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INDEX
aba kuuri 102
Abbakr Ismã'il, ruler of Dãr Masãlît 114,
l16Abbas, ruler of Kano 186 (ft¡. 154)
Abbasid Caliphate 2zl-25
abbo daadinga 106
'Abd Allãh ibn lbãd 50 (fn. 195)
'Abd al-Karim. ruler of Wadai 100, 108, 260
'Abd al-Qãdir, ruler of Futa Toro ll9 (fn.
13l), l2l-123'Abd al-Qãdir, ruler of Baghirmi 236
Abdulkarim, ruler oîZx:n 176
Abdullahi ('Abd Allãh b. Muþammad al-TaSshi), ruler of the MahdiYa 36.20Ç207, 217 -2r9, 221J29, 233
Abdullahi, ruler of Kano 174, ll7 (fn. 109)
Abdullahi Burja, ruler of Kano 261
Abdullahi dan Fodio ('Abd Allãh ibn Füdi)2. 159-162,189, 281
Abéché 109
Abù .Abd Allãh Modibbo Muhammad al-
Kaún/74Abu'Abd Allãh Mubammad b. Muha¡rmad
b. .Ali b. Mäsã 267
Abú Bakr, ñrst caliph 12, 22-23Abü Bakr b. al-flãji Alrmad b. 'Umar b.
Mubammad Aqtr267Abi¡ Bakr ibo 'Umar. ruler of the Almora-
vids 60 (fn. l4),64,6ó,68Abä'l-Fa$l ,lyãd b. Mäsã al-Sabri 63
Abù'Imrãn al-Fasi 62abu l-jabbãyin 106
Abu Shouk, Ahmad lbrahim 218,23GZ31Abû Yúsuf26Abubakæ, ruler of Katsina 177
Abubakar Atiqu, ruler of Sokoto 262
Abubakar Kado, ruler of Kano 261
afurma 198
ada 136
Adamawa 199
Aghnides, Nicolas 28, 3E
Al-aþhãn al - sharÍy a lA4A I - ahladm al - s ult õ nly a 48, 282
Atrmad b. 'Ali, ruler of Borno 259
Abmad Bãbã 3,77 (fn. 86)
Ahmad b. Fürtú 135
Ahmad al-Maqúr 100, 102
Abmad b. Mutrammad ibn Sa'id 76
Ahmad b. 'Umar (Ahmadu Sheku), rule¡ ofthe Umarian state 142-145
Ahmadi Gaye (Amadi Gai) 9È91Ahmadu Ahmadu, ruler of Masina 132
Ahmadu Lobbo, see Seku Ahmadu L¡bboAlexander, Boyd 259
'AlI b. Dänama, ruler of Borno 261
'Al¡ b. Hamdän, ruler of Borno 259
'Ali Drnãr, ruler of Dar Für ll2,221 (f¡t.
59)
'Ali (G¿ji) b. Dûn¿ma" ruler of Bomo 134
Aliyu, ruler of Kano 179
Aliyu Babba, ruler of Sokoto 175,262Almamate, see imamate
almamy, almaami, almanY (= al-imãm):Bundu - 90-91'93-94; Futa Jallon -ll8-119, l4l; Futa Toro - 122,142:used by Samori Ture - 148
Almohads 69
Almoravids 7, 9, 46, 58-59, 6l-69, E5
amir al-mu'minin 125, 144,168,262ançã¡ 216,217 (fn.40)Aqirfamily 74
a¡d al-slba 237
Asantehene Osei Tutu Kwame 257
As'ila wörida min al-Takrur fî Shaww,õl E9E
78
AskiyaDãwùd 7Ç77,260Askiya al-tfãä Muþammad 9,69-71 , 134
(fn.191't,236Askiya Isþãq 175,260assaka (zakãt) 270,n2assakal (zakãl in Futa Toro) 122
Atiqu, ruler of Sokoto 262
Atlahiru II, ruler of Sokoto 200
Awbek b. Achfaghu, see Nã$ir al-DînAwdaghust 6l-52Azrya, Victor 125-126, 130-131, 148
3t2
Azawãd 124,266
Bã, Ahmadu Hampãté 288Bãdi Abü Diqin 2ólBaghirmi 107,254Bakhi¡, ruler of Dtu Sitã I I l-l 12bakonchi l8lal-Bak¡i 57-58,il-65Bakura Disrict (Sokoro Province) lBl-1E2,
t92, t96Bamba¡a (Bamana) 124, 145banibani 176Banä Daymãn 80Banu Hassãn (gassaniya) 8G84, 269-272Baqqara (tnbf-) 222-223, 225, 228bara 265baraka 56, 267168Barkindo, Bawuro 9G99barguma 97Barry, Boubakar 81-82, ll8, 120Barh, Heinrich 154, 193,201Bashear, Suliman 13,23b{in-goods 28, 162batu mawdo 125
Boyõn wujrib al-hijra ,añ ,l-,iMd 77 (fn.86), t62,28t
bayt al-jibãya lO2 (fn. 57)bayt al-mãl (public treasury): general - 23,
35-3ó, 5ll Atmoravids 68; Songhay -77; Masina (beital) - 127; Soko¡oCaliphate - 162; Mahdiya -216,230-232
ba¡ mãl al-khums al-khalifa wal-fay 218-221
bâyt mãl al-jihãdiya 218ba¡ mãl al-mulãzimiya 2l8,Z2U2Zlbayt mãl al-.umäm 218, 221, 22ç225bayt mãl warshat al-harbiya wal-hrsãna 218bayt mãl zabirîyat al-suq 218beggars: deserving and undeserving -
3740,45:, doles to- l8Gl88Beledugu 247Benisheikh, A- K. 139-140bid'a 136, l@Bi,llahi arùnu 182 (tu. 134)bilãd al-makhzan 237bilãd al-siba 237Bjørkelo, Anders 214, 218, 23G¿3lBladi, ruler of ManDãra 97Bobboi, Hamidu 137-l3EBokar Saada, ruler of Bundu 93Bomo 26, 88, 95, 97, 103, 107, 133-141,
237, 258-259, 2@-266, 275: see atsoKanem-Bomo
Onuc¡rony AtuscrvtNc: AN INeutRy TNT7ZAK.ÃT
Bourdieu, Piene 284-285Brãkna l2lBremner, Robert 40Brenner, Louis 138-139, 268Brown, William Allen 13l-132Bukar Aji (Aaji), ruter of ManDãra 95-96Bukaran Arbaana, ruler of ManDãra 96-97al-Bukhãn- 11,42bulama l3È140Bundu, see Futa BunduBurdon, Alder 155, 172 (fn. 77,79), 173,
r82, 198-200
Calder, Norman 19
Cayor 81,122charity, charitable acts: zakãt as charity -
16-17 , 20,23, 239;' and phitanrhropy -3942; anð public responsibility - 42;and public poor relief - 4243, 185:given to Muslim scholars - 91, lB5,25ç266,n3,285
chima chidibe 138chima gana 138, 140
chima jilibe 138 (fn. 213)chimakura 138,140Clark. Andrew F. 89-90,94Colvin, Lucy (Behrman) 8lCruise O'Brien, Donal 268Cunin, Philip 83
Dãjü r00, iloDãti 102
Dalilin Samuwar Allah 240 (fn. l7)DãrFongoro 107
Ðãr Für 6, 26, 33, 100-107, ltg, 22l-222,275J76
Dãr Masãlit 109, I t2-l 16Dãr Runga 107
DerSilã 110-t12DãrTama 107
4artba2l4Daura 17ó
De lVaal, Alex 106
Denyanke 121
dhimmi 29,36Dia126Diaguku l4ldiakha (zakãt) 120
Diina of Masina (Caliphate of Hamdallahi)6,33,88, 123-132
diamgal 128 (fn. l7l)dime (tirhe) 269dimliji 105
Dinguiray 14
diaka (zakãt) 143-146diwan (payroll) 217 (fn.40)drwãn (tax in Dar Fur & Wadai) 105, 109
Diyõ al- huk'l<õn 160-1 6 1, 28 1
djangel, see tax on livestockDjata, Sundiara A. 143
Doi, Abdur Rahman 37, 38 (fn. 155)
Doulo 97dubu da dame 198
Dänama (Dibalãmi) b.'Abd Allãh, ruler ofKanem 134
dyaka (zakãt) 128
dyakha (zakãt) 149
Egypt 25 (fn. 70),4516, 49,æ,213England 43-45Ethiopia 221
Evers Rosander, Eva 250exemption from taxation 167, 179-l8l
fama 148
famine relief: Almoravids - 66; Mandara -98; Dar Fur - 106l Da¡ Silã - 1l l: Dã¡Masãlit - ll4; Futa Jallon - l2l;Sokoto Calipbate - 185, 188-l9l;Mahdiya - 206-207, 222-226, 229,æ3; Timbuktu - 275
fard 17, 19, 120
fard'ayn 11 , 22faúkiFaya 17,22fari-mondio 75faqih (pl. fuqahã', Muslim scholar) 61, 65,
68, 79, 103, ll3-114, t16,259-26,274,n6
faqir (pl. fuqariP, poor person) 37-3Efarilla (zåkãt) 120
fãshir 102, 105, 107
al-Fãshir (El-Fasher) l0ófatwã 83fay revenue 35, 51, 52 (fn. 199), 64, 93,
t62-t63,282fergo Nioro 142fergo Umar 142
firsha 1 13-l 14
fiF, fitra (tax) 33, 66, 103, 105-106, 108,I I I, I l3-l 15, 2tt-212,2t9-220,225
fitra abdãn 230 (fn.95)Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn 25 IForkl, Hermann 95-99Fugumba l19FufBe 89, 91,93-95. 11&-127, 136, l4l,
165. 199
Funj 26, 205, 208-210, 212, zffiFuta Bundu 6,88-95
3t3
Futa Jallon 6, 88-89, 91, I 18-121, l4lFuta Toro 6, 81,88-89.91, l2l-123,141-
142
gaisuwa 165, 170
Galajio (revolt of G. in Masina) 13lgandu tudu 173
Gangar wa'azu 182Gao72Garba, Tijani 158, 16l (fn. 34), 175.179-
180, 182-183.201¿03Garbai, ruler of Borno 259
Gazargamo 135
Gellner, Emst 52-53Çtezin22O,225Ghana (Ghana) 9, 58{0, 62ghamma (booty); see also khums 93, 217,
?30gha¡ema (toll; market fee, protection mon€y,
üibute); see also maghram 76,82,269Al-ghayt al-wahl fi sîrat al-imõm al-.adl
ló1,280al-Ghazãli 25. 38-39. 49, 69ghinâ (sufñciency in material necessities) 40Gidan Rumfa 166gifts to Muslim scholars 99, 130, 241,243,
263-266,273,285Gll, J. lVithers lEO (fn. 122), 198,20OGirouard, Sir Percy 184
Godabawa District (Sokoto hovince) 192Gomez, Michael 4. 75-76, 89-94Goni Mukhur 136
Gonja 260Gowers, W. F. 199,201Goz Beida I l0grain loans I 19
gurda, see grain loansGwandu 172
Hadejia 169
hadiya (pl. hadãy-a') 269-27 0, n 2-27 3
hai57-58,60,69, lalhakimi (sg. hakimai) 156, 166, 177, 183,
195
hakki binimran (binumram) 139
Hamdallahi ln,42al-$ãjj tfamdùn b. Dänama, ruler of Borno
259,261Hamman Yaji, ruler of Madagali236Hanafi (lslamic school of law) 21 (fn. 82),
29,30(fn. lO2),51,216Hanson, John H. 146
barbr 29Hassan A,/Aziz Ahmad 228
INDEx
3t4
Hassãni,ûIassãnIya, see Banu Hassãn
Hausa24l-243,263-2&Hausaland 32-33,88 (fn. l), 164-168, 183,
186-188, 199-201, 253-254, 256,261266
hâwl (timing) 19
þãqüra 103-104, 107, 1 13, 275Hewby (Major) 19Ç197hijra l4l-142,215-216hisba 126(fn.162)Hisketr, Mervyn 77,80, 124, 134Hødnebø, Kjell 238Hogcndom, Jan S. 179,256 (fn- 92)llol¡, P. M.226-227Hull, Richard Vr'.203Hummay (Umme Jilrni), ruler of Kanem 133
humushi 165; see also khumsHunwick, John 8 (fn. l2), 55, 72J3,76,
7&-79,236,239,274þurma (tax exemption: immunity, sancriry;
protection) 26, 76, 82, 180-181, 2l I,269,275
hurumi, se l.rurma
ibàdã¡t275Ibn Abä Zar 6O (fn. l4), ó4,67Ibn al-Athrr 63, 6ó-6?Ibn Battùta 6lIbn'Idhãri 65Ibn Khaldän 4749,52,59, 60 (fn. l4\,67,
280Ibn Khalil 27 (fn.82),29-30,39Ibn Taymiya4S-49Ibn Tumarr 69Ibn Yãsin CAM Allãh b. Yãsin al-Jazüli) 60
(fn. l4),62-ó8,85Ibrahim Adlan224-225Ibrahim Dabo, rulerof Kano 174-175Ibr-ahim Sori, ruler of Futa Jallon I 19
Idn-s Alauma, ruler of Bomo 135,258al-Id¡isi 58
igzazayewa9TIliffe, John 238imãm l-2, 5,9,92-94,103, l19, 122-123,
125, 130, t34-t36, 235, 238, 244,246-248, 255, 257-258, 264, 267,n4-275,285,287
Imam Umoru (Imoru, Umaru) 132 (fn. 189),176 (fn. 99), 249, 252-2s3, 263-26s
al-Imãm al-Tâkä¡i 69, 75Imamate: of Nãçir al-Din - 84; of Bundu -
89-90; of Timbo - ll8-l19; of FutaToro (almamagal) - 122
Infaq al-maisúr 136
OEUGATùRY AI"II{SGIVING : AN INQUIRY INTa ZAKÃT
al-insan al-kãmil 80iqtã' (pl. iq!ã'ãt) 24 (fn. 69), 25 (fn. 70), 60,
103 (fn.64)Islamic economics 50-53Islamic order: of lbn Yãsin - 64-46: of al-
Maghili -7O-71: of Nãsir al-Din - 82;of Ahmadi Gaye - 9l; of Sulaymãn(Dãr Für) - 102; of 'Abd al-Kanm(Wadai) - 108; of Ibrãhim Sori - 119;
ofSeku Ahmadu Lobbo - 125-lTl: nthe Sokoto Caliphate - 159-163; ofthe Mahdrya - 205, 216: and alms-giving - 240-243; and the Suwariantradition - 246: and zakãt - 286
Islamic social welfare system 153,287Islamic state: ideal model - 4849,8E; and
zakãt - 53-55
Jabal Marr¿ 100, 107jabbayin 106Jalb al-ni'ma wa-dS al-naqma bi-mujãna-
bat al-wulat al-Talama 3jãhn5jaka (zakãù 248jakadu (sg.jakada) 167, 175, 183, 189, 195
Jakhanke 73 (fn. ó3), ll8, 245, 267-268,273
jakka (zakãt) 143jakko (zakat) 255jalúd al-nal¡ãs l0ljangali; see tax on livestock and zakãt
(variations)I enne 7 3-7 4, 126, 25 l, 267jibãyat'aysh wa-qutun 105 (fn. 75); see also
umm thalãthinJibnl ibn'Uma¡ 48jihãd: Almoravid 62,67: by Askiya al-tlãjj
Mutrammad - 77; by Usman dan
Fodio - 88 (fn. l), 160: and Bundu -89; in Futa Jallon - ll8; in Futa Toro
- l2l; in Masina - 124: by ldrisAlauma - 135; and Bomo - 136; byal-flãjj 'Umar Tal - l4l-142: bySamori - 148; by Mahdi MuhammadAhmad - 215, 217: and Suwariantradition - 245-246
jizya (poll tax): general - 2, 11,23-24,29(fn. 94), 35 (fn. 139), 5l-52, 7l; inMuslim Ghãna - 59; in Mãli - 60; and
Almoravids - 68; in Bundu - 90,91-94; in Mandara - 99: in the SokotoCaliphate - 162; in Kano - 164, 168;
in Baghirmi - 236Johnson, Manon 12Ç127, 129
Jolof 8lJomboxo 146
Juddãla 6l (fn.2l),624Juula (Dyula) I 18, 14?-149, 244-245, 24&-
249,267-268
Kaba L¿nsine 74 (fn.67)Kabara 76kabara-farma 76kaffala" sec tax on livestockk¿felo(kabelo) 139
kaleram (kassasseram) 139
kaliari (slave village) 139
Kanøn-Bomo 7; scc also Borno
Kankan 148
Kano 56, 70, 164-168, l7l, 174. ln-178,184, lE6-190, 194, 197,200-201,261-262
Kanuri 241,243,264Kapteijns, Lidwien 100, 104 (fn. 70), 109,
lll-l16karãm (generosity) 251
karãma (sanctity) 275
karamoko (Muslim scholar) 120, 149; see
also mãlam, faqihKaramoko Alfa (Alfa Ba) t l8-l 19
karo 165
Karø (Kaarta) l4l-l 42, 14+146Al-køshf wa'l-baydn li-asnõf majlûb al'
súàõn77 (fn.86)Kassala 223
Katagum 177, l8Èl8lKatsina ?0, 169, 17Ç177,189-190, 192,
195, 198
Kayra (Keira) 100-102, I 15
Kazaure 176
khadamãt (customary dues) 108, I l5khalifa 3, 36, 69, 70 (fn. 56), 104, l3¿l-135
khalifat al-mahdi 36, 206kharãj (land tax): Seoeral - 24,26,31,35
(fn. 56), 104, 134-135: in MuslimGhâna - 591 in SonghaY -76,78-79;in Dãr Sîlã - I I l; in Masina (kharady)
- 128; in Bomo - 139; in the Umarian
s¡a¡e - 143: in Kano - 165 (fn. 46),
167, 174: in the Sokoto CaliPhate -169. 173, 181, 184, l9-200; inZaria- 177; in the Funj Sulønate - 210; inWadai - 261
kharãj-land 24, 31, 128 (ftr. 170r,172
khidma (custom tolls; service) 106,269,n3khums (fifih of the booty): general - 2,51,
7l; Almoravids - Ø,66, ó8: Bundu -93; Masina - 127; Bomo - 139; Uma-
rian state - 143; Sokoto CaliPahre -170; Mahdíya - 2lÇ217, 220, 230
khurj (kharãj) 210
Kirk-Greene, A. H. M' 252
kinh al-fil 115
Kitãb Dalí ltzKit'ãb al-farq 160, 162
Kitãb Ghanjã2@Kitãb al-lstib¡ar 59 (fn. 8)Koelle, W. S.249Koko 249
Konyakary 1zló
Kordofân 223
kourgi (slave settlement) 93
kgakpa 256
kudin aun¿ 169
kudin busa 169
kudin galma 17Ç177,180 (fn. 122), 187'200
kudin gida l?4kudin gona 174
kudinhatsi 167, 184
kudinkaroñ 169
kudin kasa 161,169, l7l-172,175 (fn. 96)'177, 180-182, 184, 199-200: see also
kharãjkudin kira 169
kudin mada ló9kudin mahauta 169
kudin rafi: see zakãt (variations)
kudin saha 169
kudin sanâ'â 169
kudin sa¡auta 165, 168, l7O,176kudin shuka, see zakãt (variations)
kudin tamma 170 (fn. 65)
kudin yam mata 169
Kumbari, ruler of Kano 167 (fn. 53)
Kunta 124, 131,267-268Kuran. Timur 23,24 (fn.69)kurga 181-182Kwassau, ruler of 7¡ria 179
315
Laamu Diina L2Ç125; see also Diina ofMasina
Lamtüna 6l (fn.2l), 62, ó5
al-Lamtäni, Muhammad b. Muhammad b..Ali 7H0,85
Lange, Dierk 133-134Lapidus, Ira 280
Last, Munay 56, l?8Launay, Robert 5, 24ç249Lavers, John 134,137læo Africanus 274
INDEx
316
Levtz¡on, Nehemiah 58 (fn. 3), 65, 6?-69,81, 91, 134 (fn. 197), 24t246.256.266
Lovejoy, Paul E. 179,256 (fn.92)Lubeck, Paul 156
ma,aji (ma,aji babba) 166magajin rogo l7lal-Maghili 70-72, 7 4, 77, 85, lÍg-t&, 246Mahadi, Abdullahi 167-16gMahdî 206 (fn. l),207-2OEal-Mahdi, Abbasid caliph 26Mahdíya 7, 36, Chapter VIMahmoud, Muhammad 213Mahmúd b. .Umar b. Muþammad Aqit 267Alhaji Mahmudu Kok lB9maÌlram (charter of tax exemplion) 26, 133,
137-138.275mai bashera 187mai gida 16ómakajiha 97makkãsin 106malam 166, 174, 18Ç187, 199, Z4l,243.
263_265Malam Hamza 174malaman fada 166, 168, 265malaman kirgi 168, 2ó5mala¡nan shinfida 265Mali (Mãli) 9, 57, 59-41, 73, 244mãlik al-qawwãrin, mãlik al-makkãsin, see
abbo daadingaMãlik ibn Anas U-28,32Malik Sy E9-91Mãliki (Islamic school of law) 27-29. 3O
(fn. 102), 3t (fn. lO4), 37,5t,6243,68,93
mallamari (mallemri) l3Gl4OMamlüks 25 (fn.7O), 4547 , 49Mammadu Njaari Mben ll7Mamman Sani, ruler of Za¡i a 174, 176Mamman Yero, ruler of Zaria 179Mandara 1,95-99Mansã Mäsã 6O
Mansã Sulaymãn óO-ólMaraka (sg. Ma¡ka) 244, 247Marty, Paul 120,251Masina 123-132, 142. 251maslâha 153.2E4Massûfa 6l (fn. 2l), 73 (fn.63lmasu ketare 165masu saraura 155, 166-167, lZ9-l8lmasu unguwa 166Mauretania 80, 82, 237, 269-27 3Mauss, Marcel 14,42
OBUGAToRY ALMSGIVING: AN INQUIRY INT! ZAKÃT
mawãli (convert) 24al-Mãwardi t, ll, 25 (fn.74),35 (fn. 139).
36 (fn. 144),40 (fn. 165),48-49, 280,282-283
McDougall, E. ñn272McHugh, Neil 2l l, 275measures of grain: wasq - 3l-32; flã, - 32,
35 (fn. 38), 98, 193; rart - 32; mudd(midd) - 32-33, 105. 108-1t0, l14,I 16, 193,253
Mæca 15,22-23Medina 15,22-23.48.88Medine 146Meier, Fritz 25, 64 (fn. 8l),8l (fn. 9?)milk (freehold) 103 (fn. ó6)miskín (pl. masãkin, des¡irute) 37-3gMitchison, Rosalind 47-4EMoma Haji, rulerof Katagum l7Zmondio 7¿l--?5
Mori Ule Sisi 147Morocco 21, 25, 4647, 65-{f., 237mu.ãmalãt 236mudd, see measures ofgrainmudd (zakãt al-fi¡r in rhe Samori& state)
149muddu (zakãt al-fitr in Masina and in the
Umarian srare) 128. 143mudu (grain measure in Sokoto) 193mudu horma l2lMuþammad Ahmad 48, 205-206, 2ll2l7,
232J33Muþammad al-Amîn al-Kanemi 134Muþammad Bello (Muhammad Balù) 2,
136, 159-161,262,280Muhammad Bello, ruler of Kano 174, lg9,
262Mutrammad Rumfa, ruler of Kano 70, 164,
26tMuþammad al-Shan-f. ruler of Wadai lO7Muþammad Shæhere, ruler of Kano 261Muþammad Nazaki, ruler of Kano 261Mubammad Zaki, ruler of Kano 261Muhammadu Na Bimin Gwari 182 (fn. 134)Muhamman Sharefa, ruler of Kano ló5Mukhrar, M. I. 158Sîdi al-Mukhrar al-Kunrî 268Mukhtasar 27 (fn. 82)mukùs (sg. maks, extra,/non-Quranic taxes;
market dues) 51, ó7, 70, l0ómulk (full properry righrs) 275muqãsama (tax system) 26Muqaddima 49al-Murãbitùn, see Almoravidsmurgu 128, l3l (fn. t83)
musbghraqú aldhiman 27 0-27 2
al-Mustamsik, Abbasid caliph 69 (fn. 53)al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid caliph 69 (fn. 53)mutumin kirkii 25l-252al-Muwatta' 27 , 35 , 37
Nachtigal, Gustav l0l (fn.5ó), 102, 105 (fn.
72), r08-r09, 2sr2s4, 2s9Nakæh, Yitzhak 218Nana Asma,u l, 159,240 (fn. l7), 252 (fn.
72),262,287nagab (quantity) 19
Nãçir al-Dîn 9, 80-85, 89, l2lnãgir (superintendent of Muslims) 63Nazjrate of lbn Y-asin 6154ngimsa 139
Nicholas, Guy 264Nioro 144. 14ó
nisãb (st. nisba; minimum of goods uxableunder zakãt) 2U29, 3l-32, 39; of ushr
-31,105, t28,191-192niya (intention) 19
Nonis, H. T.82.84Northem Nigeria Chapter V
O'Fahey, R. S. 100, 103-106, ll0, 212Ohrwalder, Josef223Omdurman (Umm Durman\ 36,217, 219-
220, 222-225, 22'1, 23V23 L
Osswald, Rainer 271
Ottoman Empire 25, 135
pabe 128, 13l"pacific clericalism" 244Palmer. H. R. 172. 184. l9lPark, Mungo 91 ,92 (în. 17)peasant charity 239Perimbam, B. Marie 247philanthropy {$-{1, IPir 121
Poor [aw(s) 43-45por relief 39-40,4441poverty (Hausaland) l8Gl88prayer economy 56Prietze, Rudolf 265-266
al-Qall:^b:^¡.223-224alQardawi, Yusuf 15, 22, 39
Qayrawãn ó2al-Qazwînî 58
Qudama ibn la'far 39qudwa 245
317
rayka 105 (fn. 75); see also umm úalãth¡ûresponsibilities: comparison between Eng-
lish Poor Law and Islamic Law - 44-45
ribã! (pl. rubu!; border/frontier fortress) 62(fn.25), ó5
ridda I, 12, ó6
rimaybe (slave village) 127, 128 (fn. 128),
r30rinderpest 177,228Risalat al-rawl270 (fn. 16l)Robers, Michael J. D.47Roberts, Richard 144-145Robinson, Ddvid 122-123, l4lrogomi l8lRohlfs, Gerhard 265roko 265
Rosignoli 226,229Ruf*i, Ruyyatu Ahmed 190
runji (slave village) l9l (fn. l8l)runde (slave village) 120
sã', see mcasures of grainSaad, Elias 3, 7 5, 27 4-27 5
Sabra, Adam 25 (fn. 70),45al-l.Iâjj Salim Stwan 244-245; see also
Suwârian ¡raditionsadâ'a (zâkãl in Bomo) 139-140sãdãga249sadaka domin Allah 249
eadaqa 1,5, ll, 13-15, 17, 19-20,26,31,35, 4t42, 57, 120, 136, 154, t86,202, 2tt, 239, 24t-242, 246-248,250-255, 257-261, 263-266, 272,27+276,279,2E3
gadaqat al-nafl 13gadaqat al-tagwwu' 13
Sãþib al-kharôj 75
Saifawa 133-134, 138, 237salam (tax in Wadai) 108
Salma (Salama b. 'Abd Allãh), ruler ofKanem 133
Samori Ture 147-150Sanhãja 6l (fn. 2l), ó2{3,73 (fn. 63)Sanneh, Lamin 243, 250, 255sua254saraka (çadaqa) 248-249, 254sa¡kin hatsi 190sa¡kin muslimin 168
sa¡kin (pl. sarakunan) noma 256sukin rafi l7lsathka 249Schacht, Joseph 14, 235Segu 142, 145
INDEx
Rauray, R. S.254,263
318
Seku Ahmadu l-obbp 123-127.n4Senegal 8 l-83, 9È9 l, 2?5-226, 269, 273al-shãfi,i 19
Shãfi.i (Islamic school of law) 28-29, 30(fn- 102), 3l (fn. 104), 35 (tu. 138), 38(fn. 153),5l
shan-'a 49, 65,'10, 72, 77 , 82, 91, ll9, 125,13ó, 140, t46, 167,2t2, 2r6-2t7,235-237, 240, 247, 250, 266, 27t,n5,283,287-2ß8
Sha¡r/Shun Bubba 80-82shartay 105
Shaykh Sidîya 272heede hudo (grass money = kasasairam) l4OShemesh, Ben 26Shendi 214shúrã (council) 48
Shurb al-zulöl (Shurba Ziladù 162 (fn. 38)Sidi Abdulkadiri, n:l.q of 7-ana 262SIdî Al¡mad al-Bakka,i 13l-132Sîdi Muhammad al-I(halifa 132 (fn. 184)
çidq (sincerity of belief) 13
Sijilmasa 62.66-ó7sinMãlik 108
Sinnar 208-209,2ll,n5Sirãj al-ikhwan 160 (fn.30)Sissibe 91. 95slizha (tlija) 9óSmith, M. G. lóO-(fn. 29).1&-167, l7l,
174 (fn.90: 92),175,179, 188-lE9Soares, Beniamin 5,56social welfare policy 45-47, 54; see also
peasan¡ charity; suft charitysofa 149
Sokoto (resion) l7l-173, l8l-182, 183 (fn.l 38), 184-185, t98, 2ú, 265
Sokoto Caliphate 7-8, 54, C-trapter VSokoto gaisuwa 176Sokoto gandu 173
Songhay 3, 7, 9, 26, 69-78, 80, 85, 236, 2æSoninke 73 (1n. 63). 89, 244Sow Fall, Amiata 288Spaulding, Jay 100-101, l0}l04, 107Stewart, Charles C. 81, 236-237, 269-270.
272Suakin222-223,227al-subul al-'ãdiya lO4Sudan (Nilotic) Chapter VIçùñ 2, 5, 9, 45, 47,80,2l?-213,215,226,
266, 268-269, 272, 281, 2M, 287:charity - 267
Sulaymãn, ruler of Dãr Fùr 102
Sulaymãn Baal l2lSuleimanu, ruler of Kano 174
OBUGATORT ALMSGIVING: AN INQUIRY INToZAKÃT
gul[ (treaty) 60Sunni'Ali 73-74Sunni Baru 74Suwarian tradition 24 4 2,16, 257, 268, 286al-Suyuli 69-10,75,134 (fn. 197)
Ta'usha222-223,225Tahir, Ahmad 88 (tu. l)tä'ibùn (toube¿n) 8lT'ãj al-ûn fi nã yajib'alõ'l-muluk 70, 159økkr-ya/tukkiya 105, 109
Taknlr 9, 57-58talâkawa (sg. talaka, commoner) 155, 166-
168, 179, lE3
þlib (pl. ¡alaba, student) 68
fãlibän (talibe) 141, 144, 269Tanhîh al-gh$lin240 (fn. l7)Tanbîh al-ikhwãn 77 (fn. 8ó)Tarîkh al-Fauàsh 70, 260 (fn. ll5), 27 4Ta,rlkh al-Sûdãn 7 5 (fn. 1 1), 2æ, 267, 27 4tatawwu< (voluntary) 19
lausa (land tax) ló9 (fn. 60)tawba (repentance) 82tåt( on livestock: djangel - 108; kafFala -
108; khidmat al-mãl - ll5; ushur -ll5; jangali - lOE, 154, 1ó0 (fn. 29),165, l7O-171,177,199; 'ushr - 2l0lwusuru - 143; zakãh - lll; zakkanshanu - 165; zakãt al-bahãyim - 115;
zakãt al-mãl - 212,219 (fn.5l\,225Ternple. Charles L. 170 (fn. 6'6), l7l, 185
Timbuktu 3, 72J 6, 121126, 2@, 267-268,n3-275
Timbuktu-koi 75 (fn. 7l)tlikse 95-9toloram 139
Torodbe (Turudiya) 8+-91, I l7-l lE, l2lTratzaS2Tremeame, A. l. N. 242-U3tsaka (zakãt) 98-99Tsakkar Gida District (Kano hovince) 194,
196tulba 214Tunjúr 100, ll0Tureta District (Sokoto Province) 194
Turkîya 205,213-215tusur-mondio 76Tymowski, Michal 75 (fn. 74), 148-149,
2æ
Ubah, C. N. 157
'ulam* (sg..ãlim, Muslim scholar) 8,27,40,62,73, ttg, t25. t3t-132, 135-13ó,140, 172, 182, 215,260 (fn. I l5), 261,
266,274,280-2El; see also malam;
faqih
'Umar ibn ldn-s, ruler of Bomo 134
'Umar ibn KhaçÍãb, second Caliph 2,22J4,27,32, t6t,283
'Umar b. Muþammad al-Amin al-Kanemi,rulerof Bomo 134.259
'Umar Il, Umayyad caliph 24
al-tfãjj 'Umar Tal48, 124,l4l-147al¡Umari 60Umarian (Tukoloor) Emire/State l4l-147Usuman, ruler of Kano 174
Umaru, ruler of Sokoto 173
Umayyad Caliphate 24umm thalãthin 33, 105
umma48, 49 (fn. 194), 50, 285.uqi¡bã¡ 235Usman dan Fodio ('Uthmãn ibn Fúdî) 2,48,
77 (fn.86),124, 159-160, 162-163,240,2E1
'ushr (tithe): general - 2,24.26,30-32, 51,
154; Almoravids - 64,66l' Bundu -93_95; Dãr Fûr _ 105; Wadai _108-109; Futa Jallon - 120; Masina -128, 132 (fn. 189); Borno - 139;
collected by al-$ãjj'Uma¡ Tal - 142;
ãs wusuru - 143,149: Sokoto Caliph-ate - 16l-162, 184-185; as ushira -164, 185; Kano - 165; Funj - 210;Mahdiya - 216-217, 219, 230:' as
commodity tax - 230: Mo¡occo - 23?(fn. E); Eastem Beledugu - 247; tosûfi shaykhs 269
'ushr-lând 24,31,128 (fn. l?0)ushira (death duty) 164, 185
USûl al-siy,ãsa 161
'Uthmãn ibn'AfFan. third Caliph 50
Vicillard,G. l18Volta region 2214, 254-255, 263
Wadai 7. 26. 100, l0?-l10, 260
Wakar Bagaudal4Ù'Wandala, se¿ Mandaralilangarawa 244wzqaf 269waqf (pl. awqãf, pious foundation, endow-
menÐ 24 (fn. 69), 30 (fn. 102),4546,l 03-l 04, t37, 238, 268, 27 +27 5
warata 139
Wãrjãbî ibn Rãbrs, ruler of Tak¡úr 57wasq (pl. awsãq, camel-load of grain) 3l
319
trlVatts, Michael 54-55, 153, 155-157, 159,
178 (fn. ll5), l8l, 185,238-239,252,256
Vy'estermarck, Edvard 14 (fn. 16), 242 (fn.28)
\[¡ilks. Ivor 245,257Wolof 273
wusuru 143, 149
Xoolimbine 144
Yaþyã ibn Ãdåm 3È31Yabyã ibn'Umar 60 (fn. l4), ó4, ó7
Yaþyã ibn lbrãhim ó1,64Yarse244Yemen 30 (frr. l0l)Yero, ruler of Zaria l7 I, 177
Yola 185, 190
Yi¡suf ibn T:ashfin 60 (fn. 14), 68
7ãhir-goods 28,71,162zakã (zakãr) 105, 2l l, 229zaka¡ ci253zakar nono 253
zakãr: âs charity - lÇ17,20,22; rules -2V22. 27-36; as identification ofmember of the umma - 23: as tax - 7,
23-27; as part of the public sphere - 5;
within a moral economy of salvation -8, 55,239:. æhir and bãtin goods - 28:
recipients - 3640; as Sarnpo - 39, 55,
159: financial doctrines - 5l; abolish-ment of z. - 155-159; and moraleconomy - 5,1-55, 153; refusal of pay-ment-67,83,237
zåkãt (variations): kudin rafi - 154, 170-l7l, 177, lEO, 197, 199, 203; kudinshuka - 154, l7O-171, 174 (fn.92),177, 180, 182, 197, 199, 203: jangali -ß4, fif172; see also zakkai zakaa
tsaka; zaragh; assaka; sådaa; jakka;jakko; dyaka; dyakha; diaka; farilla
zakãt al-'aysh 212,219 (f¡..47)zakãt al-'aysh al-bãb 219 (fn. 5l)zåkãt al-badan 35
zakãt al-bahãyim 1 15
zakãt al-fitr 33,35,61,71, 98 (fn. 47'),128,t43. 149, 16l, 184, 212,216,230,252-253
zakãt al-bubäb 219 (fr¡.47)zakãt al-mãl 35,212,219 (fn. 5l)zakãt al-nuqud 212,219 (fn.49)zakãtable we¿lth 22, 29:3 I
INDEr
320 Onueeronr Autscwwc: Au lugwnr nwoT./.r.tr
z¡ldta (zaket) 14,33, 120, 154, 158, 160 (ftr.291, 165-t72, 174-t75, t79-t82,184--204,238"254
zaklca-gr*in: collection and storagc - 165-166, 168, l?9, 182, lE5, lE9-197;embezzlemcnt and misuse - l8l-182,195-19& as faminc relicf - 188-191,2ol-202: as sü¡tc incomê - 2lû&.nl
zakk¡n ¡hanu 160 (ft.29)7Ân1ta62,ffi1
zaragh (z¡kãt) 255Zarix t?l, l'14, 17Ç177, l8Gl8?, l9E,
2æ-20t,262Zawãyã (sg. ZãwÐ 80 (ûr 92),82{r'.,N1,
2ffi-272ãwiyaþI. uwãy-a)2de Zayas, Farisha 15, 36 (ûr. 146), 3840? añ269ãaga80
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