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This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
INDTECH2018Innovative industries for smart
growth
29-31 October, 2018
Vienna, Austria
www.indtech2018.eu@IndTech2018
#IndTech2018
1st Forum on the EIC Horizon Prize for ‘Innovative Batteries for eVehicles’
Rechargeable Batteries for E-Vehicles: State-of-the-art, Challenges and Perspectives
Dr. Tobias Placke
University of Münster
MEET Battery Research Center
Münster, Germany
31.10.2018
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
How does an ideal battery look like? What are key requirements?
Is it possible to develop a “1000 km battery” today?
Yes, but…
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Battery Technology is the Key to Fulfill Customer Requirements for E-Vehicles
Customer requirements for performance and economics have to be fulfilled.
Technological limitations of battery performance and charging infrastructure have to be eliminated.
Customer acceptance depends on:
Range Cost Power Design
Real range at low T
Lifetime Charging
time Power at
low SOC & T
Safety (“must be”)
Sustain-ability (awareness?)
Buying decision User’s experience Not decisive
(1)
(1) P. Lamp, BMW Group, Next Generation Automotive Batteries: Challenges in Research and Application ,Talk at 2nd Graz Battery Days 28.09.2016.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Excellent Times for Electrochemical Energy Storage (= Batteries and More)
Global market for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in xEVs (HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, etc.) and energy storage applications is huge.
xEV market based on LIB technology has recently become the largest.
(1) Pillot, C. Talk at Advanced Automotive Battery Conference (AABC) Europe, Mainz 2018.
(1)
(1)
others: power tools, gardeningtools, e-bikes, medicaldevices, etc.
cell level
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Battery Performance Targets: Energy Density and more
*: pack level
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
energy density
specific energy
Ener
gy d
ensi
ty (
Wh L
-1)
Year
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Spec
ific
ener
gy (
Wh k
g-1)
Physicochemical limit: 400 Wh/kg, 800 Wh/L(1)
LIBs approach their physicochemical limit Current energy density: ≈260 Wh/kg & ≈700 Wh/L (18650-type cells) Further energy-optimization becomes increasingly difficult
Roadmap of key performance parameters for automotive application (from OEM perspective)(2)
(1) Placke, T.; Kloepsch, R.; Dühnen, S.; Winter, M. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2017, 21, 1939.
(2) Andre, D.; Kim, S.-J.; Lamp, P.; Lux, S. F.; Maglia, F.; Paschos, O.; Stiaszny, B. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 6709.
Evolutionary Development
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Battery Performance Targets: Energy Density and more
*: pack level
Roadmap of key performance parameters for automotive application (from OEM perspective)(2)
(1) Placke, T.; Kloepsch, R.; Dühnen, S.; Winter, M. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2017, 21, 1939.
(2) Andre, D.; Kim, S.-J.; Lamp, P.; Lux, S. F.; Maglia, F.; Paschos, O.; Stiaszny, B. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 6709.
Energy
Lifetimeand/orPower
Energy
Cost
Performance parameters are affecting each other and need to be well balanced!
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
The Battery Value Chain: From Material Level to Pack Level
(1)
Material level(active materials)
Electrode level(binder, conductive
additive,current collectors)
Cell level(separator,
cell housing, etc.)
Module level(module container,
control units, sensors, etc.)
System or Pack level(battery managementsystem, cooling, etc.)
Addition of inactive materials: Decrease of energy content
(2)
Lithium ion battery(from OEM perspective)
(1) Schmuch, R.; Wagner, R.; Hörpel, G.; Placke, T.; Winter, M. Nature Energy 2018, 3, 267.
(2) Andre, D.; Kim, S.-J.; Lamp, P.; Lux, S. F.; Maglia, F.; Paschos, O.; Stiaszny, B. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 6709.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
The Battery Value Chain: From Material Level to Pack Level
(1)
(2)
Lithium ion battery(from OEM perspective)
Increasing potential to improve key performance indicators
(1) Schmuch, R.; Wagner, R.; Hörpel, G.; Placke, T.; Winter, M. Nature Energy 2018, 3, 267.
(2) Andre, D.; Kim, S.-J.; Lamp, P.; Lux, S. F.; Maglia, F.; Paschos, O.; Stiaszny, B. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 6709.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Cost Structure of Lithium Ion Batteries: Raw Material Impact
Raw material cost account for ≈50-70 % of LIB cells
Cathode materials are the most substantial contributor to material cost
Cost of LIBs decrease continuously (on cell and pack level) and will reach soon
the target value of ˂100 €/kWh (pack level) to achieve cost competitiveness
with internal combustion engine-driven vehicles
Cathode27%
Anode5%
Electrolyte6%
Separator8%
Other materials
11%
Depreciation16%
Direct labor1%
Energy, utilities
4%
R & D5%
Sales & Adm.3%
Overheads3%
Warranty5%
Margin3%
Scraps3%
AVERAGE COST STRUCTURE OF A LIB CELL
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Pro
du
cti
on
Co
st
18650 cell Pouch cell
LIB Cost Structure for Tesla (18650) Cell and 40 Ah Pouch Cell
Material Labor Utility
R & D SGA, overhead Depreciation
Process yield Operating profit
(1) Data from: Pillot, C., Avicenne Energy, Talk at Advanced Battery Power, Münster 2018.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Technological Roadmap of Battery Cell Chemistries
Generation 1
Generation 2a
Generation 2b
Generation 3a
Generation 3b
Generation 4
Generation 5
Cathode: LFP, NCAAnode: 100% Carbon
Cathode: NCM111Anode: 100% Carbon
Cathode: NCM523 to NCM622Anode: 100% Carbon
Cathode: NMC622 to NMC811Anode: Carbon + Si (5-10%)
Cathode: HE-NCM, HVSAnode: Silicon/carbon
All-solid-state with Li metal anode; Conversion materials (Li/S)
Li/O2 (lithium-air)
Advancedlithium ion cells
Lithium ion cells
New cell chemistry: Li metal
Evolutionary development
Technology transition
First application date in EV
2) Risk of earlier market entrance
(1) Adapted from: Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität (NPE), Roadmap integrierte Zell- und Batterieproduktion Deutschland, 2016.
Evolution
Revolution
Today
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Research & Development of Battery Technologies: Present and Future
Al-Ion Batteries
HOT TOPIC
HOT TOPIC
HOT TOPIC
HOT TOPIC
HOT TOPIC
Versatile requirements: Significant diversification
of battery technologies in the past ˃25 years.
LIBs approach their physicochemical limit in
terms of energy: Next generation?
Alternatives? New Cell Chemistries?
Novel sustainable technologies “beyond lithium”
have been explored, such as batteries based on
monovalent (Na+, K+) and multivalent (Mg2+,
Ca2+, Al3+) ions. Competitiveness with LIBs needs
to be proven.
(1) Placke, T.; Kloepsch, R.; Dühnen, S.; Winter, M. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2017, 21, 1939.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Versatility in Cell Chemistries: Application-specific usage
Wh/L
=
Wh/kg
Weight-critical
applications, e.g.
aviation
Volume-critical
applications, e.g.
electric mobility
cell level Different battery technologies will be available at
the market in parallel
Application-specific usage of different battery
systems (e.g. high energy vs. high power)
Evolutionary development of each specific battery
technology
Classification of battery technologies:
Lithium ion systems
Lithium metal systems
(all-solid-state batteries (ASSB), Li/S, Li/O2)
Other/alternative battery systems
(Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Dual-ion, etc.)
www.mdr.de
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Lithium Metal Anodes: Enabled by Solid Electrolytes?
Today‘sLithium ion
battery
Li-Metal basedAll-solid-state battery
Copper
Porous composite
insertion electrode Copper
20 µm
12 µm
65 µm
Aluminum
Porous composite
insertion electrode
Liquid electrolyte Porous separator
Insertion electrodereaction principle
65 µm
20 µm
12 µm Aluminum
Composite insertion electrode
Shape change electrodereaction principle
pristine aged
65 µm
8 µm
20 µm
8 µm
Solid electrolyte
Li metal anode
(1) Schmuch, R.; Wagner, R.; Hörpel, G.; Placke, T.; Winter, M. Nature Energy 2018, 3, 267.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Chances of All-Solid-State Batteries: Revolution?
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
En
erg
y D
en
sit
y [
Wh
/L]
Specific Energy [Wh/kg]
NCA / C
NMC-622 / C
Liquid Electrolyte
TSE=Thiophosphate-based solid
electrolyte | LMR-NMC = Li/Mn-rich
NMC cathode
Wh/L
=
Wh/kg
Li-Ion
Li-Metal with solid electrolyteAdv. Li-Ion
Amount of excess Li metal
should be minimized for:
• high energy density [Wh/L]
• minimal costs [$/kWh]
LMR-NMC / TSE / Li 300%
Large Li-M excess
LMR-NMC / TSE / Li 20%
Small Li-M excess
Solid Electrolyte (TSE)LMR-NMC / Si-C
NMC-811 / Si-C
LMR-NMC / C
(1) Schmuch, R.; Wagner, R.; Hörpel, G.; Placke, T.; Winter, M. Nature Energy 2018, 3, 267.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
Conclusion
Roadmaps have identified the dominant technology for the next decade(s): The lithium ion technology (with or without solid
electrolyte). Further optimization is mandatory to achieve targets.
Li-metal based chemistries, in particular all-solid-state-batteries can further enhance the energy content. Novel sustainable
technologies “beyond lithium” are being explored, such as batteries based on monovalent (Na+, K+) and multivalent (Mg2+, Ca2+,
Al3+) ions. However, it will be challenging to be cost competitive to advanced LIBs.
Foreseen annual growth rates >10% for battery production will inevitably need recycling to recover metals/materials whose
abundance is limited: efficient recycling of materials is mandatory.
Sustained and/or increased R&I efforts are needed to underline competitive manufacturing. Development of advanced
active/inactive materials, manufacturing processes and cell concepts in terms of improved performance, cost, safety and
sustainability would pave the way for competitive and resilient manufacturing capabilities.
Against common believe in the past, there is enormous room for more LIB cell manufacturing, as the demand will be
tremendous. See Eastern Europe, where at the moment large cell production facilities are set-up. There is still room for
internationally competitive large scale cell-makers. See: China, who is in the stage of becoming the 3rd large cell-manufacturing
country after Japan and Korea.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.
“Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, American Philosopher
Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
MEET Battery Research Center
University of Münster
& Helmholtz-Institute Münster
FZ Jülich GmbH
Corrensstr. 46
48149 Münster, Germany
Prof. Dr. Martin Winter
Email: martin.winter@wwu.de
m.winter@fz-juelich.de
Dr. Tobias Placke
Email: tobias.placke@wwu.de
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