interactions between actors involved in planning and design decision processes prof.dr.ir. b. de...

Interactions between actors involved in

planning and design decision processes

Prof.dr.ir. B. de Vries

Actor roles

• Actors = Researcher + City

• Actors = Pedestrian + City

• Actors = Designer + City

Interactions between Researcher and City

B. de Vries

A. Tan

Research Project

• To assess the reliability and validity of interactive computer experiments, based on virtual reality systems, in the context of measuring activity-scheduling behavior

• Observed travel patterns are the result of underlying activity scheduling decision processes

….in other words

• Measure how accurate individuals are able to recall and retrieve every day memories, and in particular, data about the travel behavior

• In the new media: virtual reality

Research Design

• Compare the existing methods of data collection (diaries / questionnaires) against a benchmark (reality)

• Compare the new methods of data collection (virtual reality experiments) against a benchmark (reality)

• Compare accuracy levels between the above methods

The Process - 1

• The process consists of three parts.• The first part entails recording “reality”

benchmark• the Investigator “observes a Respondent

carry out his/her activities at a distance without detection”

• The second part requires the same Respondent to fill out a Questionnaire,

The Process - 2

• The third part involves travel in a virtual environment that mimics the Schedule of the Subject of the day and period that s/he was observed

Tasks in Virtual Travel

• A Respondent will be requested to recall and retrieve information about the schedule that was carried out during the period previously recorded by the Investigator

• The subject will be requested to provide information about the nature of each activity and in the sequence as carried out.

Choice of VR Technology

• Text based worlds

• 3D Model

• Panorama’s

Making of the Stereo Panorama’s

• Rotating double cameras fitted with fisheye lens

• Retouching

• Stitching

• Stereo correction

Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection

Sampled Groups

Type I Type II(a) “Followed” (Benchmark)

(b) Questionnaire

(c) Virtual Travel

(d) “Followed” (Benchmark)

(e) Virtual Travel

(f) Questionnaire

Comparison

1 = (a) + (b)

2 = (a) + (c)

3 = (a) + (b) + (c)

Comparison

4 = (d) + (e)

5 = (d) + (f)

6 = (d) + (e) + (f)

Data Analysis

• Ongoing• Some preliminary observations of PAPI

versus Observed• >50% of respondents report less number

of activities than observed (benchmark)• 2% report conduct of activities different

from that of observed• 50% of activity duration are over reported• 50% of travel time is under reported

Interactions between Pedestrian and City

B. de Vries

J. Dijkstra

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

•Architects and urban planners are often faced with the problem to assess how their design or planning decisions will affect the behavior of individuals.

•One way of addressing this problem is the use of models simulating the navigation of users in buildings and urban environments.

A Multi-Agent System

based on Cellular Automata

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

• Develop a model how pedestrian moves in a built and/or urban environment.• Pedestrians are represented by agents (actors).• The cellular automata model is used to simulate

their behavior across the network.

• A simulation model would allow the designer to assess how design decisions influence pedestrian activity/movement and hence performance indicators.

• Multi agent technology based on cellular automata can be used to develop a model how actors move around in a 2D or 3D environment. The 3D environment is a virtual reality based environment design.

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

• Important issues• Actors navigate in a virtual built/urban

environment, each with their own behavior, beliefs and intentions

• They perceive their environment and show some behavior according certain rules

• Practical experience from visits in the past• Activity agenda

• The simulation model, as a decision support tool could be very useful to apply possible modifications to the design concept - AMANDA

The network is the three-dimensional cellular automata model representation of a state at a certain time.

v = 2 cells / t

Agent Model

Virtu a l E n v iro n m en t

U s e r A g e n ts

A c to ra g e n t 1

A c to ra g e n t n

--------------

S u b je c ta g e n t

To o l-k it c o m p o n e n ts

Inte

rfac

e &

Mon

itori

ng A

genc

y

Use r M o d e

Ana lysis M o d e

Sim ula tio n M o d e

C e llu la rA u to m a ta

c o m p o n e n t

C o n jo in tM e a s u re m e n t

c o m p o n e n t

D e c is io nS u p p o r t

c o m p o n e n t

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

User AgentUser Agent

Define an user-agent as: U = < R | S >, where:

• R is finite set of role identifiers: {actor, subject}• S represents the scenario each user-agent i

possesses and includes

• Personal characteristics

• Agenda

• Behavioral principles

• Cognitive map

• Time budget

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

Point of DeparturePoint of Departure

• Design of a simulation experiment of pedestrian movement

• Considering a (T-junction) walkway where pedestrians will be randomly created at one of the entrances.

network grid and decision pointsnetwork grid and decision points

main decision point

remaining walkway section decision point

section bound

E1 E2

E3

°

°

° ° °

°

° °

° S6

S7

S8S10 S9

°

°

°

S11

S12

S13

° ° ° S14S15S16

° ° ° ° ° S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

S18S17

S19 S20

Movement rulesRule3: check cell IF cell isn’t occupied by an actor and

celltype=’empty’ or celltype=’decision’ THEN Walk ELSE goto Rule4

Rule4: check adjacent cells IF the cell over to the left (right) isn’t occupied by an actor THEN Move to the left (right) cell ELSE Wait

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

IntroductionIntroduction

MotivationMotivation

Network modelNetwork model

Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel

Simulation Simulation model model

DiscussionDiscussion

For example:For example:

We will get more insight into the influence We will get more insight into the influence that store layouts have on consumer that store layouts have on consumer circulation patterns and shopping behavior circulation patterns and shopping behavior in retail environments.in retail environments.

Interactions between Designer and City

B. de Vries

V. Tabak

Mass Modeling on the Urban Scale

• Relevance

• The system• DDDoolz• VISTA

Traditional: Sketch + Scale Model

Strengths

Quick

No restrictions

Simple

Abstract

Weaknesses

Inaccurate

Error prone

Chaotic

Redundancy

Computers in the early design stage

Strength:

Visualisation and Communication

Weakness:

Too accurate and too complex

Programme

Requirements:

•Living – Labour

•Open spaces

Houses: approx. 250

Living(12x7x3)

Labour(6x7x3)

Building blocks

Urban plan 3D model

Scale

DDDoolz

Basic Principle

Drag and Copy

Edge Drag

Extrude

Intrude

VISTA

Block

Block Basic shape with a specific function.

Objects

Stroke

Stroke Repersentation of greens, roads, etc.

Group

Group Collection of objects

Roof shapes Shapes on top of blocks

Roofshape

Manipulations Move

Select object and transfer.

Rotate Select object and rotate around one axis

Stretch Select object and extend in one direction.

Delete Click on waste bastket of selected object.

Object handles

Three rotation axes.

Two grips per axis.

One waste basket.

X

Experiences

• Almost as intuitive as paper and pencil

• Increased control over planning requirements

Workshop

Agenda

• Introduction

• Discussion

• Instruction

• Assignment

• Discussion and Conclusion

Position

1. Are Pen and Paper unbeatable ?

2. What makes a creative tool ?

Discussion

Instruction

• DDDoolz

• VisTa

Assignment

• Choose one design tool• Determine design task• Determine performances

• Design• Tool

• Execute task• With traditional means (3/4 hour)• With computer tool (3/4 hour)

• Draw conclusions on performances

Discussionand

Conclusion