international air quality standards laura knudsen, international studies, environmental studies,...

International Air Quality StandardsInternational Air Quality StandardsLaura Knudsen, International Studies, Environmental Studies, Quantitative ScienceLaura Knudsen, International Studies, Environmental Studies, Quantitative Science

Professor Peter Guttorp, Statistics, University of WashingtonProfessor Peter Guttorp, Statistics, University of Washington

US FOCUSUS FOCUS

EUEU USUS UKUK CHINACHINA SWEDENSWEDEN SOUTH SOUTH AFRICAAFRICA

MEXICOMEXICO

GENERAL GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION and REGULATION and

INFORMATION INFORMATION BODIESBODIES

*European *European Environment Environment CommissionCommission

*European *European Environment Environment Information Information

and and Observation Observation

NetworkNetwork

*US *US Environmental Environmental

Protection Protection AgencyAgency

*UK *UK Department Department

for for Environment, Environment,

Food and Food and Rural Affairs Rural Affairs

(DEFRA)(DEFRA)

*State *State Environmental Environmental Protection on Protection on

Administration Administration (SEPA)(SEPA)

*China *China National National

Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring

Center Center (CNEMC)(CNEMC)

*Swedish *Swedish Environmental Environmental

Protection Protection Agency Agency (SEPA)(SEPA)

*Department *Department of of

Environmental Environmental Affairs & Affairs & Tourism Tourism (DEA&T)(DEA&T)

*Secretary of *Secretary of the the

Environment Environment and Natural and Natural Resources Resources

(SEMARNAT)(SEMARNAT)

MAJOR AIR MAJOR AIR QUALITY QUALITY

ASSESSMENT, ASSESSMENT, REGULATION AND REGULATION AND

ENFORCEMENT ENFORCEMENT TOOLSTOOLS

*EU Emissions *EU Emissions Trading Trading SchemeScheme

---Must be ---Must be implemented implemented by national by national legislationlegislation

*Clean Air Act *Clean Air Act and National and National Ambient Air Ambient Air

Quality Quality StandardsStandards

*SEMAQ *SEMAQ ((Satellite-Satellite-Assisted Assisted

Management Management of Air Quality)of Air Quality)

*Stack Tests*Stack Tests

*UK Air *UK Air Quality Quality

IndicatorsIndicators

*UK Air *UK Air Quality Quality ArchiveArchive

*UK Emissions *UK Emissions Trading Trading RegistryRegistry

*3 Different *3 Different Grades of Air Grades of Air

Quality Quality Standards (I, II, Standards (I, II,

III)III)

*Sulfur filters *Sulfur filters will be will be

installed by installed by 20102010

*Taxes *Taxes

---Carbon Tax, ---Carbon Tax, Sulfur Tax, Sulfur Tax, Nitrogen Nitrogen

Oxide Oxide Emissions Fee Emissions Fee

ProgramProgram

*National *National Environmental Environmental Management Management

Act (1998)Act (1998)

*Air Quality *Air Quality ActAct

**Environmental Environmental Information Information

SystemSystem

*Mexico *Mexico National National

Emissions Emissions InventoryInventory

ENFORCEMENTENFORCEMENT

STANDARDSSTANDARDS EUROPEAN UNION FOCUSEUROPEAN UNION FOCUSEuropean UnionEuropean Union USUS UKUK CHINA (CHINA (g/mg/m33)) SWEDENSWEDEN MEXICOMEXICO WHOWHO

SOSO22

1 hour1 hour

350 350 g/mg/m33

may may be be exceeded exceeded 24X/year24X/year

350 ug/m350 ug/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 24X/year24X/year

Grade 1: 150Grade 1: 150

Grade 2: 500 Grade 2: 500 Grade 3: 700Grade 3: 700

200 200 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 175X/year175X/year

24 hour24 hour

125 125 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 3X/year3X/year

367 367 g/mg/m3 3

may be may be exceeded exceeded 1X/year1X/year

125 125 g/mg/m

may be may be exceeded exceeded 3X/year3X/year

Grade 1: 50 Grade 1: 50 Grade 2: 150 Grade 2: 150 Grade 3: 250Grade 3: 250

100 100 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 7X/year7X/year

340 340 g/mg/m33 20 20 g/mg/m33

AnnualAnnual 21 21 g/mg/m33 79 79 g/mg/m33

Grade 1: 20 Grade 1: 20 Grade 2: 60 Grade 2: 60

Grade 3: 100 Grade 3: 100 20 20 g/mg/m33 79 79 g/mg/m33

NONO22

1 hour1 hour

200 200 g/mg/m3 3

may be may be exceeded exceeded 18X/year18X/year

200 200 g/mg/m

may be may be exceeded exceeded 18X/year18X/year

Grade 1: 120 Grade 1: 120 Grade 2: 240 Grade 2: 240 Grade 3: 240Grade 3: 240

90 90 g/mg/m3 3

may be may be exceeded exceeded 175X/year175X/year

395 395 g/mg/m33 200 200 g/mg/m33

AnnualAnnual 40 40 g/mg/m33 100 100 g/mg/m33 40 40 g/mg/mGrade 1: 40 Grade 1: 40 Grade 2: 80 Grade 2: 80 Grade 3: 80Grade 3: 80

40 40 g/mg/m33 40 40 g/mg/m33

PM (10)PM (10)

24 hour24 hour

50 50 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 35X/year35X/year

150 150 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded

1X/year 1X/year over an over an average of average of 3 3

yearsyears

50 50 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 35X/year35X/year

Grade 1: 50 Grade 1: 50 Grade 2: 150 Grade 2: 150 Grade 3: 250Grade 3: 250

50 50 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 35X/year35X/year

150 150 g/mg/m33 50 50 g/mg/m33

AnnualAnnual 40 40 g/mg/m33 40 40 g/mg/m33

Grade 1: 40 Grade 1: 40 Grade 2: 100 Grade 2: 100 Grade 3: 150Grade 3: 150

40 40 g/mg/m33 50 50 g/mg/m33 20 20 g/mg/m33

PM (2.5)PM (2.5)

24 hour24 hour 15 15 g/mg/m33 65 65 g/mg/m33 25 25 g/mg/m33

COCO

8 hour mean8 hour mean 10 mg/m10 mg/m33

10 mg/m10 mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 1X/year1X/year

10 mg/m10 mg/m33 13 mg/m13 mg/m33

OzoneOzone

8 hour mean8 hour mean

120 120 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 25 25

days/yeardays/year averaged over averaged over 3 3

yearsyears

157 157 g/mg/m33

120 120 g/mg/m33

may be may be exceeded exceeded 25 25

days/yeardays/year averaged over averaged over 3 3

yearsyears

120 120 g/mg/m33

100 100 g/mg/m33

1 hour mean1 hour mean236 236 g/mg/m33 Grade 1: 160 Grade 1: 160

Grade 2: 200 Grade 2: 200 Grade 3: 200Grade 3: 200

216 216 g/mg/m33

Standard battlesStandard battles

Source: EU Commission, 2004

THE NETHERLANDS

-Benchmarking Covenant clashes with EU-Benchmarking Covenant clashes with EU

Emissions Trading DirectiveEmissions Trading Directive

-Standards are more stringent than EU-Standards are more stringent than EU

standards standards

UNITED KINGDOM

-UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)-UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)

clashed with EU Emissions Trading clashed with EU Emissions Trading

Directive Directive

-Compromise between EU ETS and UK-Compromise between EU ETS and UK

ETS (exemption of some UK installations)ETS (exemption of some UK installations)

European Commission develops and researches standards

European Environment Agency provides information to the public and policy-makers

European Parliament and European Commission set standards

Each nation is in charge of creatingimplementation plans

European Court of Justice tries nations that do not comply

Criteria document developed by

EPA Office of Research and Development

Staff paper developed by

EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards

Criteria document and staff paper reviewed by the

Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC)

Public participation occurs at this stage.

EPA Administrator sets standards

States create implementation plans (SIP)

*states may have more strict standards than federal standard

Department of Ecology and Clean Air Agencies

monitor standards, prosecute and fine violators

Environmental Appeals Board

Fines and penalties may be appealed