international air quality standards laura knudsen, international studies, environmental studies,...
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International Air Quality StandardsInternational Air Quality StandardsLaura Knudsen, International Studies, Environmental Studies, Quantitative ScienceLaura Knudsen, International Studies, Environmental Studies, Quantitative Science
Professor Peter Guttorp, Statistics, University of WashingtonProfessor Peter Guttorp, Statistics, University of Washington
US FOCUSUS FOCUS
EUEU USUS UKUK CHINACHINA SWEDENSWEDEN SOUTH SOUTH AFRICAAFRICA
MEXICOMEXICO
GENERAL GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION and REGULATION and
INFORMATION INFORMATION BODIESBODIES
*European *European Environment Environment CommissionCommission
*European *European Environment Environment Information Information
and and Observation Observation
NetworkNetwork
*US *US Environmental Environmental
Protection Protection AgencyAgency
*UK *UK Department Department
for for Environment, Environment,
Food and Food and Rural Affairs Rural Affairs
(DEFRA)(DEFRA)
*State *State Environmental Environmental Protection on Protection on
Administration Administration (SEPA)(SEPA)
*China *China National National
Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring
Center Center (CNEMC)(CNEMC)
*Swedish *Swedish Environmental Environmental
Protection Protection Agency Agency (SEPA)(SEPA)
*Department *Department of of
Environmental Environmental Affairs & Affairs & Tourism Tourism (DEA&T)(DEA&T)
*Secretary of *Secretary of the the
Environment Environment and Natural and Natural Resources Resources
(SEMARNAT)(SEMARNAT)
MAJOR AIR MAJOR AIR QUALITY QUALITY
ASSESSMENT, ASSESSMENT, REGULATION AND REGULATION AND
ENFORCEMENT ENFORCEMENT TOOLSTOOLS
*EU Emissions *EU Emissions Trading Trading SchemeScheme
---Must be ---Must be implemented implemented by national by national legislationlegislation
*Clean Air Act *Clean Air Act and National and National Ambient Air Ambient Air
Quality Quality StandardsStandards
*SEMAQ *SEMAQ ((Satellite-Satellite-Assisted Assisted
Management Management of Air Quality)of Air Quality)
*Stack Tests*Stack Tests
*UK Air *UK Air Quality Quality
IndicatorsIndicators
*UK Air *UK Air Quality Quality ArchiveArchive
*UK Emissions *UK Emissions Trading Trading RegistryRegistry
*3 Different *3 Different Grades of Air Grades of Air
Quality Quality Standards (I, II, Standards (I, II,
III)III)
*Sulfur filters *Sulfur filters will be will be
installed by installed by 20102010
*Taxes *Taxes
---Carbon Tax, ---Carbon Tax, Sulfur Tax, Sulfur Tax, Nitrogen Nitrogen
Oxide Oxide Emissions Fee Emissions Fee
ProgramProgram
*National *National Environmental Environmental Management Management
Act (1998)Act (1998)
*Air Quality *Air Quality ActAct
**Environmental Environmental Information Information
SystemSystem
*Mexico *Mexico National National
Emissions Emissions InventoryInventory
ENFORCEMENTENFORCEMENT
STANDARDSSTANDARDS EUROPEAN UNION FOCUSEUROPEAN UNION FOCUSEuropean UnionEuropean Union USUS UKUK CHINA (CHINA (g/mg/m33)) SWEDENSWEDEN MEXICOMEXICO WHOWHO
SOSO22
1 hour1 hour
350 350 g/mg/m33
may may be be exceeded exceeded 24X/year24X/year
350 ug/m350 ug/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 24X/year24X/year
Grade 1: 150Grade 1: 150
Grade 2: 500 Grade 2: 500 Grade 3: 700Grade 3: 700
200 200 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 175X/year175X/year
24 hour24 hour
125 125 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 3X/year3X/year
367 367 g/mg/m3 3
may be may be exceeded exceeded 1X/year1X/year
125 125 g/mg/m
may be may be exceeded exceeded 3X/year3X/year
Grade 1: 50 Grade 1: 50 Grade 2: 150 Grade 2: 150 Grade 3: 250Grade 3: 250
100 100 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 7X/year7X/year
340 340 g/mg/m33 20 20 g/mg/m33
AnnualAnnual 21 21 g/mg/m33 79 79 g/mg/m33
Grade 1: 20 Grade 1: 20 Grade 2: 60 Grade 2: 60
Grade 3: 100 Grade 3: 100 20 20 g/mg/m33 79 79 g/mg/m33
NONO22
1 hour1 hour
200 200 g/mg/m3 3
may be may be exceeded exceeded 18X/year18X/year
200 200 g/mg/m
may be may be exceeded exceeded 18X/year18X/year
Grade 1: 120 Grade 1: 120 Grade 2: 240 Grade 2: 240 Grade 3: 240Grade 3: 240
90 90 g/mg/m3 3
may be may be exceeded exceeded 175X/year175X/year
395 395 g/mg/m33 200 200 g/mg/m33
AnnualAnnual 40 40 g/mg/m33 100 100 g/mg/m33 40 40 g/mg/mGrade 1: 40 Grade 1: 40 Grade 2: 80 Grade 2: 80 Grade 3: 80Grade 3: 80
40 40 g/mg/m33 40 40 g/mg/m33
PM (10)PM (10)
24 hour24 hour
50 50 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 35X/year35X/year
150 150 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded
1X/year 1X/year over an over an average of average of 3 3
yearsyears
50 50 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 35X/year35X/year
Grade 1: 50 Grade 1: 50 Grade 2: 150 Grade 2: 150 Grade 3: 250Grade 3: 250
50 50 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 35X/year35X/year
150 150 g/mg/m33 50 50 g/mg/m33
AnnualAnnual 40 40 g/mg/m33 40 40 g/mg/m33
Grade 1: 40 Grade 1: 40 Grade 2: 100 Grade 2: 100 Grade 3: 150Grade 3: 150
40 40 g/mg/m33 50 50 g/mg/m33 20 20 g/mg/m33
PM (2.5)PM (2.5)
24 hour24 hour 15 15 g/mg/m33 65 65 g/mg/m33 25 25 g/mg/m33
COCO
8 hour mean8 hour mean 10 mg/m10 mg/m33
10 mg/m10 mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 1X/year1X/year
10 mg/m10 mg/m33 13 mg/m13 mg/m33
OzoneOzone
8 hour mean8 hour mean
120 120 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 25 25
days/yeardays/year averaged over averaged over 3 3
yearsyears
157 157 g/mg/m33
120 120 g/mg/m33
may be may be exceeded exceeded 25 25
days/yeardays/year averaged over averaged over 3 3
yearsyears
120 120 g/mg/m33
100 100 g/mg/m33
1 hour mean1 hour mean236 236 g/mg/m33 Grade 1: 160 Grade 1: 160
Grade 2: 200 Grade 2: 200 Grade 3: 200Grade 3: 200
216 216 g/mg/m33
Standard battlesStandard battles
Source: EU Commission, 2004
THE NETHERLANDS
-Benchmarking Covenant clashes with EU-Benchmarking Covenant clashes with EU
Emissions Trading DirectiveEmissions Trading Directive
-Standards are more stringent than EU-Standards are more stringent than EU
standards standards
UNITED KINGDOM
-UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)-UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)
clashed with EU Emissions Trading clashed with EU Emissions Trading
Directive Directive
-Compromise between EU ETS and UK-Compromise between EU ETS and UK
ETS (exemption of some UK installations)ETS (exemption of some UK installations)
European Commission develops and researches standards
European Environment Agency provides information to the public and policy-makers
European Parliament and European Commission set standards
Each nation is in charge of creatingimplementation plans
European Court of Justice tries nations that do not comply
Criteria document developed by
EPA Office of Research and Development
Staff paper developed by
EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards
Criteria document and staff paper reviewed by the
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC)
Public participation occurs at this stage.
EPA Administrator sets standards
States create implementation plans (SIP)
*states may have more strict standards than federal standard
Department of Ecology and Clean Air Agencies
monitor standards, prosecute and fine violators
Environmental Appeals Board
Fines and penalties may be appealed