Ag1451/2-3 ms
b-
Ag1460+,1+3 ms
b-
Ag1471/2-
2.5 ms
b-
Ag1480+,7+1.9 ms
b-
Ag1497/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Ag1502-,3-
1.7 ms
b-
Ag1511/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Ag1523+,4+1.1 ms
b-
Ag1531/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Ag1540+,1+1.1 ms
b-
Ag1551/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ag1560+,1+900 us
b-
Ag1571/2-
900 us
b-
Ag1581+,2+800 us
b-
Ag1591/2-
800 us
b-
Ag1603+,4+700 us
b-
Cd900+
8 ms
EC
Cd913/2+7 ms
EC
Cd920+
20 ms
EC
Cd935/2+
16 ms
EC
Cd940+
70 ms
EC
Cd957/2+
50 ms
EC
Cd960+
800 ms
EC
Cd97[9/2+]
3 s
ECp
Cd980+
9.2 s
EC
Cd99(5/2+)16 s
ECp,ECa,...
Cd1000+
49.1 s
EC
Cd101(5/2+)1.2 m
EC
Cd1020+
5.5 m
EC
Cd103(5/2+)7.3 m
EC
Cd1040+
57.7 m
EC
Cd1055/2+
55.5 m
EC
Cd1075/2+
6.50 h
EC
Cd1095/2+
462.6 d
EC**
Cd1151/2+
53.46 h
b-*
Cd1171/2+
2.49 h
b-*
Cd1180+
50.3 m
b-
Cd1193/2+
2.69 m
b-*
Cd1200+
50.80 s
b-
Cd121(3/2+)13.5 s
b-*
Cd1220+
5.24 s
b-
Cd123(3/2)+2.10 s
b-*
Cd1240+
0.9 s
b-
Cd125(3/2+)0.65 s
b-*
Cd1260+
0.506 s
b-
Cd127(3/2+)0.43 s
b-
Cd1280+
0.34 s
b-
Cd129[11/2-]0.27 s
b-
Cd1300+
0.20 s
b-n
Cd1317/2-
900 ms
b-
Cd1320+
600 ms
b-
Cd1333/2-
500 ms
b-
Cd1340+
400 ms
b-
Cd1353/2-
300 ms
b-
Cd1360+
160 ms
b-
Cd1373/2-9 ms
b-
Cd1380+
16 ms
b-
Cd1393/2+7 ms
b-
Cd1400+
7 ms
b-
Cd1413/2-8 ms
b-
Cd1420+
8 ms
b-
Cd1435/2+7 ms
b-
Cd1440+
6 ms
b-
Cd1455/2-4 ms
b-
Cd1460+
4 ms
b-
Cd1471/2-4 ms
b-
Cd1480+
3 ms
b-
Cd1495/2-3 ms
b-
Cd1500+
3 ms
b-
Cd1515/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Cd1520+
1.9 ms
b-
Cd1537/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Cd1540+
1.4 ms
b-
Cd1559/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Cd1560+
1.2 ms
b-
Cd1571/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Cd1580+
1.1 ms
b-
Cd1593/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Cd1600+
1.0 ms
b-
Cd1617/2-
900 us
b-
Cd1620+
800 us
b-
Cd16311/2+800 us
b-
In923+,6+6 ms
EC
In939/2+
13 ms
EC
In942+,7+12 ms
EC
In959/2+
30 ms
EC
In961+,8+20 ms
EC
In979/2+
170 ms
EC
In980+,9+90 ms
EC
In999/2+4 s
EC
In100[4+,5+]
7 sIn101[9/2+]16 s
ECp
In102(5)24 s
EC
In103(9/2+)65 s
EC
In104(6+)
1.8 m
EC*
In105(9/2)+5.07 m
EC*
In1067+
6.2 m
EC*
In1079/2+
32.4 m
EC*
In1087+
58.0 m
EC*
In1099/2+4.2 h
EC**
In1107+
4.9 h
EC*
In1119/2+
2.8049 d
EC*
In1121+
14.97 m
EC,b-**
In1141+
71.9 s
EC,b-***
In1161+
14.10 s
EC,b-**
In1179/2+
43.2 m
b-*
In1181+
5.0 s
b-**
In1199/2+2.4 m
b-*
In1201+
3.08 s
b-**
In1219/2+
23.1 s
b-*
In1221+
1.5 s
b-**
In1239/2+
5.98 s
b-*
In1243+
3.17 s
b-*
In1259/2(+)2.36 s
b-*
In1263(+)
1.60 s
b-*
In127(9/2+)1.09 s
b-n*
In128(3+)
0.84 s
b-n*
In129(9/2+)0.61 s
b-n*
In1301(-)
0.32 s
b-n**
In131(9/2+)0.282 s
b-n**
In132(7-)
0.201 s
b-n
In133[9/2+]180 ms
b-n
In1343-,6-
100 ms
b-
In1359/2+
90 ms
b-
In1362-,7-
70 ms
b-
In1379/2+
50 ms
b-
In1382+,7+13 ms
b-
In1399/2+
11 ms
b-
In1402-,7-8 ms
b-
In1411/2+7 ms
b-
In1422-,5-5 ms
b-
In1437/2+8 ms
b-
In1441+,6+6 ms
b-
In1457/2+6 ms
b-
In1461-,6-4 ms
b-
In1477/2+4 ms
b-
In1483-,4-4 ms
b-
In1497/2+4 ms
b-
In1501-,6-3 ms
b-
In1511/2-3 ms
b-
In1522+,3+3 ms
b-
In1531/2-
2.4 ms
b-
In1543-,4-
2.0 ms
b-
In1551/2+
1.9 ms
b-
In1564+,5+1.9 ms
b-
In1571/2+
1.6 ms
b-
In1580-,1-
1.6 ms
b-
In1591/2+
1.4 ms
b-
In1603-,6-
1.1 ms
b-
In1619/2+
1.0 ms
b-
In1623-,6-
900 us
b-
In1639/2+
900 us
b-
In1641+,10+900 us
b-
In1659/2+
800 us
b-
In1661+,10+700 us
b-
Sn940+
8 ms
EC
Sn951/2+8 ms
EC
Sn960+
23 ms
EC
Sn979/2+
15 ms
EC
Sn980+
100 ms
EC
Sn999/2+
40 ms
EC
Sn1000+
1.8 s
EC
Sn1011/2+3 s
EC
Sn1020+
18 sSn103
[3/2+]7 s
EC
Sn1040+
20.8 s
EC
Sn105[5/2+]31 s
ECp
Sn1060+
115 s
EC
Sn107(5/2+)2.90 m
EC
Sn1080+
10.30 m
EC
Sn1095/2(+)18.0 m
EC
Sn1100+
4.11 h
EC
Sn1117/2+
35.3 m
EC
Sn1131/2+
115.09 d
EC***
Sn1213/2+
27.06 h
b-*
Sn12311/2-
129.2 d
b-*
Sn12511/2-9.64 d
b-*
Sn1260+
1E+5 y
b-
Sn127(11/2-)2.10 h
b-*
Sn1280+
59.07 m
b-*
Sn129(3/2+)2.23 m
b-*
Sn1300+
3.72 m
b-*
Sn131(3/2+)56.0 s
b-*
Sn1320+
39.7 s
b-
Sn133(7/2-)1.44 s
b-n
Sn1340+
1.04 s
b-n
Sn1351/2-3 s
b-
Sn1360+
1.0 s
b-
Sn1373/2-
800 ms
b-
Sn1380+
500 ms
b-
Sn1395/2-
400 ms
b-
Sn1400+
120 ms
b-
Sn1413/2-
19 ms
b-
Sn1420+
40 ms
b-
Sn1433/2-
14 ms
b-
Sn1440+
18 ms
b-
Sn1455/2-
10 ms
b-
Sn1460+
10 ms
b-
Sn1475/2-7 ms
b-
Sn1480+
6 ms
b-
Sn1491/2-6 ms
b-
Sn1500+
5 ms
b-
Sn1517/2+5 ms
b-
Sn1520+
4 ms
b-
Sn1535/2-3 ms
b-
Sn1540+
3 ms
b-
Sn1557/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Sn1560+
2.3 ms
b-
Sn1579/2+
2.3 ms
b-
Sn1580+
1.9 ms
b-
Sn1591/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Sn1600+
1.8 ms
b-
Sn1617/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Sn1620+
1.4 ms
b-
Sn1633/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Sn1640+
1.2 ms
b-
Sn16511/2+1.2 ms
b-
Sn1660+
900 us
b-
Sn16711/2+900 us
b-
Sn1680+
Sn1693/2-
H11/2+
99.985
H21+
0.015
He31/2+
0.000137
He40+
99.999863
Li61+
7.5
Li73/2-
92.5
Be93/2-
100
B103+
19.9
B113/2-
80.1
C120+
98.90
C131/2-
1.10
N141+
99.634
N151/2-
0.366
O160+
99.762
O175/2+
0.038
O180+
0.200
F191/2+
100
Ne200+
90.48
Ne213/2+
0.27
Ne220+
9.25
Na233/2+
100*
Mg240+
78.99
Mg255/2+
10.00
Mg260+
11.01**
Al275/2+
100
Si280+
92.23
Si291/2+
4.67
Si300+
3.10
P311/2+
100
S320+
95.02
S333/2+
0.75
S340+
4.21
S360+
0.02*
Cl353/2+
75.77
Cl373/2+
24.23*
Ar360+
0.337
Ar380+
0.063
Ar400+
99.600*
K393/2+
93.2581
K404-
1.277E+9 y
EC,b-0.0117
K413/2+
6.7302
Ca400+
96.941
Ca420+
0.647
Ca437/2-
0.135
Ca440+
2.086
Ca460+
0.004
Ca480+
6E+18 y
b-,b-b-0.187
**
Sc457/2-
100***
Ti460+
8.0
Ti475/2-
7.3
Ti480+
73.8
Ti497/2-
5.5
Ti500+
5.4*
V506+
1.4E+17 y
EC,b-0.250
V517/2-
99.750
Cr500+
1.8E+17 y
ECEC4.345
Cr520+
83.789
Cr533/2-
9.501
Cr540+
2.365**
Mn555/2-
100****
Fe540+
5.8
Fe560+
91.72
Fe571/2-
2.2
Fe580+
0.28***
Co597/2-
100**
Ni580+
68.077
Ni600+
26.223
Ni613/2-
1.140
Ni620+
3.634
Ni640+
0.926
Cu633/2-
69.17
Cu653/2-
30.83**
Zn640+
48.6
Zn660+
27.9
Zn675/2-
4.1
Zn680+
18.8*
Zn700+
5E+14 y
0.6***
Ga693/2-
60.108
Ga713/2-
39.892***
Ge700+
21.23*
Ge720+
27.66
Ge739/2+
7.73*
Ge740+
35.94*
Ge760+
7.44***
As753/2-
100****
Se740+
0.89
Se760+
9.36
Se771/2-
7.63*
Se780+
23.78*
Se800+
49.61*
Se820+
1.4E+20 y
b-b-8.73
******
Br793/2-
50.69**
Br813/2-
49.31**
Kr780+
0.35*
Kr800+
2.25*
Kr820+
11.6
Kr839/2+
11.5*
Kr840+
57.0*
Kr860+
17.3****
Rb855/2-
72.165*
Rb873/2-
4.75E10 y
b-27.835
***
Sr840+
0.56*
Sr860+
9.86
Sr879/2+
7.00*
Sr880+
82.58******
Y891/2-
100*************
Zr900+
sTAaLE
51.45*
Zr915/2+
11.22
Zr920+
17.15
Zr940+
17.38
Zr960+
1E18 y
2.80*******
Nb939/2+
100************
Mo920+
14.84*
Mo940+
9.25
Mo955/2+
15.92
Mo960+
16.68
Mo975/2+
9.55
Mo980+
24.13
Mo1000+
9.63************
Ru960+
5.52
Ru980+
1.88
Ru995/2+
12.7
Ru1000+
12.6
Ru1015/2+
17.0
Ru1020+
31.6*
Ru1040+
18.7*********
Rh1031/2-
100**********
Pd1020+
1.02
Pd1040+
11.14
Pd1055/2+
22.33
Pd1060+
27.33*
Pd1080+
26.46*
Pd1100+
11.72*************
Ag1071/2-
51.839**
Ag1091/2-
48.161***********
Cd1060+
1.25
Cd1080+
0.89
Cd1100+
12.49
Cd1111/2+
12.80*
Cd1120+
24.13
Cd1131/2+
9.3E+15 y
b-12.22
*
Cd1140+
28.73*
Cd1160+
7.49***************
In1139/2+
4.3***
In1159/2+
4.41E+14 y
b-95.7
***********************
Sn1120+
0.97*
Sn1140+
0.65
Sn1151/2+
0.34
Sn1160+
14.53
Sn1171/2+
7.68*
Sn1180+
24.23
Sn1191/2+
8.59*
Sn1200+
32.59*
Sn1220+
4.63*
Sn1240+
5.79**********
1H
91.0%1.00794
1 -259.34°-252.87°-240.18°
+1-1
2He
8.9%4.002602
2 -272.2°-268.93°-267.96°
0
3Li
1.86´10 -7%6.941
21
180.5°1342°
+1
4Be
2.38´10 -9%9.012182
22
1287°2471°
+2
5B
6.9´10 -8%10.811
23
2075°4000°
+3
6C
0.033%12.011
24
4492t°3825s°
+2+4-4
7N
0.0102%14.00674
25
-210.00°-195.79°-146.94°
±1±2±3+4+5
8O
0.078%15.9994
26
-218.79°-182.95°-118.56°
-2
9F
2.7´10 -6%18.9984032
27
-219.62°-188.12°-129.02°
-1
10Ne
0.0112%20.1797
28
-248.59°-246.08°-228.7°
0
11Na
0.000187%22.989768
281
97.72°883°
+1
12Mg
0.00350%24.3050
282
650°1090°
+2
13Al
0.000277%26.981539
283
660.32°2519°
+3
14Si
0.00326%28.0855
284
1414°3265°
+2+4-4
15P
0.000034%30.973762
285
44.15°277°721°
+3+5-3
16S
0.00168%32.066
286
115.21°444.60°
1041°+4+6-2
17Cl
0.000017%35.4527
287
-101.5°-34.04°143.8°
+1+5+7-1
18Ar
0.000329%39.948
288
-189.35°-185.85°-122.28°
0
19K
0.0000123%39.0983
2881
63.38°759°
+1
20Ca
0.000199%40.078
2882
842°1484°
+2
21Sc
1.12´10 -7%44.955910
2892
1541°2830°
+3
22Ti
7.8´10 -6%47.867
28
102
1668°3287°
+2+3+4
23V
9.6´10 -7%50.9415
28
112
1910°3407°
+2+3+4+5
24Cr
0.000044%51.9961
28
131
1907°2671°
+2+3+6
25Mn
0.000031%54.93805
28
132
1246°2061°
+2+3+4+7
26Fe
0.00294%55.845
28
142
1538°2861°
+2+3
27Co
7.3´10 -6%58.93320
28
152
1495°2927°
+2+3
28Ni
0.000161%58.6934
28
162
1455°2913°
+2+3
29Cu
1.70´10 -6%63.546
28
181
1084.62°2562°
+1+2
30Zn
4.11´10 -6%65.39
28
182
419.53°907°
+2
31Ga
1.23´10 -7%69.723
28
183
29.76°2204°
+3
32Ge
3.9´10 -7%72.61
28
184
938.25°2833°
+2+4
33As
2.1´10 -8%74.92159
28
185
817t°614s°1400°
+3+5-3
34Se
2.03´10 -7%78.96
28
186
221°685°
1493°+4+6-2
35Br
3.8´10 -8%79.904
28
187
-7.2°58.8°315°
+1+5-1
36Kr
1.5´10 -7%83.80
28
188
-157.36°-153.22°-63.74°
0
37Rb
2.31´10 -8%85.4678
28
1881
39.31°688°
+1
38Sr
7.7´10 -8%87.62
28
1882
777°1382°
+2
39Y
1.51´10 -8%88.90585
28
1892
1526°3336°
+3
40Zr
3.72´10 -8%91.224
28
18102
1855°4409°
+4
41Nb
2.28´10 -9%92.90638
28
18121
2477°4744°
+3+5
42Mo
8.3´10 -9%95.94
28
18131
2623°4639°
+6
43Tc
[98]
28
18132
2157°4265°
+4+6+7
44Ru
6.1´10 -9%101.07
28
18151
2334°4150°
+3
45Rh
1.12´10 -9%102.90550
28
18161
1964°3695°
+3
46Pd
4.5´10 -9%106.42
28
18180
1554.9°2963°
+2+4
47Ag
1.58´10 -9%107.8682
28
18181
961.78°2162°
+1
48Cd
5.3´10 -9%112.411
28
18182
321.07°767°
+2
49In
6.0´10-10%114.818
28
18183
156.60°2072°
+3
50Sn
1.25´10 -8%118.710
28
18184
231.93°2602°
+2+4
2
4 6
8
10
12 14
16
18 20 22 24 26
28
30
32
34
36 38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56 58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78 80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100 102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
Decay Q-value RangeQ(b-)>0Q(b-)-Sn>0Q(b-)-S2n>0Q(b-)>0 + Q(EC)>0Stable to Beta DecayQ(EC)>0Q(EC)-Sp>0Q(p)>0Naturally AbundantSn<0
The Valley of Stability: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTOp_2ZVZmM
Larger nuclei have more proton-proton repulsions and require more neutrons to compensate and hold the nucleus together
more N than Z
Table of Isotopes (1996) Z=0-50
*
* *
*
*
*
* *
*
*
* *
* ** **
* * *
**
*
* **
*
**
**
** ***
**
*
*** **
***
**
*
**
***
*
** ***** *
**
***
*
* **** **
*******
***** **** *
*
****
*
*** **** *
****
*****
*** ***** ** ***** *
**
***
*
*** *** *
**
***
*
**
****
*
*** *** *
***
*
***
**
***
*
***
**
****** ****** ****** ******* * * **
H31/2+
12.33 y
b-
H42-
He53/2-
0.60 MeV
n
He60+
806.7 ms
b-
He7(3/2)-
160 keV
n
He80+
119.0 ms
b-n
He9
n
Li42-
Li53/2-
1.5 MeV
p
Li82+
838 ms
b-2a
Li93/2-
178.3 ms
b-n
Li101.2 MeV
n
Li113/2-
8.5 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Be60+
92 keV
2p
Be73/2-
53.29 d
EC
Be80+
6.8 eV
2a
Be100+
1.51E+6 y
b-
Be111/2+
13.81 s
b-a
Be120+
23.6 ms
b-
Be140+
4.35 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
B7(3/2-)
1.4 MeVB82+
770 ms
EC2a
B93/2-
0.54 keV
2pa
B121+
20.20 ms
b-3a
B133/2-
17.36 ms
b-n
B142-
13.8 ms
b-
B1510.5 ms
b-
B17(3/2-)
5.08 ms
b-n
B19
C80+
230 keVC9
(3/2-)126.5 ms
ECp,ECp2a,...
C100+
19.255 s
EC
C113/2-
20.39 m
EC
C140+
5730 y
b-
C151/2+
2.449 s
b-
C160+
0.747 s
b-n
C17193 ms
b-n
C180+
66 ms
b-n
C19 C200+
C220+
N11740 keV
p
N121+
11.000 ms
EC3a
N131/2-
9.965 m
EC
N162-
7.13 s
b-a
N171/2-
4.173 s
b-n
N181-
624 ms
b-n,b-a,...
N190.27 s
b-n
N20100 ms
b-n
N2185 ms
b-n
N2224 ms
b-n
N23
O120+
0.40 MeV
2p
O13(3/2-)
8.58 ms
ECp
O140+
70.606 s
EC
O151/2-
122.24 s
EC
O195/2+
26.91 s
b-
O200+
13.51 s
b-
O21(1/2,3/2,5/2)+
3.42 s
b-
O220+
2.25 s
b-
O23[1/2+]82 ms
b-n
O240+
61 ms
b-n
O253/2+5 ms
b-
O260+
14 ms
b-
O271/2+3 ms
b-
O280+
3 ms
b-
O295/2-3 ms
b-
O300+
2.0 ms
b-
O313/2-
1.3 ms
b-
O320+
1.0 ms
b-
O335/2-
600 us
b-
O340+
700 us
b-
F15(1/2+)
1.0 MeV
p
F160-
40 keV
p
F175/2+
64.49 s
EC
F181+
109.77 m
EC
F202+
11.00 s
b-
F215/2+
4.158 s
b-
F224+,(3+)4.23 s
b-
F23(3/2,5/2)+
2.23 s
b-
F24(1,2,3)+0.34 s
b-
F25[1/2+]59 ms
b-n
F26[0+,3+]
7 msF27[5/2+]5 ms
F281+,2+1.8 ms
b-
F293/2+
2.3 ms
b-
F301-,4-
2.1 ms
b-
F311/2+
1.9 ms
b-
F321-,2-
1.1 ms
b-
F331/2+
1.0 ms
b-
F342-,3-
600 us
b-
F351/2+
600 us
b-
F360-,1-
500 us
b-
F375/2+
1.0 ms
b-
F380-,1-
300 us
b-
Ne160+
122 keV
2p
Ne171/2-
109.2 ms
ECp,ECa,...
Ne180+
1672 ms
EC
Ne191/2+
17.34 s
EC
Ne235/2+
37.24 s
b-
Ne240+
3.38 m
b-
Ne25(1/2,3/2)+
602 ms
b-
Ne260+
197 ms
b-n
Ne27[3/2+]32 ms
b-n
Ne280+
17 ms
b-n
Ne29[1/2+]0.2 s
b-
Ne300+
14 msNe31
3/2+8 ms
b-
Ne320+
19 ms
b-
Ne333/2-
12 ms
b-
Ne340+
5 ms
b-
Ne355/2-3 ms
b-
Ne360+
3 ms
b-
Ne371/2-
1.8 ms
b-
Ne380+
3 ms
b-
Ne391/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Ne400+
1.3 ms
b-
Ne417/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Na19[3/2+]150 ms
p
Na202+
447.9 ms
ECa
Na213/2+
22.49 sNa22
3+2.6019 y
Na244+
14.9590 h
b-*
Na255/2+
59.1 s
b-
Na263+
1.072 s
b-
Na275/2+
301 ms
b-n
Na281+
30.5 ms
b-n
Na293/2
44.9 ms
b-n
Na302+
48 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Na31[5/2+]
17.0 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Na32[0-,3-]
13.2 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Na33[3/2+]8.2 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Na34[0-,3-]5.5 ms
b-n
Na35[3/2+]1.5 ms
b-n
Na361-,4-
2.3 ms
b-
Na373/2+
2.2 ms
b-
Na381-,2-
1.6 ms
b-
Na393/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Na401-,2-
500 us
b-
Na413/2+
900 us
b-
Na422-,5-
700 us
b-
Na433/2+
700 us
b-
Na441-,2-
150 us
b-
Mg200+
95 ms
ECp
Mg21(3/2,5/2)+
122 ms
ECp
Mg220+
3.857 s
EC
Mg233/2+
11.317 s
EC
Mg271/2+
9.458 m
b-
Mg280+
20.91 h
b-
Mg293/2+
1.30 s
b-
Mg300+
335 ms
b-
Mg31[3/2+]230 ms
b-n
Mg320+
120 ms
b-n
Mg33[5/2-]90 ms
b-n
Mg340+
20 ms
b-n
Mg35[3/2-]30 ms
Mg360+
18 msMg37
5/2-12 ms
b-
Mg380+
11 ms
b-
Mg391/2-7 ms
b-
Mg400+
24 ms
b-
Mg417/2-
1.5 ms
b-
Mg420+
2.5 ms
b-
Mg431/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Mg440+
20 ms
b-
Mg451/2-
300 us
b-
Mg460+
2.1 ms
b-
Mg473/2+
800 us
b-
Al215/2+
30 ms
EC
Al22[2+,3+]70 ms
ECp
Al23[5/2+]0.47 s
ECp
Al244+
2.053 s
ECa*
Al255/2+
7.183 s
EC
Al265+
7.4E+5 y
EC*
Al283+
2.2414 m
b-
Al295/2+
6.56 m
b-
Al303+
3.60 s
b-
Al31(3/2,5/2)+
644 ms
b-
Al321+
33 ms
b-
Al33[3/2+]16 ms
Al34[1-,2-]60 ms
b-n
Al35[5/2+]150 ms
b-n
Al36[1-,4-]11 ms
Al375/2+7 ms
b-
Al38[0-,5-]5 ms
Al39[5/2+]5 ms
Al401-,6-4 ms
b-
Al413/2+5 ms
b-
Al421-,2-
1.8 ms
b-
Al435/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Al442-,3-
1.0 ms
b-
Al455/2+6 ms
b-
Al462-,3-
400 us
b-
Al471/2+
900 us
b-
Al484+,5+800 us
b-
Al491/2+
700 us
b-
Al501+,2+700 us
b-
Al511/2+
600 us
b-
Si220+
6 ms
ECp
Si23[5/2+]12 ms
Si240+
102 ms
ECp
Si255/2+
220 ms
ECp
Si260+
2.234 s
EC
Si275/2+
4.16 s
EC
Si313/2+
157.3 m
b-
Si320+
172 y
b-
Si33[3/2+]6.18 s
b-
Si340+
2.77 s
b-
Si35[5/2-]0.78 s
b-
Si360+
0.45 s
b-n
Si37[3/2-]
130 msSi38
0+500 ms
Si39[5/2-]
170 msSi40
0+40 ms
Si41[1/2-]60 ms
Si420+
70 ms
b-
Si433/2-
13 ms
b-
Si440+
20 ms
b-
Si451/2-9 ms
b-
Si460+
40 ms
b-
Si475/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Si480+
2.0 ms
b-
Si499/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Si500+
1.3 ms
b-
Si515/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Si520+
1.1 ms
b-
Si535/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Si540+
900 us
b-
P231/2+9 ms
EC
P242+,3+7 ms
EC
P251/2+
24 ms
EC
P26(3+)
20 ms
ECp
P271/2+
260 ms
ECp
P283+
270.3 ms
ECp,ECa,...
P291/2+
4.140 s
EC
P301+
2.498 m
EC
P321+
14.262 d
b-
P331/2+
25.34 d
b-
P341+
12.43 s
b-
P351/2+
47.3 s
b-
P36[2-,3-]5.6 s
b-
P37[1/2+]2.31 s
b-
P38[1-,2-]0.64 s
b-n
P39[1/2+]0.16 s
b-n
P40[2-,3-]260 ms
b-n
P41[1/2+]120 ms
b-n
P42[3-,4-]110 ms
b-n
P43[3/2+]60 ms
P44[0-,1-]30 ms
P45[1/2+]24 ms
P460-,1-5 ms
b-
P471/2+
30 ms
b-
P481-,4-
2.1 ms
b-
P493/2+3 ms
b-
P503+,6+1.6 ms
b-
P513/2+
1.4 ms
b-
P521+,4+1.1 ms
b-
P535/2+
900 us
b-
P540+,5+1.0 ms
b-
P555/2+
1.0 ms
b-
P562+,3+700 us
b-
P571/2-
600 us
b-
S240+
6 ms
EC
S251/2+5 ms
EC
S260+
30 ms
EC
S27[3/2+]21 ms
ECp,EC2p,...
S280+
125 ms
ECp
S29[5/2+]187 ms
ECp
S300+
1.178 s
EC
S311/2+
2.572 s
EC
S353/2+
87.51 d
b-
S377/2-
5.05 m
b-
S380+
170.3 m
b-
S39(3/2,5/2,7/2)-
11.5 s
b-
S400+
8.8 s
b-
S41[5/2-]1.1 s
S420+4 s
S43[7/2-]
220 ms
b-n
S440+
200 ms
b-n
S451/2-
70 ms
b-
S460+
50 ms
b-
S471/2-6 ms
b-
S480+
14 msS493/2-5 ms
b-
S500+
5 ms
b-
S519/2+4 ms
b-
S520+
3 ms
b-
S533/2+
2.4 ms
b-
S540+
2.1 ms
b-
S555/2+
2.1 ms
b-
S560+
2.0 ms
b-
S575/2+
1.7 ms
b-
S580+
1.0 ms
b-
S591/2-
300 us
b-
S600+
230 us
b-
Cl251/2+
1.1 ms
EC
Cl261+,4+1.3 ms
EC
Cl271/2+
2.4 ms
EC
Cl281+,2+1.7 ms
EC
Cl293/2+
11 ms
EC
Cl301+,2+30 ms
EC
Cl31[3/2+]150 ms
ECp
Cl321+
298 ms
ECp,ECa,...
Cl333/2+
2.511 s
EC
Cl340+
1.5264 s
EC*
Cl362+
3.01E+5 y
EC,b-
Cl382-
37.24 m
b-*
Cl393/2+
55.6 m
b-
Cl402-
1.35 m
b-
Cl41(1/2,3/2)+
38.4 s
b-
Cl42[2-,3-]6.8 s
b-
Cl43[1/2+]3.3 s
b-
Cl44[3-,4-]600 ms
Cl45[3/2+]405 ms
b-n
Cl46[0-,3-]202 ms
b-n
Cl471/2+
90 ms
b-
Cl48[0-,1-]40 ms
Cl491/2+
30 ms
b-
Cl502-,3-5 ms
b-
Cl511/2+8 ms
b-
Cl524+,5+5 ms
b-
Cl531/2+3 ms
b-
Cl540-,1-
2.1 ms
b-
Cl551/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Cl562-,3-
800 us
b-
Cl571/2-
800 us
b-
Cl583+,4+1.4 ms
b-
Cl591/2+
1.3 ms
b-
Cl602+,3+1.1 ms
b-
Cl611/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Cl621+,2+700 us
b-
Cl631/2+
600 us
b-
Ar275/2+
1.7 ms
EC
Ar280+
14 ms
EC
Ar293/2+4 ms
EC
Ar300+
40 ms
EC
Ar31[1/2+]
15.1 ms
ECp,EC2p,...
Ar320+
98 ms
ECp
Ar331/2+
173.0 ms
ECp
Ar340+
844.5 ms
EC
Ar353/2+
1.775 s
EC
Ar373/2+
35.04 d
EC
Ar397/2-
269 y
b-
Ar417/2-
109.34 m
b-
Ar420+
32.9 y
b-
Ar43(3/2,5/2)5.37 m
b-
Ar440+
11.87 m
b-
Ar45[1/2-]
21.48 s
b-
Ar460+
8.4 s
b-
Ar47[3/2-]
800 msAr48
0+250 ms
Ar491/2-
70 ms
b-
Ar500+
50 msAr51[1/2-]24 ms
Ar520+
16 ms
b-
Ar539/2+
15 ms
b-
Ar540+
10 ms
b-
Ar559/2+
12 ms
b-
Ar560+
7 ms
b-
Ar579/2+5 ms
b-
Ar580+
3 ms
b-
Ar597/2+
2.4 ms
b-
Ar600+
2.0 ms
b-
Ar615/2+
1.8 ms
b-
Ar620+
2.0 ms
b-
Ar633/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Ar640+
2.0 ms
b-
Ar651/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Ar660+
700 us
b-
Ar679/2+
600 us
b-
K293/2+
1.2 ms
EC
K301+,4+800 us
EC
K313/2+4 ms
EC
K321+,2+3 ms
EC
K331/2+
40 ms
EC
K340+,1+40 ms
EC
K353/2+
190 ms
ECp
K362+
342 ms
ECp,ECa,...
K373/2+
1.226 s
EC
K383+
7.636 m
EC*
K422-
12.360 h
b-
K433/2+
22.3 h
b-
K442-
22.13 m
b-
K453/2+
17.3 m
b-
K46(2-)
105 s
b-
K471/2+
17.5 s
b-
K48(2-)6.8 s
b-n
K49(1/2+,3/2+)
1.26 s
b-n
K50(0-,1,2-)472 ms
b-n
K51(1/2+,3/2+)
365 ms
b-n
K52[2-,3-]105 ms
b-n
K53(3/2+)30 ms
b-n
K54[1-,8-]10 ms
b-n
K557/2-4 ms
b-
K561-,2-3 ms
b-
K571/2+5 ms
b-
K584+,5+3 ms
b-
K591/2+3 ms
b-
K600-,7-
1.9 ms
b-
K617/2-
1.5 ms
b-
K621-,6-
1.5 ms
b-
K637/2-
1.7 ms
b-
K642+,3+1.1 ms
b-
K651/2+
1.2 ms
b-
K663+,4+900 us
b-
K671/2+
900 us
b-
K684+,5+700 us
b-
K691/2+
700 us
b-
K702+,3+500 us
b-
Ca300+
1.3 ms
EC
Ca315/2+
900 us
EC
Ca320+
5 ms
EC
Ca333/2+
1.9 ms
EC
Ca340+
30 ms
EC
Ca35[1/2+]50 ms
EC2p
Ca360+
100 ms
ECp
Ca373/2+
175 ms
ECp
Ca380+
440 ms
EC
Ca393/2+
859.6 ms
EC
Ca417/2-
1.03E+5 y
EC
Ca457/2-
163.8 d
b-
Ca477/2-
4.536 d
b-
Ca493/2-
8.715 m
b-
Ca500+
13.9 s
b-
Ca51(3/2-)10.0 s
b-n
Ca520+
4.6 s
b-
Ca53(3/2-,5/2-)
90 ms
b-n
Ca540+
90 msCa55
5/2-12 ms
b-
Ca560+
30 ms
b-
Ca573/2-8 ms
b-
Ca580+
12 ms
b-
Ca591/2+7 ms
b-
Ca600+
4 ms
b-
Ca619/2+4 ms
b-
Ca620+
4 ms
b-
Ca633/2+3 ms
b-
Ca640+
3 ms
b-
Ca655/2+
2.0 ms
b-
Ca660+
1.9 ms
b-
Ca677/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Ca680+
1.5 ms
b-
Ca699/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Ca700+
1.2 ms
b-
Ca711/2+
900 us
b-
Ca720+
900 us
b-
Ca733/2+
700 us
b-
Sc320-,3-
1.1 ms
EC
Sc337/2-4 ms
EC
Sc342-,5-
1.6 ms
EC
Sc357/2-
15 ms
EC
Sc363-,4-9 ms
EC
Sc377/2-
60 ms
EC
Sc382-,5-
40 ms
EC
Sc39(7/2-)80 ms
Sc404-
182.3 ms
ECp,ECa,...
Sc417/2-
596.3 ms
EC
Sc420+
681.3 ms
EC*
Sc437/2-
3.891 h
EC
Sc442+
3.927 h
EC**
Sc464+
83.79 d
b-*
Sc477/2-
3.345 d
b-
Sc486+
43.67 h
b-
Sc497/2-
57.2 m
b-
Sc505+
102.5 s
b-*
Sc51(7/2)-12.4 s
b-
Sc523+
8.2 s
b-
Sc53[7/2-]
150 msSc54[0+,1+]15 ms
Sc55[7/2-]30 ms
Sc563+,4+14 ms
b-
Sc577/2-
13 ms
b-
Sc582+,5+6 ms
b-
Sc597/2-7 ms
b-
Sc603+,4+5 ms
b-
Sc617/2+5 ms
b-
Sc621+,8+3 ms
b-
Sc631/2-3 ms
b-
Sc641-,2-
2.1 ms
b-
Sc651/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Sc662-,3-
1.7 ms
b-
Sc671/2-
1.7 ms
b-
Sc683-,4-
1.4 ms
b-
Sc691/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Sc704-,5-
1.1 ms
b-
Sc711/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Sc720-,1-
800 us
b-
Sc731/2-
800 us
b-
Sc741-,2-
700 us
b-
Sc751/2-
800 us
b-
Sc760-,1-
500 us
b-
Ti340+
3 ms
EC
Ti355/2+
1.2 ms
EC
Ti360+
13 ms
EC
Ti371/2+7 ms
EC
Ti380+
60 ms
EC
Ti39(3/2+)26 ms
ECp
Ti400+
50 ms
EC
Ti413/2+
80 ms
ECp
Ti420+
199 ms
EC
Ti437/2-
509 ms
EC
Ti440+
49 y
EC
Ti457/2-
184.8 m
EC
Ti513/2-
5.76 m
b-
Ti520+
1.7 m
b-
Ti53(3/2)-32.7 s
b-
Ti540+
30 sTi55[1/2-]
150 msTi56
0+800 ms
Ti57[3/2-]50 ms
Ti580+
150 ms
b-
Ti593/2-
21 ms
b-
Ti600+
50 ms
b-
Ti611/2-
30 ms
b-
Ti620+
18 ms
b-
Ti639/2+
13 ms
b-
Ti640+
14 ms
b-
Ti653/2+9 ms
b-
Ti660+
6 ms
b-
Ti675/2+6 ms
b-
Ti680+
5 ms
b-
Ti697/2+4 ms
b-
Ti700+
4 ms
b-
Ti719/2+3 ms
b-
Ti720+
3 ms
b-
Ti731/2+
2.1 ms
b-
Ti740+
2.0 ms
b-
Ti753/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Ti760+
1.6 ms
b-
Ti771/2+
1.0 ms
b-
Ti780+
1.0 ms
b-
Ti793/2+
1.0 ms
b-
Ti800+
800 us
b-
V361-,4-
900 us
EC
V373/2-5 ms
EC
V381-,2-4 ms
EC
V393/2-
11 ms
EC
V401-,2-8 ms
EC
V411/2-
24 ms
EC
V421-,2-
30 ms
EC
V431/2-
40 ms
EC
V44[2+,3+]90 ms
ECa
V457/2-
547 ms
EC
V460+
422.37 ms
EC*
V473/2-
32.6 m
EC
V484+
15.9735 d
EC
V497/2-
330 dV52
3+3.75 m
b-
V537/2-
1.61 m
b-
V543+
49.8 s
b-
V55(7/2-)6.54 s
b-
V56[0+,3+]200 ms
V57[3/2-]
140 msV58
[0+,3+]50 ms
V59[3/2-]50 ms
V60[1+,4+]13 ms
V615/2-
30 ms
b-
V622+,3+21 ms
b-
V633/2-
18 ms
b-
V641-,2-8 ms
b-
V653/2-9 ms
b-
V660-,3-8 ms
b-
V673/2-5 ms
b-
V681-,4-4 ms
b-
V693/2-4 ms
b-
V702-,5-3 ms
b-
V713/2-3 ms
b-
V723-,6-3 ms
b-
V733/2-
2.4 ms
b-
V741-,2-
1.7 ms
b-
V753/2-
1.6 ms
b-
V760-,3-
1.3 ms
b-
V773/2-
1.3 ms
b-
V780-,3-
1.1 ms
b-
V793/2-
800 us
b-
V800-,3-
900 us
b-
V813/2-
800 us
b-
V820+,3+700 us
b-
V833/2-
500 us
b-
Cr380+
4 ms
EC
Cr391/2+4 ms
EC
Cr400+
9 ms
EC
Cr411/2+9 ms
EC
Cr420+
40 ms
EC
Cr433/2+
30 ms
EC
Cr440+
120 ms
EC
Cr45(7/2-)50 ms
ECp
Cr460+
0.26 s
EC
Cr473/2-
508 ms
EC
Cr480+
21.56 h
EC
Cr495/2-
42.3 mCr51
7/2-27.702 d
EC
Cr553/2-
3.497 m
b-
Cr560+
5.94 m
b-
Cr573/2-,5/2-,7/2-
21.1 s
b-
Cr580+
7.0 s
b-
Cr59[3/2-]0.74 s
b-
Cr600+
0.57 s
b-
Cr61[3/2+]800 ms
Cr620+
400 msCr63
3/2-100 ms
b-
Cr640+
150 ms
b-
Cr651/2+
100 ms
b-
Cr660+
70 ms
b-
Cr673/2+
40 ms
b-
Cr680+
30 ms
b-
Cr695/2+
19 ms
b-
Cr700+
16 ms
b-
Cr717/2+
12 ms
b-
Cr720+
11 ms
b-
Cr739/2+9 ms
b-
Cr740+
8 ms
b-
Cr751/2+5 ms
b-
Cr760+
4 ms
b-
Cr773/2+3 ms
b-
Cr780+
3 ms
b-
Cr793/2+
2.5 ms
b-
Cr800+
1.3 ms
b-
Cr813/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Cr820+
1.3 ms
b-
Cr833/2-
1.3 ms
b-
Cr840+
1.0 ms
b-
Cr853/2+
800 us
b-
Cr860+
700 us
b-
Mn402-,3-
2.4 ms
EC
Mn415/2-5 ms
EC
Mn422-,3-4 ms
EC
Mn435/2-
13 ms
EC
Mn441-,2-
13 ms
EC
Mn455/2-
18 ms
EC
Mn46[2+,5+]15 ms
Mn475/2-
80 ms
EC
Mn484+
158.1 ms
ECp,ECa,...
Mn495/2-
384 ms
EC
Mn500+
283.0 ms
EC*
Mn515/2-
46.2 m
EC
Mn526+
5.591 d
EC*
Mn537/2-
3.74E+6 y
EC
Mn543+
312.3 d
EC,b-
Mn563+
2.5785 h
b-
Mn575/2-
87.2 s
b-
Mn583+
65.3 s
b-*
Mn593/2-,5/2-
4.6 s
b-
Mn60(0+)51 s
b-*
Mn61(5/2-)0.71 s
b-
Mn62(3+)
0.88 s
b-
Mn63[5/2-]0.25 s
b-
Mn64[1+,4+]40 ms
Mn65[5/2-]30 ms
Mn660-,5-
23 ms
b-
Mn675/2-
20 ms
b-
Mn682+,3+14 ms
b-
Mn695/2-
14 ms
b-
Mn700-,5-
11 ms
b-
Mn715/2-9 ms
b-
Mn721-,6-7 ms
b-
Mn735/2-7 ms
b-
Mn742-,7-6 ms
b-
Mn755/2-5 ms
b-
Mn762-,3-3 ms
b-
Mn775/2-3 ms
b-
Mn781-,4-
2.5 ms
b-
Mn795/2-
2.2 ms
b-
Mn801-,4-
1.9 ms
b-
Mn815/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Mn822+,3+1.2 ms
b-
Mn835/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Mn841+,4+1.1 ms
b-
Mn855/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Mn861-,4-
700 us
b-
Mn875/2-
700 us
b-
Mn880+,5+700 us
b-
Mn891/2-
700 us
b-
Fe420+
5 ms
EC
Fe431/2+3 ms
EC
Fe440+
11 ms
EC
Fe453/2+
10 ms
EC
Fe460+
18 ms
EC
Fe475/2-
30 ms
EC
Fe480+
60 msFe49(7/2-)75 ms
ECp
Fe500+
500 ms
ECp
Fe51(5/2-)
305 ms
EC
Fe520+
8.275 h
EC*
Fe537/2-
8.51 m
EC*
Fe553/2-
2.73 y
EC
Fe593/2-
44.503 d
b-
Fe600+
1.5E+6 y
b-
Fe613/2-,5/2-5.98 m
b-
Fe620+
68 s
b-
Fe63(5/2)-6.1 s
b-
Fe640+
2.0 s
b-
Fe65[1/2-]0.4 s
b-
Fe660+3 s
Fe67[1/2+]1.1 s
Fe680+
0.10 s
b-
Fe693/2+
400 ms
b-
Fe700+
250 ms
b-
Fe715/2+
120 ms
b-
Fe720+
90 ms
b-
Fe737/2+
50 ms
b-
Fe740+
50 ms
b-
Fe759/2+
50 ms
b-
Fe760+
40 ms
b-
Fe771/2+
24 ms
b-
Fe780+
15 ms
b-
Fe793/2+
12 ms
b-
Fe800+
7 ms
b-
Fe811/2+3 ms
b-
Fe820+
4 ms
b-
Fe833/2+
2.0 ms
b-
Fe840+
1.9 ms
b-
Fe853/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Fe860+
1.9 ms
b-
Fe873/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Fe880+
1.3 ms
b-
Fe895/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Fe900+
1.2 ms
b-
Fe911/2+
700 us
b-
Fe920+
1.0 ms
b-
Co443-,4-3 ms
EC
Co451/2-5 ms
EC
Co460-,1-5 ms
EC
Co471/2-
10 ms
EC
Co483+,4+13 ms
EC
Co493/2-
40 ms
EC
Co50[2+,5+]50 ms
Co51[7/2-]
100 msCo52[1+,6+]18 ms
EC
Co53(7/2-)
240 ms
EC*
Co540+
193.23 ms
EC*
Co557/2-
17.53 h
EC
Co564+
77.27 d
EC
Co577/2-
271.79 d
EC
Co582+
70.82 d
EC*
Co605+
5.2714 y
*
Co617/2-
1.650 h
b-
Co622+
1.50 m
b-*
Co63(7/2)-27.4 s
b-
Co641+
0.30 s
b-
Co65(7/2)-1.20 s
b-
Co66(3+)
0.23 s
b-
Co67(7/2-)0.42 s
b-
Co68[3-,4-]0.18 s
b-
Co69[7/2-]0.27 s
b-
Co70[2-,5-]50 ms
Co717/2-
40 ms
b-
Co721-,6-
30 ms
b-
Co737/2-
30 ms
b-
Co740-,7-
19 ms
b-
Co757/2-
17 ms
b-
Co761-,8-
15 ms
b-
Co777/2-
13 ms
b-
Co783-,4-7 ms
b-
Co797/2-7 ms
b-
Co802-,5-5 ms
b-
Co817/2-5 ms
b-
Co823-,4-
2.0 ms
b-
Co837/2-3 ms
b-
Co841-,2-
2.0 ms
b-
Co851/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Co861+,2+2.3 ms
b-
Co871/2-
2.0 ms
b-
Co881-,2-
1.5 ms
b-
Co891/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Co902+,3+1.3 ms
b-
Co915/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Co920-,1-
800 us
b-
Co931/2-
800 us
b-
Co942+,3+800 us
b-
Co951/2-
700 us
b-
Co963+,4+600 us
b-
Ni460+
4 ms
EC
Ni471/2+3 ms
EC
Ni480+
5 ms
EC
Ni497/2-5 ms
EC
Ni500+
17 ms
EC
Ni51[3/2-]15 ms
Ni520+
80 msNi53(7/2-)45 ms
ECp
Ni540+
600 ms
EC
Ni557/2-
212.1 ms
EC
Ni560+
5.9 d
EC
Ni573/2-
35.60 hNi59
3/2-7.6E+4 y
EC
Ni631/2-
100.1 y
b-
Ni655/2-
2.5172 h
b-
Ni660+
54.6 h
b-
Ni67(1/2-)21 s
b-
Ni680+
19 s
b-
Ni69[9/2+]11.4 s
b-
Ni700+
2.1 mNi71[3/2+]1.86 s
b-
Ni720+
2.1 s
b-
Ni73[5/2+]0.90 s
b-
Ni740+
1.1 s
b-
Ni757/2+1.0 s
b-
Ni760+
1.0 s
b-
Ni779/2+
500 ms
b-
Ni780+
500 ms
b-
Ni791/2+
160 ms
b-
Ni800+
180 ms
b-
Ni813/2+
90 ms
b-
Ni820+
90 ms
b-
Ni831/2+7 ms
b-
Ni840+
12 ms
b-
Ni853/2+6 ms
b-
Ni860+
3 ms
b-
Ni873/2-3 ms
b-
Ni880+
3 ms
b-
Ni893/2+
1.9 ms
b-
Ni900+
1.9 ms
b-
Ni915/2-
1.8 ms
b-
Ni920+
1.5 ms
b-
Ni931/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Ni940+
1.1 ms
b-
Ni951/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Ni960+
1.1 ms
b-
Ni977/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ni980+
900 us
b-
Ni991/2-
800 us
b-
Cu481-,2-
2.5 ms
EC
Cu493/2-4 ms
EC
Cu502+,5+5 ms
EC
Cu513/2-
13 ms
EC
Cu521+,2+7 ms
EC
Cu531/2-
20 ms
EC
Cu542+,3+18 ms
EC
Cu55[1/2-]
200 Ns
EC
Cu56[3+,4+]60 ms
Cu573/2-
199.4 ms
EC
Cu581+
3.204 s
EC
Cu593/2-
81.5 s
EC
Cu602+
23.7 mCu61
3/2-3.333 h
EC
Cu621+
9.74 m
EC
Cu641+
12.700 h
EC,b-
Cu661+
5.088 m
b-
Cu673/2-
61.83 h
b-
Cu681+
31.1 s
b-*
Cu693/2-
2.85 m
b-
Cu70(1+)4.5 s
b-*
Cu71(3/2-)19.5 s
b-
Cu72[1-,2-]6.6 s
b-
Cu73[1/2-]3.9 s
b-
Cu74[2-,3-]1.59 s
b-
Cu75[1/2-]
1.224 s
b-n
Cu76[3-,4-]641 ms
b-
Cu77[1/2-]
469 ms
b-
Cu78[4-,5-]342 ms
b-
Cu79[1/2-]
188 ms
b-n
Cu800-,1-
130 ms
b-
Cu811/2-
100 ms
b-
Cu821-,2-
50 ms
b-
Cu831/2-
40 ms
b-
Cu841-,2-
16 ms
b-
Cu851/2-
13 ms
b-
Cu863+,4+5 ms
b-
Cu877/2-3 ms
b-
Cu882+,5+3 ms
b-
Cu897/2-3 ms
b-
Cu902-,5-
2.4 ms
b-
Cu917/2-
2.4 ms
b-
Cu921+,6+2.4 ms
b-
Cu937/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Cu941-,6-
1.2 ms
b-
Cu957/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Cu963-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
Cu977/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Cu980+,7+900 us
b-
Cu997/2-
800 us
b-
Cu1001-,6-
600 us
b-
Cu1017/2-
600 us
b-
Cu1023-,4-
700 us
b-
Zn517/2-3 ms
EC
Zn520+
8 ms
EC
Zn533/2-4 ms
EC
Zn540+
23 ms
EC
Zn555/2-
12 ms
EC
Zn560+
80 msZn57(7/2-)40 ms
ECp
Zn580+
600 ms
EC
Zn593/2-
182.0 ms
ECp
Zn600+
2.38 m
EC
Zn613/2-
89.1 s
EC
Zn620+
9.186 h
EC
Zn633/2-
38.47 m
EC
Zn655/2-
244.26 d
EC
Zn691/2-
56.4 m
b-*
Zn711/2-
2.45 m
b-*
Zn720+
46.5 h
b-
Zn73(1/2)-23.5 s
b-*
Zn740+
96 s
b-
Zn75(7/2+)10.2 s
b-
Zn760+
5.7 s
b-
Zn77(7/2+)2.08 s
b-*
Zn780+
1.47 s
b-
Zn79[9/2+]995 ms
b-n
Zn800+
0.545 s
b-n
Zn81[1/2+]0.29 s
b-n
Zn820+
220 ms
b-
Zn831/2+
22 ms
b-
Zn840+
70 ms
b-
Zn853/2+
23 ms
b-
Zn860+
22 ms
b-
Zn871/2-
15 ms
b-
Zn880+
9 ms
b-
Zn893/2-8 ms
b-
Zn900+
8 ms
b-
Zn913/2+4 ms
b-
Zn920+
4 ms
b-
Zn935/2-4 ms
b-
Zn940+
4 ms
b-
Zn955/2+
2.4 ms
b-
Zn960+
2.4 ms
b-
Zn971/2+
2.0 ms
b-
Zn980+
1.8 ms
b-
Zn997/2-
1.8 ms
b-
Zn1000+
1.5 ms
b-
Zn1017/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Zn1020+
900 us
b-
Zn1031/2+
1.0 ms
b-
Zn1040+
800 us
b-
Zn1051/2+
700 us
b-
Ga531/2-5 ms
EC
Ga541+,2+2.1 ms
EC
Ga551/2-7 ms
EC
Ga562+,3+6 ms
EC
Ga571/2-
12 ms
EC
Ga583+,4+15 ms
EC
Ga591/2-
40 ms
EC
Ga600+,1+60 ms
EC
Ga61(3/2-)
300 msGa62
0+116.12 ms
EC
Ga633/2-,5/2-
32.4 s
EC
Ga640+
2.630 m
EC
Ga653/2-
15.2 m
EC
Ga660+
9.49 h
EC
Ga673/2-
3.2612 d
EC
Ga681+
67.629 m
EC
Ga701+
21.14 m
EC,b-
Ga723-
14.10 h
b-*
Ga733/2-
4.86 h
b-
Ga74(3-)
8.12 m
b-*
Ga753/2-
126 s
b-
Ga76(3-)
32.6 s
b-
Ga77(3/2-)13.2 s
b-
Ga78(3+)
5.09 s
b-
Ga79(3/2-)
2.847 s
b-n
Ga80(3)
1.697 s
b-n
Ga81(5/2-)
1.221 s
b-n
Ga82(1,2,3)0.602 s
b-n
Ga83[1/2-]0.31 s
b-n
Ga840-,1-
30 ms
b-
Ga851/2-
90 ms
b-
Ga861-,2-
30 ms
b-
Ga873/2-
30 ms
b-
Ga880-,3-
11 ms
b-
Ga893/2-
14 ms
b-
Ga901-,2-7 ms
b-
Ga911/2+7 ms
b-
Ga922-,5-6 ms
b-
Ga931/2+5 ms
b-
Ga942-,3-4 ms
b-
Ga951/2+4 ms
b-
Ga961-,4-3 ms
b-
Ga973/2-3 ms
b-
Ga981+,4+2.3 ms
b-
Ga993/2-
1.8 ms
b-
Ga1002+,5+1.7 ms
b-
Ga1013/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Ga1021-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
Ga1033/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ga1041-,2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ga1053/2-
900 us
b-
Ga1061-,2-
800 us
b-
Ga1073/2-
800 us
b-
Ga1080+,3+800 us
b-
Ge553/2-
2.0 ms
EC
Ge560+
10 ms
EC
Ge575/2-5 ms
EC
Ge580+
19 ms
EC
Ge597/2-
15 ms
EC
Ge600+
80 ms
EC
Ge61(3/2-)40 ms
ECp
Ge620+
900 ms
EC
Ge631/2-
300 ms
EC
Ge640+
63.7 s
EC
Ge65(3/2)-30.9 s
ECp
Ge660+
2.26 h
EC
Ge671/2-
18.9 m
EC
Ge680+
270.82 d
EC*
Ge695/2-
39.05 h
EC
Ge711/2-
11.43 d
EC**
Ge751/2-
82.78 m
b-*
Ge777/2+
11.30 h
b-*
Ge780+
88.0 m
b-
Ge79(1/2-)19.1 s
b-*
Ge800+
29.5 s
b-
Ge81(9/2+)7.6 s
b-*
Ge820+
4.60 s
b-
Ge83(5/2+)1.85 s
b-
Ge840+
1.2 s
b-
Ge851/2+
40 ms
b-
Ge860+
200 ms
b-
Ge873/2+
50 ms
b-
Ge880+
50 ms
b-
Ge893/2+
19 ms
b-
Ge900+
24 ms
b-
Ge913/2+
30 ms
b-
Ge920+
20 ms
b-
Ge933/2+
14 ms
b-
Ge940+
14 ms
b-
Ge955/2-
11 ms
b-
Ge960+
8 ms
b-
Ge975/2+4 ms
b-
Ge980+
4 ms
b-
Ge995/2-4 ms
b-
Ge1000+
3 ms
b-
Ge1017/2-3 ms
b-
Ge1020+
2.3 ms
b-
Ge1035/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Ge1040+
1.4 ms
b-
Ge1059/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Ge1060+
1.3 ms
b-
Ge1071/2+
1.1 ms
b-
Ge1080+
900 us
b-
Ge1093/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ge1100+
800 us
b-
Ge1111/2-
800 us
b-
Ge1120+
700 us
b-
As573/2-3 ms
EC
As581+,4+2.4 ms
EC
As593/2-7 ms
EC
As602+,5+8 ms
EC
As611/2-
17 ms
EC
As621+,2+30 ms
EC
As633/2-
90 ms
EC
As641+,2+70 ms
EC
As65[3/2-]0.19 s
EC
As66[0+,3+]
95.77 ms
EC
As67(5/2-)42.5 s
EC
As683
151.6 s
EC
As695/2-
15.2 m
EC
As704(+)
52.6 m
EC
As715/2-
65.28 h
EC
As722-
26.0 h
EC
As733/2-
80.30 d
EC
As742-
17.77 d
EC,b-*
As762-
26.32 h
EC,b-
As773/2-
38.83 h
b-
As782-
90.7 m
b-
As793/2-
9.01 m
b-
As801+
15.2 s
b-
As813/2-
33.3 s
b-
As82(1+)
19.1 s
b-*
As83(5/2-,3/2-)
13.4 s
b-
As84(0-,1-,2-)
5.5 s
b-n*
As85(3/2-)
2.028 s
b-n
As86[1-,2-]0.9 s
b-n
As87(3/2-)0.73 s
b-n
As881-,2-
70 ms
b-
As891/2-
80 ms
b-
As901-,2-
30 ms
b-
As911/2-
40 ms
b-
As921+,2+40 ms
b-
As931/2-
30 ms
b-
As941-,2-
18 ms
b-
As953/2-
20 ms
b-
As961+,4+16 ms
b-
As973/2-
11 ms
b-
As982+,3+8 ms
b-
As991/2-5 ms
b-
As1002+,3+4 ms
b-
As1011/2-3 ms
b-
As1023+,4+3 ms
b-
As1031/2-3 ms
b-
As1042-,3-
2.0 ms
b-
As1051/2-
1.8 ms
b-
As1064+,5+1.8 ms
b-
As1071/2-
1.5 ms
b-
As1083-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
As1091/2-
1.0 ms
b-
As1104+,5+1.1 ms
b-
As1111/2-
900 us
b-
As1120+,1+800 us
b-
As1131/2-
800 us
b-
As1145+,6+1.2 ms
b-
As1155/2-
600 us
b-
Se595/2-
2.0 ms
EC
Se600+
7 ms
EC
Se617/2-7 ms
EC
Se620+
24 ms
EC
Se631/2-
17 ms
EC
Se640+
90 ms
EC
Se651/2-
40 ms
EC
Se660+
600 ms
EC
Se673/2-
400 ms
EC
Se680+
40 s
EC
Se69(3/2-)27.4 s
ECp
Se700+
41.1 m
EC
Se713/2-,5/2-4.74 m
EC
Se720+
8.40 d
EC
Se739/2+
7.15 h
EC*
Se755/2+
119.779 d
EC*
Se797/2+
6.5E+4 y
b-*
Se811/2-
18.45 m
b-*
Se839/2+
22.3 m
b-*
Se840+
3.1 m
b-
Se85(5/2+)31.7 s
b-
Se860+
15.3 s
b-
Se87(5/2+)5.85 s
b-n
Se880+
1.52 s
b-n
Se89(5/2+)0.41 s
b-n
Se900+
140 ms
b-
Se91[3/2+]0.27 s
b-n
Se920+
60 ms
b-
Se933/2-
100 ms
b-
Se940+
50 ms
b-
Se953/2+
30 ms
b-
Se960+
30 ms
b-
Se975/2-
30 ms
b-
Se980+
18 ms
b-
Se995/2+8 ms
b-
Se1000+
8 ms
b-
Se1015/2-7 ms
b-
Se1020+
5 ms
b-
Se1037/2-5 ms
b-
Se1040+
4 ms
b-
Se1055/2+3 ms
b-
Se1060+
2.4 ms
b-
Se1079/2-
2.5 ms
b-
Se1080+
2.1 ms
b-
Se1097/2+
1.6 ms
b-
Se1100+
2.2 ms
b-
Se1119/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Se1120+
1.2 ms
b-
Se1131/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Se1140+
1.0 ms
b-
Se11511/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Se1160+
600 us
b-
Se1177/2-
700 us
b-
Se1180+
600 us
b-
Br611/2+4 ms
EC
Br620-,1-3 ms
EC
Br639/2+
10 ms
EC
Br643-,6-9 ms
EC
Br659/2+
23 ms
EC
Br662-,7-
21 ms
EC
Br679/2+
40 ms
EC
Br684-,5-
40 ms
EC
Br69[9/2+]200 ms
Br70[0+,9+]79.1 ms
EC*
Br715/2-
21.4 s
EC
Br72(3)+
78.6 s
EC*
Br731/2-
3.4 m
EC
Br74(0-,1)
25.4 m
EC*
Br753/2-
96.7 m
EC
Br761-
16.2 h
EC*
Br773/2-
57.036 h
EC*
Br781+
6.46 m
EC,b-*
Br801+
17.68 m
EC,b-*
Br825-
35.30 h
b-*
Br833/2-
2.40 h
b-
Br842-
31.80 m
b-*
Br853/2-
2.90 m
b-
Br86(2-)
55.1 s
b-
Br873/2-
55.60 s
b-n
Br88(1,2-)16.5 s
b-n
Br89(3/2-,5/2-)
4.40 s
b-n
Br90[1+,2+]1.92 s
b-n
Br91[1/2+]0.541 s
b-n
Br92(2-)
0.343 s
b-n
Br93(5/2-)
102 ms
b-n
Br94[1+,2+]70 ms
b-n
Br951/2-
90 ms
b-
Br961-,2-
50 ms
b-
Br971/2-
50 ms
b-
Br982+,3+40 ms
b-
Br991/2-
30 ms
b-
Br1002+,3+7 ms
b-
Br1011/2+7 ms
b-
Br1022-,3-7 ms
b-
Br1031/2+5 ms
b-
Br1043-,4-4 ms
b-
Br1051/2+4 ms
b-
Br1062+,3+3 ms
b-
Br1071/2+3 ms
b-
Br1084-,5-3 ms
b-
Br1091/2+
2.3 ms
b-
Br1104-,5-
2.1 ms
b-
Br1119/2+
1.8 ms
b-
Br1120+,3+4 ms
b-
Br1133/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Br1141+,2+1.5 ms
b-
Br1153/2-
1.3 ms
b-
Br1165+,6+1.9 ms
b-
Br1171/2-
900 us
b-
Br1182+,5+900 us
b-
Br1191/2-
800 us
b-
Br1201+,4+600 us
b-
Br1215/2+
600 us
b-
Kr631/2-
2.3 ms
EC
Kr640+
9 ms
EC
Kr653/2-8 ms
EC
Kr660+
30 ms
EC
Kr675/2-
21 ms
EC
Kr680+
70 ms
EC
Kr691/2-
30 ms
EC
Kr700+
400 ms
EC
Kr71[9/2+]97 ms
EC
Kr720+
17.2 s
EC
Kr735/2-
27.0 s
ECp
Kr740+
11.50 m
EC
Kr75(5/2)+4.3 m
EC
Kr760+
14.8 h
EC
Kr775/2+
74.4 m
EC
Kr791/2-
35.04 h
EC*
Kr817/2+
2.29E+5 y
EC**
Kr859/2+
10.756 y
b-*
Kr875/2+
76.3 m
b-
Kr880+
2.84 h
b-
Kr89(3/2+,5/2+)
3.15 m
b-
Kr900+
32.32 s
b-
Kr91(5/2+)8.57 s
b-
Kr920+
1.840 s
b-n
Kr93(1/2+)1.286 s
b-n
Kr940+
0.20 s
b-n
Kr95[3/2-]0.78 s
b-
Kr960+
200 ms
b-
Kr973/2+
90 ms
b-
Kr980+
100 ms
b-
Kr995/2-
80 ms
b-
Kr1000+
50 ms
b-
Kr1015/2+
16 ms
b-
Kr1020+
23 ms
b-
Kr1031/2+
18 ms
b-
Kr1040+
15 ms
b-
Kr1057/2-
11 ms
b-
Kr1060+
9 ms
b-
Kr1075/2+7 ms
b-
Kr1080+
5 ms
b-
Kr1099/2-5 ms
b-
Kr1100+
3 ms
b-
Kr1111/2-3 ms
b-
Kr1120+
3 ms
b-
Kr1133/2-3 ms
b-
Kr1140+
2.2 ms
b-
Kr1151/2-
2.0 ms
b-
Kr1160+
1.9 ms
b-
Kr11711/2-
2.4 ms
b-
Kr1180+
1.2 ms
b-
Kr1197/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Kr1200+
1.0 ms
b-
Kr1213/2-
800 us
b-
Kr1220+
900 us
b-
Kr1231/2+
700 us
b-
Kr1240+
600 us
b-
Rb662-,5-3 ms
EC
Rb673/2+7 ms
EC
Rb681-,2-6 ms
EC
Rb693/2+
13 ms
EC
Rb703-,4-
12 ms
EC
Rb717/2+
30 ms
EC
Rb721+,8+30 ms
EC
Rb733/2+
300 ms
EC
Rb74(0+)
64.9 ms
EC
Rb75(3/2-,5/2-)
19.0 s
EC
Rb761
39.1 s
EC
Rb773/2-
3.75 m
EC
Rb780(+)
17.66 m
EC*
Rb795/2+
22.9 m
EC
Rb801+
34 s
EC
Rb813/2-
4.576 h
EC*
Rb821+
1.273 m
EC*
Rb835/2-
86.2 d
EC
Rb842-
32.77 d
EC,b-*
Rb862-
18.631 d
EC,b-*
Rb882-
17.78 m
b-
Rb893/2-
15.15 m
b-
Rb900-
158 s
b-*
Rb913/2(-)58.4 s
b-
Rb920-
4.492 s
b-n
Rb935/2-
5.84 s
b-n
Rb943(-)
2.702 s
b-n
Rb955/2-
377.5 ms
b-n
Rb962+
0.199 s
b-n
Rb973/2(+)
169.9 ms
b-n
Rb98(1,0)
114 ms
b-n,b-2n,...*
Rb99(5/2+)59 ms
b-n
Rb100[1-,4-]51 ms
b-n,b-2n,...
Rb101[3/2+]32 ms
b-n
Rb102[1+,4+]37 ms
b-n
Rb1033/2+
18 ms
b-
Rb1041+,2+14 ms
b-
Rb1053/2+
12 ms
b-
Rb1062-,5-
10 ms
b-
Rb1073/2+8 ms
b-
Rb1081+,4+8 ms
b-
Rb1093/2+6 ms
b-
Rb1103-,6-6 ms
b-
Rb1117/2+3 ms
b-
Rb1123-,4-3 ms
b-
Rb1131/2-4 ms
b-
Rb1141+,2+3 ms
b-
Rb1151/2-3 ms
b-
Rb1160+,1+3 ms
b-
Rb1171/2-
2.5 ms
b-
Rb1184+,7+3 ms
b-
Rb1193/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Rb1203+,4+1.5 ms
b-
Rb1211/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Rb1220+,3+1.2 ms
b-
Rb1233/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Rb1241+,4+1.1 ms
b-
Rb1253/2+
600 us
b-
Rb1262-,3-
700 us
b-
Rb1273/2+
700 us
b-
Rb1280+,3+600 us
b-
Sr680+
8 ms
EC
Sr691/2-7 ms
EC
Sr700+
16 ms
EC
Sr713/2-
14 ms
EC
Sr720+
60 ms
EC
Sr733/2-
40 ms
EC
Sr740+
400 ms
EC
Sr753/2+
200 ms
EC
Sr760+9 s
EC
Sr77(5/2+,7/2+)
9.0 s
ECp
Sr780+
2.5 m
EC
Sr79(3/2-)
2.25 m
EC
Sr800+
106.3 m
EC
Sr811/2-
22.3 m
EC
Sr820+
25.55 d
EC
Sr837/2+
32.41 h
EC*
Sr859/2+
64.84 d
EC**
Sr895/2+
50.53 d
b-
Sr900+
28.78 y
b-
Sr915/2+
9.63 h
b-
Sr920+
2.71 h
b-
Sr935/2+
7.423 m
b-
Sr940+
75.3 s
b-
Sr951/2+
23.90 s
b-
Sr960+
1.07 s
b-
Sr971/2+
426 ms
b-n
Sr980+
0.653 s
b-n
Sr993/2+
0.269 s
b-n
Sr1000+
202 ms
b-n
Sr101(5/2)
118 ms
b-n
Sr1020+
69 ms
b-n
Sr1035/2+
40 ms
b-
Sr1040+
80 ms
b-
Sr1051/2+
60 ms
b-
Sr1060+
40 ms
b-
Sr1077/2-
30 ms
b-
Sr1080+
24 ms
b-
Sr1091/2-
20 ms
b-
Sr1100+
14 ms
b-
Sr1115/2+
12 ms
b-
Sr1120+
7 ms
b-
Sr1135/2-6 ms
b-
Sr1140+
6 ms
b-
Sr1153/2-5 ms
b-
Sr1160+
4 ms
b-
Sr1171/2-4 ms
b-
Sr1180+
3 ms
b-
Sr1191/2-5 ms
b-
Sr1200+
2.4 ms
b-
Sr1217/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Sr1220+
1.9 ms
b-
Sr1235/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Sr1240+
1.6 ms
b-
Sr1255/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Sr1260+
900 us
b-
Sr1271/2+
800 us
b-
Sr1280+
1.0 ms
b-
Sr1293/2+
700 us
b-
Sr1300+
700 us
b-
Sr1313/2-
700 us
b-
Y702-,3-4 ms
EC
Y715/2+8 ms
EC
Y722+,3+7 ms
EC
Y735/2+
17 ms
EC
Y741-,4-
16 ms
EC
Y755/2+
40 ms
EC
Y761+,4+40 ms
EC
Y775/2+
190 ms
EC
Y780+,5+
210 ms
EC
Y79[5/2+]2.4 s
Y80(3,4,5)
35 s
EC
Y81(5/2+)72.4 s
EC
Y821+
9.5 s
EC
Y83(9/2+)7.08 m
EC*
Y841+
4.6 s
EC*
Y85(1/2)-2.68 h
EC*
Y864-
14.74 h
EC*
Y871/2-
79.8 h
EC*
Y884-
106.65 d
EC**
Y902-
64.10 h
b-*
Y911/2-
58.51 d
*
Y922-
3.54 h
b-
Y931/2-
10.18 h
b-*
Y942-
18.7 m
b-
Y951/2-
10.3 m
b-
Y960-
5.34 s
b-*
Y97(1/2-)3.75 s
b-n**
Y98(0)-
0.548 s
b-n*
Y995/2+
1.470 s
b-n
Y1001-,2-
735 ms
b-n*
Y101(5/2+)448 ms
b-n
Y102[1+,4+]0.36 s
b-n*
Y1035/2+
90 ms
b-
Y1040+,5+30 ms
b-
Y1055/2+
50 ms
b-
Y1062+,3+40 ms
b-
Y1075/2+
30 ms
b-
Y1081-,6-
30 ms
b-
Y1095/2+
19 ms
b-
Y1102-,3-
16 ms
b-
Y1115/2+
12 ms
b-
Y1120+,5+9 ms
b-
Y1135/2+
12 ms
b-
Y1142-,7-6 ms
b-
Y1159/2+5 ms
b-
Y1163-,6-5 ms
b-
Y1179/2+4 ms
b-
Y1184-,5-4 ms
b-
Y1199/2+3 ms
b-
Y1203+,4+7 ms
b-
Y1211/2-3 ms
b-
Y1222+,3+2.5 ms
b-
Y1231/2-3 ms
b-
Y1243+,4+2.4 ms
b-
Y1251/2+
2.1 ms
b-
Y1263+,4+2.1 ms
b-
Y1271/2+
1.3 ms
b-
Y1281+,2+1.0 ms
b-
Y1293/2+
1.0 ms
b-
Y1301-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
Y1315/2-
800 us
b-
Y1321+,4+800 us
b-
Y1335/2-
700 us
b-
Y1340-,5-
700 us
b-
Zr720+
7 ms
EC
Zr733/2-7 ms
EC
Zr740+
18 ms
EC
Zr753/2-
17 ms
EC
Zr760+
50 ms
EC
Zr773/2+
30 ms
EC
Zr780+
300 ms
EC
Zr795/2+
160 ms
EC
Zr800+7 s
Zr81[1/2+]15 s
ECp
Zr820+
32 s
EC
Zr83(1/2-)44 s
ECp
Zr840+
25.9 m
EC
Zr857/2+
7.86 m
EC*
Zr860+
16.5 h
EC
Zr87(9/2)+1.68 h
EC*
Zr880+
83.4 d
EC
Zr899/2+
78.41 h
EC**
Zr935/2+
1.53E+6 y
b-
Zr955/2+
64.02 d
b-
Zr971/2+
16.91 h
b-
Zr980+
30.7 s
b-
Zr991/2+2.1 s
b-
Zr1000+
7.1 s
b-
Zr101(3/2+)2.1 s
b-
Zr1020+
2.9 s
b-
Zr103(5/2)1.3 s
b-
Zr1040+
1.2 s
b-
Zr1055/2+
100 ms
b-
Zr1060+
400 ms
b-
Zr1071/2+
220 ms
b-
Zr1080+
180 ms
b-
Zr1097/2-
140 ms
b-
Zr1100+
80 ms
b-
Zr1111/2-
60 ms
b-
Zr1120+
50 ms
b-
Zr1135/2+
40 ms
b-
Zr1140+
20 ms
b-
Zr1155/2-
17 ms
b-
Zr1160+
12 ms
b-
Zr1173/2-
12 ms
b-
Zr1180+
9 ms
b-
Zr1191/2-9 ms
b-
Zr1200+
7 ms
b-
Zr1217/2-
11 ms
b-
Zr1220+
4 ms
b-
Zr1235/2-4 ms
b-
Zr1240+
4 ms
b-
Zr1253/2+3 ms
b-
Zr1260+
3 ms
b-
Zr1271/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Zr1280+
1.6 ms
b-
Zr1291/2+
1.6 ms
b-
Zr1300+
1.4 ms
b-
Zr1313/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Zr1320+
1.1 ms
b-
Zr1333/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Zr1340+
1.0 ms
b-
Zr1355/2+
900 us
b-
Zr1360+
800 us
b-
Zr1375/2-
700 us
b-
Nb743-,4-3 ms
EC
Nb751/2+5 ms
EC
Nb761-,2-7 ms
EC
Nb771/2+
12 ms
EC
Nb781+,2+10 ms
EC
Nb791/2+
40 ms
EC
Nb802+,3+40 ms
EC
Nb811/2+
210 ms
EC
Nb820+,1+
700 ms
EC
Nb83(5/2+)4.1 s
EC
Nb84(3+)12 s
ECp
Nb85(9/2+)20.9 s
EC
Nb86(5+)88 s
EC
Nb87(9/2+)2.6 m
EC*
Nb88(8+)
14.5 m
EC*
Nb89(9/2+)1.9 h
EC*
Nb908+
14.60 h
EC**
Nb919/2+680 y
EC*
Nb92(7)+
3.47E+7 y
EC,b-**
Nb94(6)+
2.03E+4 y
b-*
Nb959/2+
34.975 d
b-*
Nb966+
23.35 h
b-
Nb979/2+
72.1 m
b-*
Nb981+
2.86 s
b-*
Nb999/2+
15.0 s
b-*
Nb1001+
1.5 s
b-**
Nb101+
7.1 s
b-
Nb1021+
1.3 s
b-*
Nb103(5/2+)1.5 s
b-
Nb104(1+)4.8 s
b-n*
Nb105(5/2+)2.95 s
b-
Nb106[2+,3+]1.02 s
b-
Nb107[1/2+]330 ms
b-
Nb1081-,2-
500 ms
b-
Nb1095/2-
500 ms
b-
Nb1101+,6+
400 ms
b-
Nb1115/2-
200 ms
b-
Nb1120-,1-
100 ms
b-
Nb1131/2+
60 ms
b-
Nb1141-,6-
22 ms
b-
Nb1157/2+
15 ms
b-
Nb1161-,6-
15 ms
b-
Nb1177/2+
11 ms
b-
Nb1182-,5-
11 ms
b-
Nb1197/2+9 ms
b-
Nb1203-,4-8 ms
b-
Nb1217/2+6 ms
b-
Nb1224-,5-
12 ms
b-
Nb1231/2+5 ms
b-
Nb1241-,8-4 ms
b-
Nb1259/2+4 ms
b-
Nb1261-,2-3 ms
b-
Nb1271/2+3 ms
b-
Nb1281+,2+1.5 ms
b-
Nb1293/2+
1.9 ms
b-
Nb1301+,2+1.9 ms
b-
Nb1313/2-
1.7 ms
b-
Nb1320-,3-
1.8 ms
b-
Nb1333/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Nb1340+,3+1.2 ms
b-
Nb1353/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Nb1361-,4-
1.1 ms
b-
Nb1375/2+
900 us
b-
Nb1380-,5-
800 us
b-
Nb1395/2-
800 us
b-
Nb1402+,3+700 us
b-
Mo779/2+4 ms
EC
Mo780+
7 ms
EC
Mo793/2-5 ms
EC
Mo800+
50 ms
EC
Mo815/2+
30 ms
EC
Mo820+
70 ms
EC
Mo837/2+
90 ms
EC
Mo840+
1.1 s
EC
Mo853/2+
400 ms
EC
Mo860+8 s
Mo87(7/2+)13.4 s
ECp
Mo880+
8.0 m
EC
Mo89(9/2+)2.04 m
EC*
Mo900+
5.67 h
EC
Mo919/2+
15.49 m
EC*
Mo935/2+
4.0E+3 y
EC*
Mo991/2+
65.94 h
b-
Mo1011/2+
14.61 m
b-
Mo1020+
11.3 m
b-
Mo103(3/2+)67.5 s
b-
Mo1040+
60 s
b-
Mo105(5/2-)35.6 s
b-
Mo1060+
8.4 s
b-
Mo107[5/2+]3.5 s
b-
Mo1080+
1.5 s
b-
Mo109[1/2+]0.53 s
b-
Mo1100+
1.8 s
b-
Mo1117/2-1.2 s
b-
Mo1120+
600 ms
b-
Mo1135/2-
150 ms
b-
Mo1140+
100 ms
b-
Mo1151/2+
60 ms
b-
Mo1160+
50 ms
b-
Mo1175/2-
50 ms
b-
Mo1180+
30 ms
b-
Mo1193/2-
30 ms
b-
Mo1200+
24 ms
b-
Mo1211/2-
22 ms
b-
Mo1220+
17 ms
b-
Mo12311/2-30 ms
b-
Mo1240+
11 ms
b-
Mo1257/2-9 ms
b-
Mo1260+
8 ms
b-
Mo1273/2-8 ms
b-
Mo1280+
7 ms
b-
Mo1293/2-3 ms
b-
Mo1300+
3 ms
b-
Mo1311/2+3 ms
b-
Mo1320+
2.2 ms
b-
Mo1333/2+
2.3 ms
b-
Mo1340+
1.8 ms
b-
Mo1353/2-
1.5 ms
b-
Mo1360+
1.5 ms
b-
Mo1375/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Mo1380+
1.3 ms
b-
Mo1395/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Mo1400+
1.0 ms
b-
Mo1411/2-
900 us
b-
Mo1420+
800 us
b-
Mo1437/2+
800 us
b-
Mo1440+
700 us
b-
Tc795/2+6 ms
EC
Tc801-,4-3 ms
EC
Tc815/2+7 ms
EC
Tc822+,7+10 ms
EC
Tc835/2+
30 ms
EC
Tc841+,6+40 ms
EC
Tc853/2+
70 ms
EC
Tc860+,3+90 ms
EC
Tc873/2+
300 ms
EC
Tc88(7-,8+)300 ms
Tc89(9/2+)12.8 s
EC*
Tc901+
8.7 s
EC*
Tc91(9/2)+3.14 m
EC*
Tc92(8)+
4.23 m
EC
Tc939/2+
2.75 h
EC*
Tc947+
293 m
EC*
Tc959/2+
20.0 h
EC*
Tc967+
4.28 d
EC*
Tc979/2+
2.6E6 y
EC*
Tc98(6)+
4.2E+6 y
b-
Tc999/2+
2.111E+5 y
b-*
Tc1001+
15.8 s
b-
Tc101(9/2)+
14.22 m
b-
Tc1021+
5.28 s
b-*
Tc1035/2+
54.2 s
b-
Tc104(3+)
18.3 m
b-
Tc105(3/2-)7.6 m
b-
Tc106(1,2)35.6 s
b-
Tc107[3/2-]21.2 s
b-
Tc108(2-,3)5.17 s
b-
Tc109[5/2+]0.87 s
b-
Tc110[2-,7-]0.92 s
b-
Tc111[5/2+]0.30 s
b-
Tc1121-,6-
160 ms
b-
Tc113[5/2+]130 ms
b-
Tc1140-,5-
90 ms
b-
Tc1155/2+
70 ms
b-
Tc1162+,3+50 ms
b-
Tc1175/2+
40 ms
b-
Tc1180-,5-
40 ms
b-
Tc1195/2+
30 ms
b-
Tc1201-,4-
20 ms
b-
Tc1215/2+
19 ms
b-
Tc1222-,3-
18 ms
b-
Tc1235/2+
13 ms
b-
Tc1244-,7-
18 ms
b-
Tc1257/2+9 ms
b-
Tc1260-,7-8 ms
b-
Tc1279/2+7 ms
b-
Tc1280-,3-7 ms
b-
Tc1293/2+4 ms
b-
Tc1301+,2+3 ms
b-
Tc1311/2+4 ms
b-
Tc1320-,1-3 ms
b-
Tc1335/2+
2.1 ms
b-
Tc1341+,4+2.2 ms
b-
Tc1355/2+
2.1 ms
b-
Tc1361-,4-
1.6 ms
b-
Tc1375/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Tc1380+,5+1.6 ms
b-
Tc1393/2-
1.5 ms
b-
Tc1401+,4+1.3 ms
b-
Tc1413/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Tc1421+,2+1.1 ms
b-
Tc1433/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Tc1442-,5-
1.0 ms
b-
Tc1453/2-
900 us
b-
Tc1461+,4+700 us
b-
Tc1473/2-
600 us
b-
Ru811/2-5 ms
EC
Ru820+
12 ms
EC
Ru831/2-4 ms
EC
Ru840+
11 ms
EC
Ru851/2+
20 ms
EC
Ru860+
90 ms
EC
Ru873/2+
70 ms
EC
Ru880+
700 ms
EC
Ru895/2+
300 ms
EC
Ru900+
13 s
EC
Ru91(9/2+)
9 s
EC*
Ru920+
3.65 m
EC
Ru93(9/2)+59.7 s
EC*
Ru940+
51.8 m
EC
Ru955/2+
1.643 h
EC
Ru975/2+2.9 d
Ru1033/2+
39.26 d
b-*
Ru1053/2+
4.44 h
b-
Ru1060+
373.59 d
b-
Ru107(5/2)+3.75 m
b-
Ru1080+
4.55 m
b-
Ru109(5/2+)34.5 s
b-
Ru1100+
14.6 s
b-
Ru111[9/2-]2.12 s
b-
Ru1120+
1.75 s
b-
Ru113[7/2-]0.80 s
b-
Ru1140+
0.5 s
b-
Ru115[5/2-]0.40 s
b-n
Ru1160+
500 ms
b-
Ru1171/2+
180 ms
b-
Ru1180+
220 ms
b-
Ru1195/2-
200 ms
b-
Ru1200+
120 ms
b-
Ru1213/2-
110 ms
b-
Ru1220+
80 ms
b-
Ru1231/2-
70 ms
b-
Ru1240+
50 ms
b-
Ru12511/2-90 ms
b-
Ru1260+
30 ms
b-
Ru1277/2-
30 ms
b-
Ru1280+
30 ms
b-
Ru1293/2-
23 ms
b-
Ru1300+
20 ms
b-
Ru1311/2-5 ms
b-
Ru1320+
6 ms
b-
Ru1331/2+5 ms
b-
Ru1340+
4 ms
b-
Ru1353/2+4 ms
b-
Ru1360+
3 ms
b-
Ru1373/2-
2.4 ms
b-
Ru1380+
2.3 ms
b-
Ru1395/2+
2.3 ms
b-
Ru1400+
1.9 ms
b-
Ru1415/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Ru1420+
1.5 ms
b-
Ru1431/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Ru1440+
1.2 ms
b-
Ru1457/2+
1.2 ms
b-
Ru1460+
1.0 ms
b-
Ru1475/2-
900 us
b-
Ru1480+
700 us
b-
Ru1497/2-
700 us
b-
Ru1500+
700 us
b-
Rh833/2+
10 ms
EC
Rh842-,3-5 ms
EC
Rh855/2+
10 ms
EC
Rh862+,3+10 ms
EC
Rh875/2+
22 ms
EC
Rh881+,4+18 ms
EC
Rh895/2+
80 ms
EC
Rh900+,5+80 ms
EC
Rh915/2+
400 ms
EC
Rh921+,6+
300 ms
EC
Rh935/2+3 s
EC
Rh94(3+)
70.6 s
ECp*
Rh95(9/2)+5.02 m
EC*
Rh966+
9.90 m
EC*
Rh97(9/2)+30.7 m
EC*
Rh98(2)+
8.7 m
EC*
Rh99(1/2-)16.1 d
EC*
Rh1001-
20.8 h
EC*
Rh1011/2-3.3 y
EC*
Rh102(1-,2-)207 d
EC,b-**
Rh1041+
42.3 s
EC,b-*
Rh1057/2+
35.36 h
b-*
Rh1061+
29.80 s
b-*
Rh1077/2+
21.7 m
b-
Rh108(5+)
6.0 m
b-*
Rh1097/2+80 s
b-
Rh1101+
3.2 s
b-*
Rh111(7/2+)11 s
b-
Rh1121+
3.8 s
b-*
Rh113[3/2+]2.72 s
b-
Rh114(1+)
1.85 s
b-*
Rh115(7/2+)0.99 s
b-
Rh1161+
0.68 s
b-*
Rh117(7/2+)0.44 s
b-
Rh1181+,2+
130 ms
b-
Rh1193/2+
110 ms
b-
Rh1201-,4-
90 ms
b-
Rh1213/2+
60 ms
b-
Rh1220-,3-
60 ms
b-
Rh1233/2+
50 ms
b-
Rh1241-,2-
40 ms
b-
Rh1255/2+
30 ms
b-
Rh1263-,8-
40 ms
b-
Rh1275/2+
22 ms
b-
Rh1281-,6-
18 ms
b-
Rh1299/2+
17 ms
b-
Rh1301-,4-
16 ms
b-
Rh1315/2+8 ms
b-
Rh1322-,3-3 ms
b-
Rh1335/2+5 ms
b-
Rh1342+,3+5 ms
b-
Rh1355/2+4 ms
b-
Rh1361-,2-4 ms
b-
Rh1371/2-4 ms
b-
Rh1381+,2+3 ms
b-
Rh1391/2-3 ms
b-
Rh1402+,3+2.4 ms
b-
Rh1411/2-
2.4 ms
b-
Rh1422-,3-
1.9 ms
b-
Rh1431/2+
1.8 ms
b-
Rh1440-,1-
1.7 ms
b-
Rh1451/2+
1.5 ms
b-
Rh1463+,4+1.5 ms
b-
Rh1471/2+
1.3 ms
b-
Rh1482-,3-
1.1 ms
b-
Rh1497/2+
800 us
b-
Rh1500-,7-
800 us
b-
Rh1517/2+
700 us
b-
Rh1523-,4-
700 us
b-
Rh1537/2+
700 us
b-
Pd860+
9 ms
EC
Pd871/2+8 ms
EC
Pd880+
20 ms
EC
Pd893/2+
16 ms
EC
Pd900+
70 ms
EC
Pd915/2+
50 ms
EC
Pd920+
500 ms
EC
Pd937/2+
220 ms
EC
Pd940+
9.0 s
EC
Pd95[9/2+]900 ms
*
Pd960+
122 s
EC
Pd97(5/2+)3.10 m
EC
Pd980+
17.7 m
EC
Pd99(5/2)+21.4 m
EC
Pd1000+
3.63 d
EC
Pd101(5/2+)8.47 h
EC
Pd1035/2+
16.991 d
EC
Pd1075/2+
6.5E+6 y
b-*
Pd1095/2+
13.7012 h
b-*
Pd1115/2+
23.4 m
b-*
Pd1120+
21.03 h
b-
Pd113(5/2)+93 s
b-**
Pd1140+
2.42 m
b-
Pd115(5/2+)25 s
b-*
Pd1160+
12.4 s
b-
Pd117(5/2+)4.3 s
b-*
Pd1180+
1.9 s
b-
Pd119[1/2+]0.92 s
b-
Pd1200+3 s
b-
Pd1215/2-1.8 s
b-
Pd1220+
1.1 s
b-
Pd1233/2-
500 ms
b-
Pd1240+
400 ms
b-
Pd1259/2-
400 ms
b-
Pd1260+
250 ms
b-
Pd12711/2-
300 ms
b-
Pd1280+
130 ms
b-
Pd1297/2-
110 ms
b-
Pd1300+
100 ms
b-
Pd1313/2-
90 ms
b-
Pd1320+
70 ms
b-
Pd1331/2-7 ms
b-
Pd1340+
12 ms
b-
Pd1353/2-5 ms
b-
Pd1360+
7 ms
b-
Pd1373/2+5 ms
b-
Pd1380+
6 ms
b-
Pd1393/2-4 ms
b-
Pd1400+
5 ms
b-
Pd1415/2+4 ms
b-
Pd1420+
3 ms
b-
Pd1435/2-3 ms
b-
Pd1440+
2.5 ms
b-
Pd1451/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Pd1460+
1.9 ms
b-
Pd1477/2+
1.8 ms
b-
Pd1480+
1.6 ms
b-
Pd1495/2-
1.3 ms
b-
Pd1500+
1.1 ms
b-
Pd1517/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Pd1520+
900 us
b-
Pd1531/2-
900 us
b-
Pd1540+
800 us
b-
Pd1551/2-
800 us
b-
Pd1560+
700 us
b-
Ag883+,4+5 ms
EC
Ag897/2+
11 ms
EC
Ag902+,5+10 ms
EC
Ag917/2+
20 ms
EC
Ag921+,6+21 ms
EC
Ag937/2+
90 ms
EC
Ag940+,7+80 ms
EC
Ag957/2+
700 ms
EC
Ag96(8+,9+)
5.1 s
ECp
Ag97(9/2+)19 s
EC
Ag98(5+)
46.7 s
EC
Ag99(9/2)+124 s
EC*
Ag100(5)+
2.01 m
EC*
Ag1019/2+
11.1 m
EC*
Ag1025+
12.9 m
EC*
Ag1037/2+
65.7 m
EC*
Ag1045+
69.2 m
EC*
Ag1051/2-
41.29 d
EC*
Ag1061+
23.96 m
EC,b-**
Ag1081+
2.37 m
EC,b-**
Ag1101+
24.6 s
EC,b-*
Ag1111/2-
7.45 d
b-*
Ag1122(-)
3.130 h
b-
Ag1131/2-
5.37 h
b-*
Ag1141+
4.6 s
b-
Ag1151/2-
20.0 m
b-*
Ag116(2-)
2.68 m
b-*
Ag117(1/2-)72.8 s
b-*
Ag118(1)-
3.76 s
b-*
Ag119(7/2+)2.1 s
b-*
Ag120[0-,7-]1.23 s
b-*
Ag121(7/2+)0.78 s
b-n
Ag122(3+)
0.48 s
b-n*
Ag123(7/2+)0.309 s
b-n
Ag1240-,3-
120 ms
b-
Ag1259/2+
110 ms
b-
Ag1261-,10-
120 ms
b-
Ag1273/2+
80 ms
b-
Ag1282-,9-
90 ms
b-
Ag1299/2+
50 ms
b-
Ag1302-,5-
40 ms
b-
Ag1315/2+
40 ms
b-
Ag1323-,6-
30 ms
b-
Ag1337/2+
30 ms
b-
Ag1343-,4-5 ms
b-
Ag1357/2+7 ms
b-
Ag1362-,5-3 ms
b-
Ag1377/2+6 ms
b-
Ag1382+,5+5 ms
b-
Ag1391/2+6 ms
b-
Ag1401-,2-5 ms
b-
Ag1411/2+5 ms
b-
Ag1422+,3+4 ms
b-
Ag1431/2+4 ms
b-
Ag1442+,3+3 ms
b-
Ag1451/2-3 ms
b-
Ag1460+,1+3 ms
b-
Ag1471/2-
2.5 ms
b-
Ag1480+,7+1.9 ms
b-
Ag1497/2+
1.7 ms
b-
Ag1502-,3-
1.7 ms
b-
Ag1511/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Ag1523+,4+1.1 ms
b-
Ag1531/2-
1.1 ms
b-
Ag1540+,1+1.1 ms
b-
Ag1551/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Ag1560+,1+900 us
b-
Ag1571/2-
900 us
b-
Ag1581+,2+800 us
b-
Ag1591/2-
800 us
b-
Ag1603+,4+700 us
b-
Cd900+
8 ms
EC
Cd913/2+7 ms
EC
Cd920+
20 ms
EC
Cd935/2+
16 ms
EC
Cd940+
70 ms
EC
Cd957/2+
50 ms
EC
Cd960+
800 ms
EC
Cd97[9/2+]
3 s
ECp
Cd980+
9.2 s
EC
Cd99(5/2+)16 s
ECp,ECa,...
Cd1000+
49.1 s
EC
Cd101(5/2+)1.2 m
EC
Cd1020+
5.5 m
EC
Cd103(5/2+)7.3 m
EC
Cd1040+
57.7 m
EC
Cd1055/2+
55.5 m
EC
Cd1075/2+
6.50 h
EC
Cd1095/2+
462.6 d
EC**
Cd1151/2+
53.46 h
b-*
Cd1171/2+
2.49 h
b-*
Cd1180+
50.3 m
b-
Cd1193/2+
2.69 m
b-*
Cd1200+
50.80 s
b-
Cd121(3/2+)13.5 s
b-*
Cd1220+
5.24 s
b-
Cd123(3/2)+2.10 s
b-*
Cd1240+
0.9 s
b-
Cd125(3/2+)0.65 s
b-*
Cd1260+
0.506 s
b-
Cd127(3/2+)0.43 s
b-
Cd1280+
0.34 s
b-
Cd129[11/2-]0.27 s
b-
Cd1300+
0.20 s
b-n
Cd1317/2-
900 ms
b-
Cd1320+
600 ms
b-
Cd1333/2-
500 ms
b-
Cd1340+
400 ms
b-
Cd1353/2-
300 ms
b-
Cd1360+
160 ms
b-
Cd1373/2-9 ms
b-
Cd1380+
16 ms
b-
Cd1393/2+7 ms
b-
Cd1400+
7 ms
b-
Cd1413/2-8 ms
b-
Cd1420+
8 ms
b-
Cd1435/2+7 ms
b-
Cd1440+
6 ms
b-
Cd1455/2-4 ms
b-
Cd1460+
4 ms
b-
Cd1471/2-4 ms
b-
Cd1480+
3 ms
b-
Cd1495/2-3 ms
b-
Cd1500+
3 ms
b-
Cd1515/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Cd1520+
1.9 ms
b-
Cd1537/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Cd1540+
1.4 ms
b-
Cd1559/2+
1.4 ms
b-
Cd1560+
1.2 ms
b-
Cd1571/2-
1.2 ms
b-
Cd1580+
1.1 ms
b-
Cd1593/2-
1.0 ms
b-
Cd1600+
1.0 ms
b-
Cd1617/2-
900 us
b-
Cd1620+
800 us
b-
Cd16311/2+800 us
b-
In923+,6+6 ms
EC
In939/2+
13 ms
EC
In942+,7+12 ms
EC
In959/2+
30 ms
EC
In961+,8+20 ms
EC
In979/2+
170 ms
EC
In980+,9+90 ms
EC
In999/2+4 s
EC
In100[4+,5+]
7 sIn101[9/2+]16 s
ECp
In102(5)24 s
EC
In103(9/2+)65 s
EC
In104(6+)
1.8 m
EC*
In105(9/2)+5.07 m
EC*
In1067+
6.2 m
EC*
In1079/2+
32.4 m
EC*
In1087+
58.0 m
EC*
In1099/2+4.2 h
EC**
In1107+
4.9 h
EC*
In1119/2+
2.8049 d
EC*
In1121+
14.97 m
EC,b-**
In1141+
71.9 s
EC,b-***
In1161+
14.10 s
EC,b-**
In1179/2+
43.2 m
b-*
In1181+
5.0 s
b-**
In1199/2+2.4 m
b-*
In1201+
3.08 s
b-**
In1219/2+
23.1 s
b-*
In1221+
1.5 s
b-**
In1239/2+
5.98 s
b-*
In1243+
3.17 s
b-*
In1259/2(+)2.36 s
b-*
In1263(+)
1.60 s
b-*
In127(9/2+)1.09 s
b-n*
In128(3+)
0.84 s
b-n*
In129(9/2+)0.61 s
b-n*
In1301(-)
0.32 s
b-n**
In131(9/2+)0.282 s
b-n**
In132(7-)
0.201 s
b-n
In133[9/2+]180 ms
b-n
In1343-,6-
100 ms
b-
In1359/2+
90 ms
b-
In1362-,7-
70 ms
b-
In1379/2+
50 ms
b-
In1382+,7+13 ms
b-
In1399/2+
11 ms
b-
In1402-,7-8 ms
b-
In1411/2+7 ms
b-
In1422-,5-5 ms
b-
In1437/2+8 ms
b-
In1441+,6+6 ms
b-
In1457/2+6 ms
b-
In1461-,6-4 ms
b-
In1477/2+4 ms
b-
In1483-,4-4 ms
b-
In1497/2+4 ms
b-
In1501-,6-3 ms
b-
In1511/2-3 ms
b-
In1522+,3+3 ms
b-
In1531/2-
2.4 ms
b-
In1543-,4-
2.0 ms
b-
In1551/2+
1.9 ms
b-
In1564+,5+1.9 ms
b-
In1571/2+
1.6 ms
b-
In1580-,1-
1.6 ms
b-
In1591/2+
1.4 ms
b-
In1603-,6-
1.1 ms
b-
In1619/2+
1.0 ms
b-
In1623-,6-
900 us
b-
In1639/2+
900 us
b-
In1641+,10+900 us
b-
In1659/2+
800 us
b-
In1661+,10+700 us
b-
Sn940+
8 ms
EC
Sn951/2+8 ms
EC
Sn960+
23 ms
EC
Sn979/2+
15 ms
EC
Sn980+
100 ms
EC
Sn999/2+
40 ms
EC
Sn1000+
1.8 s
EC
Sn1011/2+3 s
EC
Sn1020+
18 sSn103
[3/2+]7 s
EC
Sn1040+
20.8 s
EC
Sn105[5/2+]31 s
ECp
Sn1060+
115 s
EC
Sn107(5/2+)2.90 m
EC
Sn1080+
10.30 m
EC
Sn1095/2(+)18.0 m
EC
Sn1100+
4.11 h
EC
Sn1117/2+
35.3 m
EC
Sn1131/2+
115.09 d
EC***
Sn1213/2+
27.06 h
b-*
Sn12311/2-
129.2 d
b-*
Sn12511/2-9.64 d
b-*
Sn1260+
1E+5 y
b-
Sn127(11/2-)2.10 h
b-*
Sn1280+
59.07 m
b-*
Sn129(3/2+)2.23 m
b-*
Sn1300+
3.72 m
b-*
Sn131(3/2+)56.0 s
b-*
Sn1320+
39.7 s
b-
Sn133(7/2-)1.44 s
b-n
Sn1340+
1.04 s
b-n
Sn1351/2-3 s
b-
Sn1360+
1.0 s
b-
Sn1373/2-
800 ms
b-
Sn1380+
500 ms
b-
Sn1395/2-
400 ms
b-
Sn1400+
120 ms
b-
Sn1413/2-
19 ms
b-
Sn1420+
40 ms
b-
Sn1433/2-
14 ms
b-
Sn1440+
18 ms
b-
Sn1455/2-
10 ms
b-
Sn1460+
10 ms
b-
Sn1475/2-7 ms
b-
Sn1480+
6 ms
b-
Sn1491/2-6 ms
b-
Sn1500+
5 ms
b-
Sn1517/2+5 ms
b-
Sn1520+
4 ms
b-
Sn1535/2-3 ms
b-
Sn1540+
3 ms
b-
Sn1557/2-
2.3 ms
b-
Sn1560+
2.3 ms
b-
Sn1579/2+
2.3 ms
b-
Sn1580+
1.9 ms
b-
Sn1591/2-
1.9 ms
b-
Sn1600+
1.8 ms
b-
Sn1617/2-
1.6 ms
b-
Sn1620+
1.4 ms
b-
Sn1633/2-
1.4 ms
b-
Sn1640+
1.2 ms
b-
Sn16511/2+1.2 ms
b-
Sn1660+
900 us
b-
Sn16711/2+900 us
b-
Sn1680+
Sn1693/2-
H11/2+
99.985
H21+
0.015
He31/2+
0.000137
He40+
99.999863
Li61+
7.5
Li73/2-
92.5
Be93/2-
100
B103+
19.9
B113/2-
80.1
C120+
98.90
C131/2-
1.10
N141+
99.634
N151/2-
0.366
O160+
99.762
O175/2+
0.038
O180+
0.200
F191/2+
100
Ne200+
90.48
Ne213/2+
0.27
Ne220+
9.25
Na233/2+
100*
Mg240+
78.99
Mg255/2+
10.00
Mg260+
11.01**
Al275/2+
100
Si280+
92.23
Si291/2+
4.67
Si300+
3.10
P311/2+
100
S320+
95.02
S333/2+
0.75
S340+
4.21
S360+
0.02*
Cl353/2+
75.77
Cl373/2+
24.23*
Ar360+
0.337
Ar380+
0.063
Ar400+
99.600*
K393/2+
93.2581
K404-
1.277E+9 y
EC,b-0.0117
K413/2+
6.7302
Ca400+
96.941
Ca420+
0.647
Ca437/2-
0.135
Ca440+
2.086
Ca460+
0.004
Ca480+
6E+18 y
b-,b-b-0.187
**
Sc457/2-
100***
Ti460+
8.0
Ti475/2-
7.3
Ti480+
73.8
Ti497/2-
5.5
Ti500+
5.4*
V506+
1.4E+17 y
EC,b-0.250
V517/2-
99.750
Cr500+
1.8E+17 y
ECEC4.345
Cr520+
83.789
Cr533/2-
9.501
Cr540+
2.365**
Mn555/2-
100****
Fe540+
5.8
Fe560+
91.72
Fe571/2-
2.2
Fe580+
0.28***
Co597/2-
100**
Ni580+
68.077
Ni600+
26.223
Ni613/2-
1.140
Ni620+
3.634
Ni640+
0.926
Cu633/2-
69.17
Cu653/2-
30.83**
Zn640+
48.6
Zn660+
27.9
Zn675/2-
4.1
Zn680+
18.8*
Zn700+
5E+14 y
0.6***
Ga693/2-
60.108
Ga713/2-
39.892***
Ge700+
21.23*
Ge720+
27.66
Ge739/2+
7.73*
Ge740+
35.94*
Ge760+
7.44***
As753/2-
100****
Se740+
0.89
Se760+
9.36
Se771/2-
7.63*
Se780+
23.78*
Se800+
49.61*
Se820+
1.4E+20 y
b-b-8.73
******
Br793/2-
50.69**
Br813/2-
49.31**
Kr780+
0.35*
Kr800+
2.25*
Kr820+
11.6
Kr839/2+
11.5*
Kr840+
57.0*
Kr860+
17.3****
Rb855/2-
72.165*
Rb873/2-
4.75E10 y
b-27.835
***
Sr840+
0.56*
Sr860+
9.86
Sr879/2+
7.00*
Sr880+
82.58******
Y891/2-
100*************
Zr900+
sTAaLE
51.45*
Zr915/2+
11.22
Zr920+
17.15
Zr940+
17.38
Zr960+
1E18 y
2.80*******
Nb939/2+
100************
Mo920+
14.84*
Mo940+
9.25
Mo955/2+
15.92
Mo960+
16.68
Mo975/2+
9.55
Mo980+
24.13
Mo1000+
9.63************
Ru960+
5.52
Ru980+
1.88
Ru995/2+
12.7
Ru1000+
12.6
Ru1015/2+
17.0
Ru1020+
31.6*
Ru1040+
18.7*********
Rh1031/2-
100**********
Pd1020+
1.02
Pd1040+
11.14
Pd1055/2+
22.33
Pd1060+
27.33*
Pd1080+
26.46*
Pd1100+
11.72*************
Ag1071/2-
51.839**
Ag1091/2-
48.161***********
Cd1060+
1.25
Cd1080+
0.89
Cd1100+
12.49
Cd1111/2+
12.80*
Cd1120+
24.13
Cd1131/2+
9.3E+15 y
b-12.22
*
Cd1140+
28.73*
Cd1160+
7.49***************
In1139/2+
4.3***
In1159/2+
4.41E+14 y
b-95.7
***********************
Sn1120+
0.97*
Sn1140+
0.65
Sn1151/2+
0.34
Sn1160+
14.53
Sn1171/2+
7.68*
Sn1180+
24.23
Sn1191/2+
8.59*
Sn1200+
32.59*
Sn1220+
4.63*
Sn1240+
5.79**********
1H
91.0%1.00794
1 -259.34°-252.87°-240.18°
+1-1
2He
8.9%4.002602
2 -272.2°-268.93°-267.96°
0
3Li
1.86´10 -7%6.941
21
180.5°1342°
+1
4Be
2.38´10 -9%9.012182
22
1287°2471°
+2
5B
6.9´10 -8%10.811
23
2075°4000°
+3
6C
0.033%12.011
24
4492t°3825s°
+2+4-4
7N
0.0102%14.00674
25
-210.00°-195.79°-146.94°
±1±2±3+4+5
8O
0.078%15.9994
26
-218.79°-182.95°-118.56°
-2
9F
2.7´10 -6%18.9984032
27
-219.62°-188.12°-129.02°
-1
10Ne
0.0112%20.1797
28
-248.59°-246.08°-228.7°
0
11Na
0.000187%22.989768
281
97.72°883°
+1
12Mg
0.00350%24.3050
282
650°1090°
+2
13Al
0.000277%26.981539
283
660.32°2519°
+3
14Si
0.00326%28.0855
284
1414°3265°
+2+4-4
15P
0.000034%30.973762
285
44.15°277°721°
+3+5-3
16S
0.00168%32.066
286
115.21°444.60°
1041°+4+6-2
17Cl
0.000017%35.4527
287
-101.5°-34.04°143.8°
+1+5+7-1
18Ar
0.000329%39.948
288
-189.35°-185.85°-122.28°
0
19K
0.0000123%39.0983
2881
63.38°759°
+1
20Ca
0.000199%40.078
2882
842°1484°
+2
21Sc
1.12´10 -7%44.955910
2892
1541°2830°
+3
22Ti
7.8´10 -6%47.867
28
102
1668°3287°
+2+3+4
23V
9.6´10 -7%50.9415
28
112
1910°3407°
+2+3+4+5
24Cr
0.000044%51.9961
28
131
1907°2671°
+2+3+6
25Mn
0.000031%54.93805
28
132
1246°2061°
+2+3+4+7
26Fe
0.00294%55.845
28
142
1538°2861°
+2+3
27Co
7.3´10 -6%58.93320
28
152
1495°2927°
+2+3
28Ni
0.000161%58.6934
28
162
1455°2913°
+2+3
29Cu
1.70´10 -6%63.546
28
181
1084.62°2562°
+1+2
30Zn
4.11´10 -6%65.39
28
182
419.53°907°
+2
31Ga
1.23´10 -7%69.723
28
183
29.76°2204°
+3
32Ge
3.9´10 -7%72.61
28
184
938.25°2833°
+2+4
33As
2.1´10 -8%74.92159
28
185
817t°614s°1400°
+3+5-3
34Se
2.03´10 -7%78.96
28
186
221°685°
1493°+4+6-2
35Br
3.8´10 -8%79.904
28
187
-7.2°58.8°315°
+1+5-1
36Kr
1.5´10 -7%83.80
28
188
-157.36°-153.22°-63.74°
0
37Rb
2.31´10 -8%85.4678
28
1881
39.31°688°
+1
38Sr
7.7´10 -8%87.62
28
1882
777°1382°
+2
39Y
1.51´10 -8%88.90585
28
1892
1526°3336°
+3
40Zr
3.72´10 -8%91.224
28
1810
2
1855°4409°
+4
41Nb
2.28´10 -9%92.90638
28
1812
1
2477°4744°
+3+5
42Mo
8.3´10 -9%95.94
28
1813
1
2623°4639°
+6
43Tc
[98]
28
1813
2
2157°4265°
+4+6+7
44Ru
6.1´10 -9%101.07
28
1815
1
2334°4150°
+3
45Rh
1.12´10 -9%102.90550
28
1816
1
1964°3695°
+3
46Pd
4.5´10 -9%106.42
28
1818
0
1554.9°2963°
+2+4
47Ag
1.58´10 -9%107.8682
28
1818
1
961.78°2162°
+1
48Cd
5.3´10 -9%112.411
28
1818
2
321.07°767°
+2
49In
6.0´10-10%114.818
28
1818
3
156.60°2072°
+3
50Sn
1.25´10 -8%118.710
28
1818
4
231.93°2602°
+2+4
2
4 6
8
10
12 14
16
18 20 22 24 26
28
30
32
34
36 38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56 58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78 80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100 102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
Decay Q-value RangeQ(b-)>0Q(b-)-Sn>0Q(b-)-S2n>0Q(b-)>0 + Q(EC)>0Stable to Beta DecayQ(EC)>0Q(EC)-Sp>0Q(p)>0Naturally AbundantSn<0
• Carbon: 12C, 13C•Hydrogen: 1H, 2H•Oxygen: 16O, 17O, 18O•Nitrogen: 14N, 15N• Phosphorus: 31P• Sulfur: 32S, 33S, 34S, 36S
CHONPS
Isotones: nuclides with the same number of neutrons, but different numbers of protons
same N, different Z, different A
Isobars: different elements that have the same atomic mass
different N, different Z, same A
Lots of “Iso-” Terms
Isotopologues: differing isotopic compositions of the same molecule
CO2 has 12 isotopologues!
12C16O16O, 12C16O17O, 12C16O18O, 12C17O17O, 12C17O18O, 12C18O18O, 13C16O16O, 13C16O17O, 13C16O18O, 13C17O17O, 13C17O18O, 13C18O18O
Lots of “Iso-” Terms
Isomers: molecules with the same chemical formula, but different structures
The hydroxyl group is attached to the terminal C atomThe hydroxyl group
is attached to the middle C atom
Lots of “Iso-” Terms
Isotopomers (or Isotopic Isomers): nonsymmetric molecules with the same chemical formula and isotopic composition that differ only in the positions of isotopes of the same element
N2O is a nonsymmetric molecule
16O 16O14N15N15N
14N
Lots of “Iso-” Terms
How were the elements and their isotopes formed?
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Formation ofeverything elseFormation of H, 2H, 3He, 4He, 7Li
Proton-Proton Chain(Hydrogen Burning)
Produces Deuterium (2H) and Helium
Triple-a Process(Helium Burning)
Produces 12C
Necessary for the synthesis of elements with a Z ≥ 6
Half-life of 7 x 10-17 seconds!
CNO Cycle
Produces Helium (4He)
12C is a catalyst
Synthesis of Elements with Z > 6
Occurs by fusion of nuclei with Z of 6, 8, and 10, and by capture of a-particles (i.e., 4He), protons, and neutrons
Helium Burning: produces 12C, 16O, 18O, 22Ne, 25Mg
Carbon Burning: produces 20Ne, 23Na, 24Mg
Oxygen Burning: produces 28Si, 31P, 32S
Neon Burning: produces 16O, 24Mg
Meyer and Zinner
Abundance of Elements in the Solar System
Distribution of Stable Nuclides
Mass Number (A) Protons (Z) Neutrons (N)Number of
Stable Nuclides
Even Even Even 161
Odd Even Odd 55
Odd Odd Even 50
Even Odd Odd 4
Even-even nuclei tend to have higher nuclear binding energy due to pairing effects and are thus more stable
Isotope Abundances on EarthIsotope Mass (amu) Abundance (% of Total Element)
1H 1.007825035 99.98852H 2.014101779 0.011512C 12 98.9313C 13.003354826 1.0714N 14.003354826 99.63215N 15.00010897 0.36816O 15.99491463 99.75717O 16.9991312 0.03818O 17.9991603 0.20532S 31.97207070 94.9333S 32.97145843 0.7634S 33.96786665 4.2936S 35.96708062 0.02
How do we report stable isotope values?delta (d) notation
Means of expressing the relative abundance of the heavier stable isotope in a mixture
Rsample -1 ×1000d = Rstandard
R = # of atoms of the heavier isotope / # of atoms of the lighter isotope
[13C/12C]sample-1 ×1000d13C =
[13C/12C]standard
units of per mil (‰)
How do we report stable isotope values?delta (d) notation
Acronym Standard Name Isotope System Rheavy/light
V-SMOW Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 2H/1H 0.00015576
V-SMOW Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 18O/16O 0.00200520
V-PDB Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite 13C/12C 0.0112372
V-PDB Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite 18O/16O 0.0020672
Air Atmospheric Air 15N/14N 0.0036765
Air Atmospheric Air 3He/4He 1.38 x 10-6
V-CDT Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite 34S/32S 0.04500451
In-house reference materials (internal lab standards) must be calibrated to the appropriate international reference standards.
International Reference Standards
V-PDBCalcium carbonate marine fossil from the Peedee Formation in South Carolina
Late Cretaceous (66–72 mya)
Collected by Heinz Lowenstamand Harold Urey
Let’s try calculating a d13C value!
[13C/12C]sample-1 ×1000d13C =
[13C/12C]standard
units of per mil (‰)
[13C/12C]V-PDB = 0.0112372
[13C/12C]leaf = 0.0115406d13C = -27.0‰
Important d Unit Notes
d values do not represent absolute atomic concentrations butare RATIOS (13C/12C or 15N/14N or 18O/16O or 2H/1H). Thismeans d values may only be used for comparison.
Because d values are measured relative to a standard, theyare often negative. For example, d13C values in organicsamples typically range from -40‰ to -6‰!
d units must be calculated using the same internationalreference standard to be comparable (e.g., you cannotcompare d18O values calculated using V-SMOW and V-PDB).
Many mathematical calculations should be made byconverting d units to a concentration unit (e.g., atom percent).
-8‰
0‰
0‰
0‰
OxygenCarbon
Hydrogen Nitrogen
d2H (‰)
d13C (‰) d18O (‰)
d15N (‰)
Natural Ranges of Isotope Values
The 13C Seuss Effect
Dombrosky 2020
All isotopes of an element behave the same chemically, becausethey have the same number of protons and electrons.
However, different isotopes of an element do have slightly differentthermodynamic properties (e.g., vapor pressure, diffusioncoefficient, equilibrium and kinetic rate constants) due to theirdifferent masses.
Different isotopes react at different rates in chemical reactions.
Melting Point Boiling Point
Heavy Water (2H2O) 3.8 ˚C 101.4 ˚C
Natural Water (H2O) 0 ˚C 100 ˚C
12C 13COO
O
O
Isotopic Fractionation: The Basics
Isotopic fractionation occurs when a chemical or physical change results in adifference in the abundances of isotopes between the reactant (A) pool and theproduct (B) pool.
A B
18
16
16
16
16
1616
18
1816
18
1618
1616
18O16O
510
=18O16O
14
=18O16O
46
=
Isotopic Fractionation: Lighter Goes Faster
16
A B
aA-B =
18
16
1616
1616
18
18
18
1618
1616
Fractionation factor in terms of d
RA RB
Fractionation factor in terms of R
(1000 + dA)(1000 + dB)
aA-B =
a is the isotopic fractionation factor
16
Isotopic Fractionation: Expressing the Difference
Fractionation describes ONEchemical reaction or physical change
16
A B
18
16
1616
1616
18
1816
18
1618
1616
Isotopic Enrichment
eAB (‰) = (a – 1) • 1000
Isotopic Discrimination: Big Delta
DA–B (‰) = dA – dB
Isotopic Fractionation: Expressing the Difference
1. Elements or compounds have a low atomic mass or molecular weight(H, C, N, O, S).
2. There is a large mass difference between the rare and common isotopes(e.g., 2H is 100% heavier than 1H).
3. There is more than one oxidation state for the element (Fe2+ and Fe3+).
4. Covalent bonds (sharing of electrons between atoms) are made andbroken during chemical reactions (H2).
Large Isotopic Fractionations Occur When…
Exchange – Equilibrium (Geology)• Complete back-reactions occur.• Products and reactants are offset by a constant fractionation factor (a).
Transport or Diffusive – Non-Equilibrium (Biology and Geology)• Kinetic fractionation dealing w/ flux rather than chemical reaction.• Incomplete back-flux is the rule.
Kinetic – Non-Equilibrium (Biology)• Incomplete back-reactions or none occur.• Reactant and product d values can change together (closed system) or
product d values can determine reactant d values (open system).
Types of Isotopic Fractionation
Forward and backward reaction rates are the same.(reactant product)
Reactions have proceeded enough times to mix the isotopes;i.e., product and reactant reservoirs are well mixed.
Physical State Changes:
H2Owater <–> H2Ovapor
a18Oliquid-vapor = (H218O/H2
16O)liquid/(H218O/H2
16O)vapor = 1.0093 (at 25˚C)
Chemical Transformations:
H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid) <–> CO2 + H2O
a13CH2CO3-CO2 = (13C/12C) H2CO3/(13C/12C) CO2 = 1.0079 (at 25˚C)
Temperature Effect on Equilibrium Fractionation:
a approaches zero (i.e., less fractionation) at higher temperatures
Equilibrium Exchange Reactions
EvaporationVapor is formed from the liquid and the amount of original liquid remaining
declines, as in an evaporating lake or beaker of water.
Rayleigh Distillation/Fractionation
Equation describing Rayleigh Distillation:
Rt = R0 f (a–1)
Rt and R0 are the isotopic ratios at time t and at t=0f = fraction remaining at time (t)
a = equilibrium fractionation factor
dL = (1000 + d0) f (a-1) – 1000
Rayleigh Distillation/Fractionation
d18 O
Fraction
Rt = R0 f (a–1)
a = 1.0092
9.2‰ at any fraction(assuming 25˚C)
Rayleigh fractionation can also describe the process of isotope fractionation as a vapor
mass condenses (e.g., rainfall)
Rayleigh Distillation/Fractionation
The forward reaction rate is accelerated relative to the backward reaction and the opportunity for backward mixing diminishes.
Reactant Product
Most Biological (Enzyme) Reactions
For unidirectional reactions (e.g., enzyme reactions), the ratio of reaction rate constants (k) determines the fractionation.
light isotope rate constant
fractionation factor
heavy isotope rate constant
Kinetic Reactions
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