introduction to process technology

Introduction to Process Introduction to Process TechnologyTechnology

Unit 4Basic Physics

ObjectivesObjectives

• TLW understand physical and mechanical systems and related careers: (TEKS 9.A. - 9.D) – Describe application of physical and

mechanical systems– Describe career oportunities– Apply design concepts– Identify emerging issues with these

systems

• What is Physics?• Properties and Structure of

Matter• Temperature Transfer• Temperature and Evaporation• Physics Laws• Fluid Flow

Today’s AgendaToday’s Agenda

• Physics is the study of force on matter and energy– Matter – something that has mass

and volume

– Energy – anything that causes matter to change, but does not have properties of matter

What is Physics?What is Physics?

Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc TechsTechs

• Explains the basic principles of the equipment they use on a day-to-day basis. Examples –

• Allows them to understand the processes used to convert raw products to end products

Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc TechsTechs

• Allows them to understand how to troubleshoot the process or to identify a problem and then solve the problem

• Allows them to understand how the process affects other processes downstream

Conservation of MatterConservation of Matter

• Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed

• Matter is considered to be indestructible

Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only changed

• Energy is considered to be indestructible

States of EnergyStates of Energy

• Potential – energy in a stored state

• Kinetic – energy in an active state (energy of motion or velocity)

• Atoms – smallest unit of an element– Protons– Neutrons– Electrons

• Molecule – substance comprised of 2 or more atoms

Structure of MatterStructure of Matter

• Atomic Number

• Atomic Weight

Structure of Matter Structure of Matter (Continued)(Continued)

• Solids

• Liquids

• Gases & Vapors

• Plasma

Matter and its StatesMatter and its States

• Mass

• Weight

• Volume

• Length

Extensive Properties of Extensive Properties of Matter Matter

• Density

• Specific Gravity

• Buoyancy

• Viscosity

Intensive Properties of Intensive Properties of Matter Matter

• Inertia

• Force

• Pressure

Intensive Properties of Intensive Properties of Matter Matter

Intensive Properties of Intensive Properties of Matter Matter

• Elasticity

• Speed / Velocity

• Friction

Heat TransferHeat Transfer

• British Thermal Unit (BTU) – English System

• Calorie – Metric System

Heat TransferHeat Transfer

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Heat TransferHeat Transfer

• Specific Heat

• Latent Heat

• Sensible Heat

• Superheated

Temperature and State Temperature and State ChangesChanges

• Temperature

• Boiling

• Evaporation

• Melting

Boiling PointBoiling Point

• The temperature of a liquid when its vapor pressure = the surrounding pressure

• Vapor pressure– A measure of a liquid’s volatility

and tendency to form a vapor– A function of the physical and

chemical properties of the liquid

Relationship of Boiling Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor pressure/ Point/vapor pressure/ surrounding pressuresurrounding pressure

• Liquids w/ High VP – Low BP• Liquids w/ Low VP – High BP• As surrounding Pressure

increases, then BP of liquid increases

Temperature and State Temperature and State ChangesChanges

• Condensing

• Freezing

• Sublimation

Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales

• Fahrenheit - oF

• Celsius - oC

• Kelvin - oK = oC + 273

• Rankine - oR = oF + 460

Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge MeasurementMeasurement

• Gauge Pressure (psig) – pressure measured with respect to sea level. Any pressure above atmospheric.– Pressure due to atmosphere = 14.7 PSIA– PSIG = PSIA - 14.7

• Absolute Pressure (psia) = Gauge pressure + atmospheric

– PSIG + 14.7

• Vacuum Pressure (psiv) < 14.7

Atmospheric pressure – Conversion Atmospheric pressure – Conversion factorsfactors

• 14.7 psi• 760 mm Hg• 29.92 in Hg

• Vapor Pressure – higher bond strength, the lower the vapor pressure

• Boiling Point – lower the vapor pressure, higher the boiling point. Increase the pressure, increase the boiling point

• Melting Point

• Freezing Point

To the TextbookTo the Textbook

• Chapter 10 – Basic Physics (pages 130 – 155)

• Read pages 130 – 136

• Answer questions 1 – 14 on pages 152 - 154

Physics LawsPhysics Laws

• Boyle’ Law• Charles’ Law• Gay-Lussac’s Law• General (Ideal) Gas Law• Dalton’s Law• Bernoulli’s Law

NASA Video

NASA Video

General Gas LawGeneral Gas Law

• P1V1 = P2V2

n1T1 n2T2

Why Attention to Pressure Why Attention to Pressure is Importantis Important

Working with vacuums

Tanker Implodes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz95_VvTxZM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Overpressure situation

Dalton’s Law of Partial Dalton’s Law of Partial PressuresPressures

Bernoulli PrincipleBernoulli Principle

Bernoulli’s PrincipleBernoulli’s Principle

Fluid FlowFluid Flow

• Laminar Flow

• Turbulent Flow

Laminar FlowLaminar Flow

Turbulent FlowTurbulent Flow

Turbulent flowTurbulent flow

Factors Affecting FlowFactors Affecting Flow

• Viscosity• • Friction

• Obstructions

Gas Laws and Flow Principles Gas Laws and Flow Principles in Actionin Action

• Balloon Rockets – Conceptual Physics lab manual pages 55 & 56

• Incorporate the 8 Principles of Engineering Design link– Work up preliminary sketches prior

to launch– Write up observations and learnings

• Summary• Chapter 10 – questions 15 – 25

pages 154 & 155• Homework – Worksheets from

college manual• Activity – Floating Egg (textbook

page 155)