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Information Services

Citations and bibliographies

Learning Resource Centre

Information Skills tutorial

Before you begin… This presentation is intended to be

a basic guide only Please check your School’s policy

on referencing – you should find this in your Student handbook

Or consult your tutor

Why reference? to support an argument or claim

you are making to acknowledge other peoples’

ideas or work to show evidence of the breadth

and depth of your own reading to avoid being accused of

plagiarism

Citations referring to other people’s work in

your own work is known as “citing” a list is given at the end of your

work, of all the items you refer to the citations should contain

sufficient information for someone else to be able to trace the item

Citations keep a careful record of all the

items you read as you read them take the details from the title page

or reverse, not the front cover if you keep the list on a computer

you can keep it in alphabetical order

this is known as a bibliography

Reference lists v bibliographies

a reference list is a list of all the items you have mentioned in your essay or work - in alphabetical order

a bibliography is a complete list of all the above PLUS everything you have read around the subject that has helped you to write your essay or work

Bibliographies

use the Harvard referencing system!

links on Google www.google.com – enter Harvard

referencing and click UK only

Books – single author

McCavity, Phil (1980): Dentistry today. London, Association of Dentists.

Books – two authors

Bull, J and M Gate (1989): Breeding dairy cows. London, United Farming Press.

Books – 3 or more authors

Builder, Bob, et al (1993): Construction practice. London, Town House Publications.

et al means “and others” in Latin your tutor may prefer you to list ALL

the authors instead – check first

Corporate authors Put the name of the organisation

as the author:

Institute of Waste Management (1995): Ways to improve recycling. Northampton, Institute of Waste Management.

Books - editors

Beanstalk, Jack (ed.) (1986): Success with vegetables. Oxford, Giant Co.

2 authors from the same year

Put the titles in alphabetical order and call the references a, b, c, etc.

Brett, P. (2002a): Bench joinery. Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes.

Brett, P. (2002b): Site carpentry and joinery level 2. Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes.

A chapter/article within a book

Ewbank, R (1999): “Animal welfare”, in Management and welfare of farm animals. 4th ed, Wheathampstead, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, p.1-15.

for page numbers, use p.25, pp.94-191 or :94-191 or ,94-191

Journal articles put the title of the article in “quotes” put the name of the Journal in italics

Shaw, Philip (2005): “Estimating local extinction rates over successive time-frames”, Biological Conservation, 121 (2), 281-7.

Newspaper articles same as journal articles but if there is no author (e.g. a short

news item) use the Newspaper name as a corporate author

Guardian, The (2005): “Guardian appeal tops £1.5m”. The Guardian. 19 January 2005, p.2.

A thesis or dissertation similar to a book reference -

Brown, Michael (1980): The problems of making and maintaining a medieval style garden today. M.A. Thesis, Birkbeck.

Reports

similar to a book reference:

Curry, Donald (2002): Farming and food: A sustainable future: Report of the policy commission on the future of food and farming. London, Cabinet Office.

British Standards

British Standards Institute (1984): Nursery stock – Part 4: Specification for forest trees. BS3936-4. London: BSI.

Government publication

Similar to a corporate author reference:

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2004): Improving lamb survival. London, DEFRA.

CD-ROM

The Keyskill Company (1999): Vetlogic: The skeletal system. [CD ROM] Stroud, The Keyskill Company.

WWW document

Dogbreedinfo.com (1998-2005): English Foxhound. [Online] Available from http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/englishfoxhound.htm [Accessed 27 January 2005].

Other types of material...

legislation Patents unpublished material (grey literature) electronic material videos, films e-journals…. etc etc

References and citations within your work

White and Gilbert say “Using a detailed soil strategy is an essential part of the habitat creation planning process” (White and Gilbert, 2003, p.55).

OR: White and Gilbert (2003) point out that a soil strategy is a necessary part of planning.

Use 3 dots … for a word/part of a word within a direct quote to show where you are missing out sections/words of the quote (4 dots …. If the omission includes a full stop).

Citing references to resources you have not actually seen

state in your text that Colin Smith (Gibbs and Carroll, 1978, p.7) says “…….”

put the Gibbs and Carroll book and page number(s) in your bibliography

If you can’t find the details

author not given [anon] no place (sine loco) [s.l.] no publisher (sine nomine)[s.n.] no date [n.d.] not known [n.k.]

With thanks to…..

Learning Resources Services, UCN (2003): Referencing guide questions and answers - the Harvard system. University of Northampton. http://library.northampton.ac.uk/subjects/subject.php?sid=28&pid=1 [Accessed 8 December 2006].

The Library, University of Sheffield (2000): Writing a bibliography. [Online] Available from www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.pdf [Accessed 2 September 2005].

Thank you!

Learning Resource Centre

Information Services