indian institute of technology roorkee5. chandigarh 10.6 lakhs class-i (mega cities) 6. varanasi 12...
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
2
Urban Growth and Stormwater:
Regional Workshop on “ Urban Water Management”, Dec 20-21, 2013, at IHC, New Delhi
3
Indian Cities Considered: classification
Sr. No. City Population as per 2011 Census
Classifications
1. Roorkee 2.38 Lakhs Class-I (City)
2. Delhi 1.9 Crores Class-I (Mega Cities)
3. Chennai 70.9 Lakhs Class-I (Mega Cities)
4. Mumbai 1.84 Crores Class-I (Mega Cities)
5. Chandigarh 10.6 Lakhs Class-I (Mega Cities)
6. Varanasi 12 Lakhs Class-I (Mega Cities)
An urban centre with less than one lakh population is called a town while that with more than one lakh is called a city. Cities having population varying from one to five million are called metropolitan cities while those with more than five million are known as mega cities.
4
Study/pilot area: Roorkee Town (India)
●Medium size town comprising of Roorkee municipal board and Roorkee cantonment board.
● 29° 51" N latitude, 77° 63" E longitude located on right bank of Solani River.
●Elevation 274 meters above the msl.
●Population of 24535 (Census 1951), 2.38 Lakh (Census 2011).
●Coldest months December- January, Warmest months May-June
●Major precipitation during 15th Jun to 15th September.
●Annual average rainfall is near 110 cm.
5
Base map of Study Area:
6
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT OF STORMWATER IN A PILOT URBAN AREA AND MANAGEMENT OF STORMWATER
QUALITY
Objective:
7
Methodology:
8
Stormwater runoff collection procedure
9
Description of study drains
S No. Name of
drain(s)
Total drainage
area (Km2)
Description of land use type
1 C.B.R.I. 0.323 Purely residential type
2 Adarsh
Nagar
0.345 Residential type along with highway
3 IIT Roorkee 2.325 Mixed with high percentage of residential type
4 Industrial
area
0.134 Purely industrial type
5 B.T.Ganj 4.362 Mixed residential and Commercial type with high
percentage of paved surface
6 Ramnagar 2.516 Mixed residential and commercial type
10
Characteristics of Urban stormwater runoff
●For monitoring and analysis study area divided after survey.
LAND USE TYPES SOURCE AREAS
Residential area Road
Open area
Commercial area Road
Open area
Industrial area Road
Open area
Highway & Transportation Highway
Activities Bus stand
Petrol pump station
18 stormwater runoff samples were collected on a 15 min. interval during storm event. (2016-2019)
●Physicochemical analysis of rain water and runoff samples for EC, pH, major ions, Nutrients, Organics, TOC, and Metals.
Sr. no.
Date Event timing
1 26/07/2016 3.20 PM-4.10 PM
2 13/08/2016 4 PM- 5.30 PM
3 29/08/2017 5.15 PM- 6.30 PM
4 31/08/2017 9.00 AM-10.30 AM
5 3/09/2018 8.00 AM-11.30 Am
6 7/09/2018 4.15 PM – 5 PM
7 12/09/2019 9.30 AM- 10 AM
11
Heavy Metal analysis:
3.4
2.4
8
5.2
3
2.4
6
2.3
9
2.1
3
4.3
9
12.2
04
9.2
02
21.1
9
17.2
3
10.6
2
11.2
3
18.8
5
116
.25
135
.98
766
.25
457
.5
808
.54
433
.25
360
.54
847
.19
594
.86
183
0.3
6
774
.69
266
7.7
1
14
72
194
2.1
3
73.2
6
65.3
3
102
.36
89.7
9
135
.33
121
.13
105
.81
23.9
8
16.5
4
55.8
9
52.8
1
73.6
5
62.3
7
2.1
1
602
.35
164
.73
49
5
328
.75
73
5
450
.75
569
.86
Resid
entia
l land u
se- s
treet ru
noff
Resid
entia
l land u
se- O
pen a
rea ru
noff
Com
merc
ial la
nd u
se- s
treet ru
noff
Com
merc
ial la
nd u
se-O
pen a
rea ru
noff
Industria
l land u
se- s
treet ru
noff
Industria
l land u
se- o
pen a
rea ru
noff
Hig
hw
ay R
unoff
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000A
naly
te
(ppb) Cd
Cr
Cu
Mn
Pb
Ni
Zn
12
Major Ions analysis:
24.9
75
21.7
5
52.0
8
43.6
1
26.6
31.1
3 56.1
9
9.4
23
4.5
9 14.2
6
15.7
5
6.8 8.2
1
16.2
5
10.0
8
8.6
5
28.8
8
42.7
5
7.0
4
7.5
4
29.4
4
10.6
6.2
5
44.5
1
40.1
3
5.7
3
10.2
1
70.2
3
129
94.3
2
184.0
6
330.0
9
86.5
8
115.7
267.5
14.8
5
9.1
5
68.3
9
51
8.7
5 27.1
71.9
9
Re
sid
en
tial la
nd
use
- stre
et ru
no
ff
Re
sid
en
tial la
nd
use
- Op
en
are
a ru
no
ff
Co
mm
erc
ial la
nd
use
- stre
et ru
no
ff
Co
mm
erc
ial la
nd
use
-Op
en
are
a ru
no
ff
Ind
ustria
l lan
d u
se
- stre
et ru
no
ff
Ind
ustria
l lan
d u
se
- op
en
are
a ru
no
ff
Hig
hw
ay R
un
off
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
(mg
/L) Calcium (Ca2+)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
Potassium (K+)
Sodium (Na+)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Chloride (Cl-)
Major Ions Analysis
13
Nutrient analysis:
3.8
4
3.5
9
7.1
9
7.4
6
3.9
9
5.6
9
10.5
1
1.3
7
2.1
5
2.8
3.1
6
2.4
1.3
3.3
1
2.8
5
4
8.7
6.1
3
5.7
5
1.6
3
7.4
1
4.8
2
4.0
9
9.0
1
5.2
8
7.5
6
4.6
10.9
5
Re
sid
en
tial la
nd
use
- stre
et ru
no
ff
Re
sid
en
tial la
nd
use
- Op
en
are
a ru
no
ff
Co
mm
erc
ial la
nd
use
- stre
et ru
no
ff
Co
mm
erc
ial la
nd
use
-Op
en
are
a ru
no
ff
Ind
ustria
l lan
d u
se
- stre
et ru
no
ff
Ind
ustria
l lan
d u
se
- op
en
are
a ru
no
ff
Hig
hw
ay R
un
off
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
(mg/L
)
Nitrate (NO3-N)
Phosphorous (PO4-P)
Total Phosphorous (TP)
Total kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)
Nutrients Analysis
14
Organics Analysis:
80.2 91.0
9
142.2
104.6
6
97.0
6
136.0
4 162.6
1
133.4
6 162.3
9
259.5
171.3
8
184.5
275.4
1
324.2
4
19.8
1
20.8
1
48.6
4
39.2
4
33.2
6 54.8
4
68.1
5
3.3
1
3.3
6
6.7
1
1.8
1
4.4
1
2.2
8
9.0
5
Resid
entia
l lan
d u
se- s
treet ru
no
ff
Resid
entia
l lan
d u
se- O
pe
n a
rea ru
noff
Com
merc
ial la
nd u
se- s
treet ru
no
ff
Com
merc
ial la
nd u
se-O
pe
n a
rea ru
noff
Indu
stria
l lan
d u
se- s
treet ru
no
ff
Indu
stria
l lan
d u
se- o
pen
are
a ru
no
ff
Hig
hw
ay R
un
off
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350(m
g/L
) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen demand (COD)
Total Organic carbon (TOC)
Oil and grease
Organics Analysis
15
Physical Properties analysis:
Re
sid
entia
l land u
se- s
treet ru
noff
Re
sid
entia
l land u
se- O
pen a
rea ru
noff
Co
mm
erc
ial la
nd u
se- s
treet ru
noff
Co
mm
erc
ial la
nd u
se-O
pen a
rea ru
noff
Industria
l land u
se- s
treet ru
noff
Industria
l land u
se- o
pen a
rea ru
noff
Hig
hw
ay R
unoff
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
pH
Specific conductance
Total dissolved solids
Total suspended solids
Physical Properties Analysis
16
Runoff-rainfall ratios
• The Runoff-Rainfall quality
ratios indicates high input
of terrestrial surface on the
quality of surface runoff.
• A buildup of solids,
dissolved ions, organics
and heavy metal is clearly
visible, while nutrient
buildup is less.
Residential land use
0
20
40
60
Ca Mg K Na HCO3 Cl
Ru
no
ff-r
ain
fall
rat
ios Street Open area
Commercial land use
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ca Mg K Na HCO3 Cl
Runoff
-rai
nfa
ll r
atio
s
Industrial land use
0
20
40
60
Ca Mg K Na HCO3 ClR
un
off
-rai
nfa
ll r
atio
s
Highway
0
20
40
60
Ca Mg K Na HCO3 Cl
Runoff
-rai
nfa
ll r
atio
s
17
Runoff Quality: major findings
• pH values varied from 7.35 to 8.20, indicating a neutral to sub-alkaline nature.
• Higher pH values observed in industrial streets.
• Higher TDS and TSS value observed in commercial streets.
• High TSS possibly caused by wash off accumulated solids from dry depositions and
losses soil.
• Commercial streets and open areas to be the largest contributors of major ions.
• Nutrient concentration in runoff emanating from all types of land use observed to be
high enough to support a high algal growth in the receiving surface waters.
• Street runoff displayed higher value of BOD, COD ,TOC and oil and grease than
open area runoff
• Industrial and commercial street and open area runoff contains significant
concentration of Cu, Mn, and Zn, while highways the main contributor of Cr and Pb.
• The values of runoff coefficient varied between 0.05 and 0.62 by hydrological
analysis .
Sustainable stormwatermanagement
water
demand
drinking
Rain water harvesting
supply
washing
flushing
irrigation
Storage tanks
From sourceStormwater
management
With the help ofsustainable stormwatermanagement theharvested water can beused for non-potablewater uses.
19
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