in the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs … · 2013. 2. 28. · most...

In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs and make new theories basedon experimentation

Most knowledge in Middle Ages comes from Bible, Greek, & Roman sources

It all supports geocentric theory — moon, sun, planets revolve around earth

Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking

Rise of Universities 1100-1300‘s, European Exploration, Reformation, decline of Catholic Church‘s power, discoveries in astronomy & math brings on:

Scientific Revolution: new way of viewing natural world, based on observation & inquiry

• Rediscovered ideas of Greeks, Romans, Arabs lost for 1000 years

• Rebirth of learning inspired curiosity• Scholars began to question accepted ideas.• Printing press spread new ideas quickly.

Renaissance

• Long voyages required better navigation (math & astronomy) & better instruments.

• Scientists looked more closely at the world around them.

• New discoveries dispelled ancient knowledge/myths.

Age of European

exploration

• heliocentric Copernicus

• Planetary motion (3 laws)• Orbits ellipticalKepler

• Jupiter =4 moons, moon‘s surface imperfect, sun has dark spots

• Laws of Earthly MotionGalileo

• Links Kepler‘s Planetary motion and Galileo‘s Earthly motion: Law of Universal Gravity

Newton

Albert Einstein called Galileo ―the father of modern physics –indeed of modern science altogether,‖ because Galileo realized, and made the rest of the scientific world realize, that ―all knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it.‖

Didn‘t actually invent the telescope. What he did do in 1609 was build the first proper telescope.

He saw landscape on the moon. He saw phases of Venus. He saw four moons around Jupiter, inexplicable ‗handles‘ on Saturn, and sunspots. He saw an endless vista of stars in the Milky Way. Source

Galileo

Church attacks Galileo‘s work, fears it will weaken people‘s faith

Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong

The Bible and the writings of the Greeks and Romans begin to be challenged.

theory of motion Same forces rule

motion of planets, matter in space, earth

Motion in space, earth linked by the law ofuniversal gravitation

Newton views universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock

World History | Chapter 22

An intellectual movement that stressed natural

rights, reason, & the power of individuals

to solve problems

NOTHING SHOULD BE ACCEPTED ON FAITH: QUESTION EVERYTHING!

HUMAN REASON CAN DISCOVER NATURAL LAWS OF SOCIETY & HUMAN NATURE (JUST LIKE IT DID WITH HOW THE UNIVERSE WORKED)

FINDING THESE LAWS WOULD RESULT IN PROGRESS LEADING TO:

BETTER SOCIETY, BETTER PEOPLE

Examine the map that follows for answers to these questions:

*Where were the major centers of the Enlightenment? (look for the small black cross)

*What did these cities have in common?

An EDUCATED EUROPEAN ELITE who believed that HUMAN REASON could find TRUTH & SOLUTIONS to all aspects of life

REASON - logical thinking NATURE - what is natural is good HAPPINESS – important to humans ‗here

and now‘ not in afterlife PROGRESS – humans/society can improve LIBERTY – all people born free and equal

THOMAS HOBBES

Social Contract

Humans bad!

*To avoid STATE of NATURE (ie. war) humans give up individual rights to an ABSOLUTE RULER

*CAN’T REVOLT! (Have given up right to revolt & besides, State of Nature can’t be worse than Absolute Ruler)

ROUSSEAU

Direct Democracy

Humans good, but corrupted by Society!

*People freely form government, but must give up some freedoms for Common Good

*”GENERAL WILL” unclear concept causing problems in history (used by dictators)

JOHN LOCKE

Natural Rights

Humans Good!

*Human Society gives leaders right to rule

*Individuals retain liberty and freedom

*Individuals therefore retain right to overthrow an unjust government

MONTESQUIEU

Separation of Powers

*More conservative than peers

*Did not believe in government by the people

*Willing to protect privileges enjoyed by nobles.

VOLTAIRE

Against Ignorance,

Intolerance, & Superstitution

*Human Reason was Supreme

*Freedom of Speech, Thought, & Religious Belief

*Criticized Catholic Church, Nobility, Government

BECCARIA

Criminal Justice

*Laws exist to keep Social Order, not avenge crimes

*NO TORTURE!

*SPEEDY TRIALS

*Greater rights for accused

Many philosophes didn’t believe women

should enjoy equal rights (politics, education).

Still, there were supporters of women’s rights:

Mary Astell:

“If absolute sovereignty be not

necessary in a state, how comes it to be

so in a family?.....If all men are born free,

how is it that all women are born slaves?”

Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the

Rights of Woman (1792)

Urged women to enter fields of medicine

and politics.

Many women hosted “SALONS” where

Enlightenment ideas were discussed

Declaration of Independence —letter to King George justifying colonial rebellion

Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration, uses ideas of Locke

―When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . . .‖

LOCKE: ―No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.‖

ROUSSEAU: ―Sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of the sovereign powers.‖

MONTESQUIEU: ―Liberty is the right to do what the law permits.‖

Constitution creates three branches of government

checks and balances ensures groups share power

federal system — power divided between national and

state governments

First Amendment: Press, speech, religion, petition,

assembly

Bill of Rights #2-10: Protections, especially in trials

Constitution creates 3 branches of government; checks and balances, & the Federal System (national and state governments split power)

Public Election of President & Congress

First Amendment: Press, speech, religion, petition, assembly

Bill of Rights #2-10: Protects, especially in trials

―We the people..‖

Representative Government

Limited Government

BECCARIA

MONTESQUIEU

VOLTAIRE

ROUSSEAU

LOCKE

How did the U.S. Constitution reflect the ideas of the Enlightenment?Refer to specific Enlightenment thinkers to support your answer.Read and use Page 643 of your textbook along with your class notes.

DOES ART LEAD SOCIETY INTO DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS?

or . . . DOES SOCIETY LEAD ART INTO

DIRECTIONS? IN THIS CASE, THE SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT PROBABLY INFLUENCED THE ART OF EUROPE

it will be a different case in a century . . .

Pre-Enlightenment art style is

baroque — grand, ornate design

Enlightenment style is

neoclassical, based on

Greek/Roman themes

Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than

earlier style

led by composers such as Haydn,

Mozart, Beethoven

Novel emerges; works of fiction

with detailed plots and characters

BAROQUE NEOCLASSICAL

MOZART VIVALDI

Mozart