intrauterine growth restriction
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01/05/2023 Okechukwu Ugwu 1
Diagnosis and Management of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Dr Okechukwu UgwuLagos University Teaching Hospital.
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OUTLINEINTRODUCTIONDEFINITIONSPATHOPHYSIOLOGYCLASSIFICATION OF IUGRRISK FACTORSDIAGNOSISMANAGEMENTCOMPLICATIONSPREVENTIONCONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTIONIUGR is a common and complex obstetric problem3 - 10% of all pregnancies50 % of preterm stillbirths/ 25% of term stillbirths.Perinatal mortality is 8 - 10 times higher for these fetuses: 6- 30% in developing
countries
IUGR is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality
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DEFINITIONSIUGR is failure of a foetus to reach its full growth potential.
EFW ≤ 10th percentile for GA- (ACOG and RCOG)
EFW < 2 SDs below mean weight for GA
AC < 10% for GA
EFW ≤ 5th percentile for GA
Ponderal Index < 10th percentile
Normal & IUGR Newborn babies
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PATHOPHYSIO -1 (Normal Intrauterine Growth pattern)
Stage I (Hyperplasia) - 4 to 20 weeks - Rapid mitosis - Increase of DNA content
Stage II (Hyperplasia & Hypertrophy) - 20 to 28 weeks - Declining mitosis. - Increase in cell size
Stage III ( Hypertrophy) - 28 to 40 weeks - Rapid increase in cell size. - Rapid accumulation of fat, muscle
and connective tissue.80% of fetal weight gain occurs during
last 20 weeks of gestations.
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PATHOPHYSIO-2 DETERMINANTS OF FETAL GROWTH
Maternal nutrition and health status- weight and height
Uteroplacental blood flow
Uteroplacental substrate uptake
Placental transfer function
Umbilical blood flow
Fetal endocrine status
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PATHOPHYSIO-3 Physiology of Growth Factors
Glucose
IGF-1
IGF-2
Thyroxine- cerebral and skeletal
Leptin
Angiogenic factors
Cortisol
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CLASSIFICATIONBased on onset in pregnancy, cause and prognosis
Symmetric: early onset, proportionate decrease in all organs, ≈ 20%
Assymetric : late onset ,disproportionate decrease in all organs- AC affected > HC- 80%
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Classification• Based on USS examination small fetuses are
divided into two categories
Healthy SGA or True IUGR orConstitutionally small Pathologically growth restricted
Type –I Type –IISymmetrical IUGR Asymmetrical IUGRIntrinsic IUGR Extrinsic IUGR
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Symmetrical IUGR(20%)Growth inhibition in stage I (hyperplastic
stage): - Reduced number of cells in fetus. - Normal cell size.Features-
Uniformly smallPonderal Index(Birth wt /Normal
HC/AC-NormalFL/AC-Normal
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Asymmetrical IUGR(80%)Pathophysiology Growth Inhibition in Stage II/III
(Hyperplasia & Hypertrophy) -Decrease in cell size and fetal weight-Less effect on total cell numeric, fetal length, head circumference.
FeaturesHead > Abdomen(Due to brain sparing effect)Ponderal Index(Birth wt /-LowHC/AC- IncreasedFL/AC- Increased
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RISKMaternal
Placental
Foetal
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RISK FACTORS- MATERNALMaternal malnutritionlow socioeconomic statusSubstance abuse/AlcoholMaternal BMIPrevious hx of IUGR babySmokingDrugs- warfarin, anticonvulsants, antineoplastic agents, and folic acid antagonists Maternal Chronic anaemiaCaffeine
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RISK FACTORS-2 MATERNALHemoglobinopathies
High altitudes
short inter pregnancy interval
ART
maternal disease conditions- HTN, DM, Renal dx, PE.
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RISK FACTORS-3 PLACENTAPlacental abruption, Placental infarction Foetal villous obliterationDiffuse chronic villitis Placental haemangiomaSingle umbilical arteryVelamentous cord insertion Placenta praeviaChorioangioma
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RISK FACTORS-4 FoetalCongenital malformationsInborn errors of metabolismCongenital InfectionsChromosomal anomaliesMultiple pregnanciessex ( male 150 -200g >female )Single gene disorders such as Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Russell
Silver syndrome, Fanconi’s anemia, Bloom syndrome
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Diagnosis- 1 Establish accurate dating
Identification of risk factors by obtaining medical history
BP, Urinalysis
SFH/ Abdominal girth
Infectious workup/MP/FBC
Ultrasound- Biometry HC/AC ratio, FL/AC ratio, BPD
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Diagnosis-2
Ponderal index (PI),
Amniocentesis
serum analytes screening
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MANAGEMENT-1Gestational age at diagnosis, confirmed aetiology, Risk of IUD versus
preterm delivery, level of expertise- Paradox
Parental counselling extremely important
Each case must be individualized
Investigating for underlying causes and instituting appropriate
treatment
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MANAGEMENT -2Fetal movement count (FMC)
Biophysical profile (BPP)/modified BPP
Serial USS for growth
Doppler studies
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Doppler StudiesRecent advances in foetal surveillance technique
Umbilical artery
MCA
Ductus Venosus
Descending aorta
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Timing of Delivery At present there is no effective intervention to alter the course of FGR except delivery-GRIT
Risk of fetal hypoxaemia and acidaemia versus complications of prematurity must be weighed
Evidence of fetal Lung maturity
Delivery should be considered at or near term
Must be in a center with facilities for CS and Neonatal care
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GROWTH RESTRICTION NEAR TERMPrompt delivery is likely best for the foetus
Most obstetricians recommend delivery from 34 weeks and beyond
With reassuring foetal surveillance, Vaginal delivery may be attempted
Expectant management can be guided using Antepartum foetal surveillance
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GROWTH RESTRICTION REMOTE FROM TERMObservation is recommended while doing foetal surveillanceScreen for likely aetiology
Managements decision depends on relative risk of foetal death versus preterm delivery
No specific treatment measure ameliorates the condition.
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TREATMENT MEASURESAdmission, Bed rest- Left lateral positionImproving dietCessation of alcohol, smoking, illicit drugsCorticosteroidsFrequent antenatal visits3-4 Weekly USS for EFWAspirin, nitric oxide donorsMgSO4Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Sildenafil
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Mode of DeliveryEvery case must be individualizedDeterminants: underlying aetiology, GA, severity of IUGR, fetal surveillance
Parameters, Facilities availableObstetric factors e.g. malpresentationVaginal delivery Low threshold for CSCS better with severe growth restriction
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Mode of Delivery• Fetuses with significant IUGR should be preferably delivered in well equiped
centres which can provide intrapartum continuous fetal heart monitoring , fetal blood sampling and expert neonatal care.
• Vaginal delivery: can be allowed as long as there is no obstetric indication for caesarian section and fetal heart rate is normal.
• Fetuses with major anomaly incompatible with life should also be delivered vaginally.
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Labour and DeliveryIntense surveillance in labourHigh risk of fetal distress, cord compressionUse of PantographContinuous electronic fetal monitoringLeft lateral positionO2 administration (if indicated)Low threshold for CSNeonatologist or personnel skilled in NN resuscitation present
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Caesarian sectionThese include: Repetitive late decelerations
poor biophysical profilereversal of end diastolic flow in umbilical arteryabnormal venous dopplerblood gas analysis showing acidic pH on cordocentesis.
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COMPLICATIONS- NeonatePrematurityPerinatal asphyxiaMeconium aspirationSepsisNECStillbirthSIDSIncreased PN morbidity and mortality
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COMPLICATIONS- Long term
Risk of IHD, stroke ,HTN, DM , Metabolic syndrome
Low IQ
Short stature in adult life
Poor neurologic and cognitive function
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Prevention• Improvement in nutritional status• Preconception counseling and care• Malarial antiprophylaxis• Cessation of smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use• Low dose aspirin• Correction of anaemia, iron supplememtation• Care with use of medications• Immunization with rubella vaccine in susceptible females• protein/energy supplementation• vitamin/mineral supplementation
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ConclusionIUGR is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality. It is important for obstetricians to recognize the foetus(es) at risk of IUGR. The foremost priority is to establish the dating criteria and further identify the modifiable risk factors and optimize the maternal systemic disease.
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REFERENCES1. Suhag A, Berghella V. Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR): etiology and diagnosis. Curr
Obstet Gynecol Rep. 2013;2:102–11 2. Figueras F, Gardosi J. Intrauterine growth restriction: new concepts in antenatal surveillance,
diagnosis, and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol (AJOG) 2011;204:288–300 3. Juncao C, Xiaoyuan G, Pingyang C. Effect of L-arginine and sildenafil citrate on intrauterine
growth restriction fetuses: a meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016; 16: 225. 4. Nassar AH, Masrouha KZ, Itani H, Nader KA, Usta IM. Effects of sildenafil in Nω-nitro-L-
arginine methyl ester-induced intrauterine growth restriction in a rat model. Am J Perinatol. 2012 Jun;29(6):429-34
5. Radoń-Pokracka M, Huras H, Jach R. Intrauterine growth restriction--diagnosis and treatment. Przegl Lek. 2015;72(7):376-82.
6. Ibrahim A, Suneet PC, Malgorzata M, Nader R, Eugene C. Uncomplicated Pregnancies and Ultrasounds for Fetal Growth Restriction: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. AJP Rep. 2016 Mar; 6(1): e83–e90.
7. Ohkawa N, Shoji H, Ikeda N, Suganuma H, Shimizu T. Relationship between insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin and ghrelin levels and catch-up growth in small for gestational age infants of 27-31 weeks during neonatal intensive care unit admission. J Paediatr Child Health. 2016 Aug 27.
8. Ohagwu CC, Abu PO, Ezeokeke UO, Ugwu AC. Relationship between placental thickness and growth parameters in normal Nigerian foetuses . African Journal of Biotechnology ; 2009,Vol. 8 133-138.
9. Iroha EO , Ezeaka VC , Akinsulie AO , Temiye EO , Adetifa IM . Maternal HIV infection and intrauterine growth: a prospective study in Lagos, Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine [2007, 26(2):121-125
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