in the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs … · 2013. 2. 28. · most...
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In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs and make new theories basedon experimentation
Most knowledge in Middle Ages comes from Bible, Greek, & Roman sources
It all supports geocentric theory — moon, sun, planets revolve around earth
Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking
Rise of Universities 1100-1300‘s, European Exploration, Reformation, decline of Catholic Church‘s power, discoveries in astronomy & math brings on:
Scientific Revolution: new way of viewing natural world, based on observation & inquiry
• Rediscovered ideas of Greeks, Romans, Arabs lost for 1000 years
• Rebirth of learning inspired curiosity• Scholars began to question accepted ideas.• Printing press spread new ideas quickly.
Renaissance
• Long voyages required better navigation (math & astronomy) & better instruments.
• Scientists looked more closely at the world around them.
• New discoveries dispelled ancient knowledge/myths.
Age of European
exploration
• heliocentric Copernicus
• Planetary motion (3 laws)• Orbits ellipticalKepler
• Jupiter =4 moons, moon‘s surface imperfect, sun has dark spots
• Laws of Earthly MotionGalileo
• Links Kepler‘s Planetary motion and Galileo‘s Earthly motion: Law of Universal Gravity
Newton
Albert Einstein called Galileo ―the father of modern physics –indeed of modern science altogether,‖ because Galileo realized, and made the rest of the scientific world realize, that ―all knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it.‖
Didn‘t actually invent the telescope. What he did do in 1609 was build the first proper telescope.
He saw landscape on the moon. He saw phases of Venus. He saw four moons around Jupiter, inexplicable ‗handles‘ on Saturn, and sunspots. He saw an endless vista of stars in the Milky Way. Source
Galileo
Church attacks Galileo‘s work, fears it will weaken people‘s faith
Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong
The Bible and the writings of the Greeks and Romans begin to be challenged.
theory of motion Same forces rule
motion of planets, matter in space, earth
Motion in space, earth linked by the law ofuniversal gravitation
Newton views universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock
World History | Chapter 22
An intellectual movement that stressed natural
rights, reason, & the power of individuals
to solve problems
NOTHING SHOULD BE ACCEPTED ON FAITH: QUESTION EVERYTHING!
HUMAN REASON CAN DISCOVER NATURAL LAWS OF SOCIETY & HUMAN NATURE (JUST LIKE IT DID WITH HOW THE UNIVERSE WORKED)
FINDING THESE LAWS WOULD RESULT IN PROGRESS LEADING TO:
BETTER SOCIETY, BETTER PEOPLE
Examine the map that follows for answers to these questions:
*Where were the major centers of the Enlightenment? (look for the small black cross)
*What did these cities have in common?
An EDUCATED EUROPEAN ELITE who believed that HUMAN REASON could find TRUTH & SOLUTIONS to all aspects of life
REASON - logical thinking NATURE - what is natural is good HAPPINESS – important to humans ‗here
and now‘ not in afterlife PROGRESS – humans/society can improve LIBERTY – all people born free and equal
THOMAS HOBBES
Social Contract
Humans bad!
*To avoid STATE of NATURE (ie. war) humans give up individual rights to an ABSOLUTE RULER
*CAN’T REVOLT! (Have given up right to revolt & besides, State of Nature can’t be worse than Absolute Ruler)
ROUSSEAU
Direct Democracy
Humans good, but corrupted by Society!
*People freely form government, but must give up some freedoms for Common Good
*”GENERAL WILL” unclear concept causing problems in history (used by dictators)
JOHN LOCKE
Natural Rights
Humans Good!
*Human Society gives leaders right to rule
*Individuals retain liberty and freedom
*Individuals therefore retain right to overthrow an unjust government
MONTESQUIEU
Separation of Powers
*More conservative than peers
*Did not believe in government by the people
*Willing to protect privileges enjoyed by nobles.
VOLTAIRE
Against Ignorance,
Intolerance, & Superstitution
*Human Reason was Supreme
*Freedom of Speech, Thought, & Religious Belief
*Criticized Catholic Church, Nobility, Government
BECCARIA
Criminal Justice
*Laws exist to keep Social Order, not avenge crimes
*NO TORTURE!
*SPEEDY TRIALS
*Greater rights for accused
Many philosophes didn’t believe women
should enjoy equal rights (politics, education).
Still, there were supporters of women’s rights:
Mary Astell:
“If absolute sovereignty be not
necessary in a state, how comes it to be
so in a family?.....If all men are born free,
how is it that all women are born slaves?”
Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the
Rights of Woman (1792)
Urged women to enter fields of medicine
and politics.
Many women hosted “SALONS” where
Enlightenment ideas were discussed
Declaration of Independence —letter to King George justifying colonial rebellion
Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration, uses ideas of Locke
―When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . . .‖
LOCKE: ―No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.‖
ROUSSEAU: ―Sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of the sovereign powers.‖
MONTESQUIEU: ―Liberty is the right to do what the law permits.‖
Constitution creates three branches of government
checks and balances ensures groups share power
federal system — power divided between national and
state governments
First Amendment: Press, speech, religion, petition,
assembly
Bill of Rights #2-10: Protections, especially in trials
Constitution creates 3 branches of government; checks and balances, & the Federal System (national and state governments split power)
Public Election of President & Congress
First Amendment: Press, speech, religion, petition, assembly
Bill of Rights #2-10: Protects, especially in trials
―We the people..‖
Representative Government
Limited Government
BECCARIA
MONTESQUIEU
VOLTAIRE
ROUSSEAU
LOCKE
How did the U.S. Constitution reflect the ideas of the Enlightenment?Refer to specific Enlightenment thinkers to support your answer.Read and use Page 643 of your textbook along with your class notes.
DOES ART LEAD SOCIETY INTO DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS?
or . . . DOES SOCIETY LEAD ART INTO
DIRECTIONS? IN THIS CASE, THE SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT PROBABLY INFLUENCED THE ART OF EUROPE
it will be a different case in a century . . .
Pre-Enlightenment art style is
baroque — grand, ornate design
Enlightenment style is
neoclassical, based on
Greek/Roman themes
Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than
earlier style
led by composers such as Haydn,
Mozart, Beethoven
Novel emerges; works of fiction
with detailed plots and characters
BAROQUE NEOCLASSICAL
MOZART VIVALDI