intro to anatomy terms

Intro to Anatomy Terms

Body Planes and Positions

• Designed to improve communication between all medical fields.

• Medical Standard

Anatomical Position• Standing•Facing Forward•Palms Facing Forward

• Medical Professional standard

Supine and Prone• Supine – Lying

down with the face up. (looking at a pine tree)

• Prone – Lying face down.

Frontal PlaneCoronal Plane• Divides the body into:

•Anterior –•Refers to front of body•Ventral

•Posterior•Refers to the back of the body•Dorsal

Sagittal PlaneImaginary line that divides body into left and right halves is known as the midline.

•Medial :•If a body part faces the midline it is said to be medial.

•Lateral:• If a body part is located away from the midline it is said to be lateral

Transverse PlaneAKA Horizontal Plane•Imaginary line that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. It is perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes.•Cranial –

•Refers to closer to the head•Proximal- Towards an attachment

•Caudal –•Refers to closer to the feet•Distal –Away from an attachment

Skin• Outermost surface of body• Largest organ of body• Guards the underlying muscles,

bones, ligaments, and internal organs.

• A break in the skin is a Wound.• Scar Tissue

Bones• Over 206 Skeletal bones in the

body• 3 primary functions

1. Protection• EX: Skull and Ribs

2. Movement3. Metabolically active

• Produce blood cells• Store calcium and phosphorus

SkeletonAxial•consists of the approx. 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body.•It is the central core of the body and where the appendicular skeleton attaches•comprised of five parts1. Skull (22)2. Ossicles of inner ear

(6) 3. Hyoid Bone (1)4. Rib Cage (25)5. Vertebral Column

(33)

SkeletonAppendicular•is composed of 134 bones in the human body•Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper limbs).•Composed of 6 parts1. Pectoral Girdle (4)2. Arm and Forearm (6)3. Hands (58)4. Pelvis (2)5. Thigh and Leg (8)6. Feet (56)

Bone Types and Shapes• Long – ex. Femur

• Epiphysis – Growth Plate where growth occurs• Short – ex. Metacarpal • Flat – ex. Scapula• Irregular – ex. Vertebrae• Sesamoid – ex. Knee Cap

Cartilage

• Types• Hyaline cartilage: makes

up the majority of the body's cartilage. It lines the bones in joints, helping them to articulate smoothly

• Elastic cartilage: is more flexible than the other types This type of cartilage is found in the outer ear, the larynx, and the Eustachian tube.

• Fibrocartilage : is the strongest and most rigid type of cartilage. Fibrocartilage makes up the intervertebral discs, connects tendons and ligaments to bones, and appears in other high-stress areas.

•Functions to join structures•Absorb shock•Permit smooth bone movement

Muscles

3 Classifications

Skeletalis the type of muscle that we can see and feel. When a body builder works out to increase muscle mass, skeletal muscle is what is being exercised. Skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and come in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to move it back the other way. These muscles usually contract voluntarily, meaning that you think about contracting them and your nervous system tells them to do so. They can do a short, single contraction (twitch) or a long, sustained contraction (tetanus).

Smoothis found in your digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, airways and, the uterus. Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time. It contracts involuntarily, meaning that you do not have to think about contracting it because your nervous system controls it automatically. For example, your stomach and intestines do their muscular thing all day long, and, for the most part, you never know what's going on in there.

Cardiacis found only in your heart, and its big features are endurance and consistency. It can stretch in a limited way, like smooth muscle, and contract with the force of a skeletal muscle. It is a twitch muscle only and contracts involuntarily

Tendons

• Attach muscle to bone

• Transmits the forces that

Muscles exert

Ligaments•Connects bone to bone•Helps form Joints

Types of Joints• Diarthrodial

• The most common and movable type of joint, which is characterized by the presence of a layer of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage that lines the opposing bony surfaces, as well as a lubricating synovial fluid within the synovial cavity.

Synovial Joints

Amphiarthrodial

•Those joints that have cartilage attaching two bones together.•Also, known as cartilaginous jointsEx: Ribs and Sternum

Synarthrodial•Also called, Fibrous Joints•Held together by tough connective tissue•ImmovableEx: Bones of the skull

Body Movements

Abduction/Adduction• Abduction –

Moving away from the Midline of the body

• Adduction – Moving towards the midline

Flexion/Extension• Flexion - Movement that

decreases the joint angle

• Extension – Movement that increases joint angle

Supination/Pronation• Supination –

Causes the hand to face anteriorly. (Holding Soup)

• Pronation – rotation of radius over the ulna causing hand to face posteriorly

Dorsiflexion/PlantarFlexion

• Dorsiflexion – lifting the foot at the ankle joint towards the body

• Plantarflexion – Downward movement of the ankle. Pointing toes to the ground

Inversion/Eversion• Inversion –

Moving the sole of the foot medially

• Eversion – Moving the sole of the foot laterally

Retraction/Protraction• Retraction –

Posterior movemtn without change in angle

• Protraction – Anterior displacement without change in angle

Elevation/Depression• Elevation – Lifting

superiorly

• Depression – Pressing body part inferiorly

Lateral and Medial Rotation

• Lateral Roattion – Turning a bone or limb away from the midline

• Medial Rotation – Turing medial towards midline

Circumduction• Circumduction –

movement that is circular