indtech2018 1 forum on the eic horizon prize for ... · (1) data from: pillot, c., avicenne energy,...

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 767162.

INDTECH2018Innovative industries for smart

growth

29-31 October, 2018

Vienna, Austria

www.indtech2018.eu@IndTech2018

#IndTech2018

1st Forum on the EIC Horizon Prize for ‘Innovative Batteries for eVehicles’

Rechargeable Batteries for E-Vehicles: State-of-the-art, Challenges and Perspectives

Dr. Tobias Placke

University of Münster

MEET Battery Research Center

Münster, Germany

31.10.2018

http://www.indtech2018.eu/

https://twitter.com/IndTech2018


How does an ideal battery look like? What are key requirements?

Is it possible to develop a “1000 km battery” today?

Yes, but…


Battery Technology is the Key to Fulfill Customer Requirements for E-Vehicles

Customer requirements for performance and economics have to be fulfilled.

Technological limitations of battery performance and charging infrastructure have to be eliminated.

Customer acceptance depends on:

Range Cost Power Design

Real range at low T

Lifetime Charging

time Power at

low SOC & T

Safety (“must be”)

Sustain-ability (awareness?)

Buying decision User’s experience Not decisive

(1)

(1) P. Lamp, BMW Group, Next Generation Automotive Batteries: Challenges in Research and Application ,Talk at 2nd Graz Battery Days 28.09.2016.


Excellent Times for Electrochemical Energy Storage (= Batteries and More)

Global market for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in xEVs (HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, etc.) and energy storage applications is huge.

xEV market based on LIB technology has recently become the largest.

(1) Pillot, C. Talk at Advanced Automotive Battery Conference (AABC) Europe, Mainz 2018.

(1)

(1)

others: power tools, gardeningtools, e-bikes, medicaldevices, etc.

cell level


Battery Performance Targets: Energy Density and more

*: pack level

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

energy density

specific energy

Ener

gy d

ensi

ty (

Wh L

-1)

Year

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Spec

ific

ener

gy (

Wh k

g-1)

Physicochemical limit: 400 Wh/kg, 800 Wh/L(1)

LIBs approach their physicochemical limit Current energy density: ≈260 Wh/kg & ≈700 Wh/L (18650-type cells) Further energy-optimization becomes increasingly difficult

Roadmap of key performance parameters for automotive application (from OEM perspective)(2)

(1) Placke, T.; Kloepsch, R.; Dühnen, S.; Winter, M. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2017, 21, 1939.

(2) Andre, D.; Kim, S.-J.; Lamp, P.; Lux, S. F.; Maglia, F.; Paschos, O.; Stiaszny, B. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 6709.

Evolutionary Development


Battery Performance Targets: Energy Density and more

*: pack level

Roadmap of key performance parameters for automotive application (from OEM perspective)(2)



Energy

Lifetimeand/orPower

Energy

Cost

Performance parameters are affecting each other and need to be well balanced!


The Battery Value Chain: From Material Level to Pack Level

(1)

Material level(active materials)

Electrode level(binder, conductive

additive,current collectors)

Cell level(separator,

cell housing, etc.)

Module level(module container,

control units, sensors, etc.)

System or Pack level(battery managementsystem, cooling, etc.)

Addition of inactive materials: Decrease of energy content

(2)

Lithium ion battery(from OEM perspective)

(1) Schmuch, R.; Wagner, R.; Hörpel, G.; Placke, T.; Winter, M. Nature Energy 2018, 3, 267.



The Battery Value Chain: From Material Level to Pack Level

(1)

(2)

Lithium ion battery(from OEM perspective)

Increasing potential to improve key performance indicators




Cost Structure of Lithium Ion Batteries: Raw Material Impact

Raw material cost account for ≈50-70 % of LIB cells

Cathode materials are the most substantial contributor to material cost

Cost of LIBs decrease continuously (on cell and pack level) and will reach soon

the target value of ˂100 €/kWh (pack level) to achieve cost competitiveness

with internal combustion engine-driven vehicles

Cathode27%

Anode5%

Electrolyte6%

Separator8%

Other materials

11%

Depreciation16%

Direct labor1%

Energy, utilities

4%

R & D5%

Sales & Adm.3%

Overheads3%

Warranty5%

Margin3%

Scraps3%

AVERAGE COST STRUCTURE OF A LIB CELL

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Pro

du

cti

on

Co

st

18650 cell Pouch cell

LIB Cost Structure for Tesla (18650) Cell and 40 Ah Pouch Cell

Material Labor Utility

R & D SGA, overhead Depreciation

Process yield Operating profit

(1) Data from: Pillot, C., Avicenne Energy, Talk at Advanced Battery Power, Münster 2018.


Technological Roadmap of Battery Cell Chemistries

Generation 1

Generation 2a

Generation 2b

Generation 3a

Generation 3b

Generation 4

Generation 5

Cathode: LFP, NCAAnode: 100% Carbon

Cathode: NCM111Anode: 100% Carbon

Cathode: NCM523 to NCM622Anode: 100% Carbon

Cathode: NMC622 to NMC811Anode: Carbon + Si (5-10%)

Cathode: HE-NCM, HVSAnode: Silicon/carbon

All-solid-state with Li metal anode; Conversion materials (Li/S)

Li/O2 (lithium-air)

Advancedlithium ion cells

Lithium ion cells

New cell chemistry: Li metal

Evolutionary development

Technology transition

First application date in EV

2) Risk of earlier market entrance

(1) Adapted from: Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität (NPE), Roadmap integrierte Zell- und Batterieproduktion Deutschland, 2016.

Evolution

Revolution

Today


Research & Development of Battery Technologies: Present and Future

Al-Ion Batteries

HOT TOPIC

HOT TOPIC

HOT TOPIC

HOT TOPIC

HOT TOPIC

Versatile requirements: Significant diversification

of battery technologies in the past ˃25 years.

LIBs approach their physicochemical limit in

terms of energy: Next generation?

Alternatives? New Cell Chemistries?

Novel sustainable technologies “beyond lithium”

have been explored, such as batteries based on

monovalent (Na+, K+) and multivalent (Mg2+,

Ca2+, Al3+) ions. Competitiveness with LIBs needs

to be proven.



Versatility in Cell Chemistries: Application-specific usage

Wh/L

=

Wh/kg

Weight-critical

applications, e.g.

aviation

Volume-critical

applications, e.g.

electric mobility

cell level Different battery technologies will be available at

the market in parallel

Application-specific usage of different battery

systems (e.g. high energy vs. high power)

Evolutionary development of each specific battery

technology

Classification of battery technologies:

Lithium ion systems

Lithium metal systems

(all-solid-state batteries (ASSB), Li/S, Li/O2)

Other/alternative battery systems

(Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Dual-ion, etc.)

www.mdr.de


Lithium Metal Anodes: Enabled by Solid Electrolytes?

Today‘sLithium ion

battery

Li-Metal basedAll-solid-state battery

Copper

Porous composite

insertion electrode Copper

20 µm

12 µm

65 µm

Aluminum

Porous composite

insertion electrode

Liquid electrolyte Porous separator

Insertion electrodereaction principle

65 µm

20 µm

12 µm Aluminum

Composite insertion electrode

Shape change electrodereaction principle

pristine aged

65 µm

8 µm

20 µm

8 µm

Solid electrolyte

Li metal anode



Chances of All-Solid-State Batteries: Revolution?

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

En

erg

y D

en

sit

y [

Wh

/L]

Specific Energy [Wh/kg]

NCA / C

NMC-622 / C

Liquid Electrolyte

TSE=Thiophosphate-based solid

electrolyte | LMR-NMC = Li/Mn-rich

NMC cathode

Wh/L

=

Wh/kg

Li-Ion

Li-Metal with solid electrolyteAdv. Li-Ion

Amount of excess Li metal

should be minimized for:

• high energy density [Wh/L]

• minimal costs [$/kWh]

LMR-NMC / TSE / Li 300%

Large Li-M excess

LMR-NMC / TSE / Li 20%

Small Li-M excess

Solid Electrolyte (TSE)LMR-NMC / Si-C

NMC-811 / Si-C

LMR-NMC / C



Conclusion

Roadmaps have identified the dominant technology for the next decade(s): The lithium ion technology (with or without solid

electrolyte). Further optimization is mandatory to achieve targets.

Li-metal based chemistries, in particular all-solid-state-batteries can further enhance the energy content. Novel sustainable

technologies “beyond lithium” are being explored, such as batteries based on monovalent (Na+, K+) and multivalent (Mg2+, Ca2+,

Al3+) ions. However, it will be challenging to be cost competitive to advanced LIBs.

Foreseen annual growth rates >10% for battery production will inevitably need recycling to recover metals/materials whose

abundance is limited: efficient recycling of materials is mandatory.

Sustained and/or increased R&I efforts are needed to underline competitive manufacturing. Development of advanced

active/inactive materials, manufacturing processes and cell concepts in terms of improved performance, cost, safety and

sustainability would pave the way for competitive and resilient manufacturing capabilities.

Against common believe in the past, there is enormous room for more LIB cell manufacturing, as the demand will be

tremendous. See Eastern Europe, where at the moment large cell production facilities are set-up. There is still room for

internationally competitive large scale cell-makers. See: China, who is in the stage of becoming the 3rd large cell-manufacturing

country after Japan and Korea.


“Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.”

Ralph Waldo Emerson, American Philosopher

Thank you for your attention!

Contact:

MEET Battery Research Center

University of Münster

& Helmholtz-Institute Münster

FZ Jülich GmbH

Corrensstr. 46

48149 Münster, Germany

Prof. Dr. Martin Winter

Email: [email protected]

[email protected]

Dr. Tobias Placke

Email: [email protected]

indtech2018 1 forum on the eic horizon prize for ... · (1) data from: pillot, c., avicenne energy,...

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