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Importance of the history ofmedicine in physicians
training.Periods in history of medicine.Primitive society.
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History of medicine is
an idea how the medical practice andscience developed through the centuriesin close relationship with the developmentof society in order to find the best methodsof prevention, diagnostics and treatment ofdiseases of a human being
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The disciplines, which giveinformation to the history of
medicine are: Archeology Paleopathology Paleobotany Paleoanthropology
Paleopsychology Findings include manuscripts, books,works of art
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Scientists Anthropologists: study hominids to
compare features with other fossil bonesto see if brain size or posture was thesame then
Paleontologists: study the characteristicsof prehistoric periods
Archaeologists: study the objects leftbehind by the hominids for ex.
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Artifacts Any object that was
shaped by human hands Easy to know the
sequence of when theywere, difficult to date theartifacts
Radiocarbon dating:once-living things containsmall amounts ofradioactive carbon Study the decay rate of the
radio carbon Tools from theStone Age
http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/artifacts.do?shortName=stoneaxe -
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Prehistory Ancient Civilizations
Middle Ages Medieval Medicine in
the East Renaissance Medicine
Industrialisation and Enlightenment
The Modern World
Contents
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Archaeology and Artefacts
ExcavationTechniques
Nomadic lifestyleWarriors/huntersKilled away from
Tribe/group
PrehistoricBurial Traditions
Skeletons notalways helpful
Problems withArchaeology
Cave Drawing
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Problems with the evidence
We only have archaeologicalevidence problem is itcannot tell us the whole story
We also have cave paintingsand other finds One way that we can find out
evidence is to look at people
around the world who livedsimilar lifestyles to prehistoricpeople until relatively recently
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.picture-newsletter.com/archeology/skeleton-archaeology.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.picture-newsletter.com/archeology/index.htm&h=1150&w=746&sz=247&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=64QrD9L35iX1WM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3DArchaeology%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7RNWN -
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Early Man - Timeline
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Scientists divide homo into 3groups
1. Homo habilis: person with ability, lived until1.5 million yrs. Ago
2. Homo erectus: person who walks upright,
100-200,000 yrs. Ago3. Homo sapiens: person who thinks
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Whats a Hominid? (3,9 to 3 million years ago)
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A hominid is an animal that lies broadly within the human
family tree. ( Homo sapiens is the only hominidleft.) What set hominids apart from apes? Contrary to popular belief, a bigger brain isnt
what tipped the scale.
Bipedalism walking on two legs firstseparated hominids from apes. And as hominids
grew more accustomed to walking on two legs,they lost their arboreal arms , long upper limbsand hands suited to tree climbing. Hominids alsohave thicker dental enamel and smaller canineteeth than their ape ancestors.
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_4.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_2.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_2.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_4.html -
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Hominid teeth found!!! Dec. 17, 1992, Gen Suwa
from Japan found one ofthe oldest Homind teethever found in Ethiopia ata sight called Aramis
After studying with hiscolleague Tim White,found bones from 17people 4.4 million years old
65 pounds 4 feet tall
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Australopithecus Southern ape 3 to 5 feet Walked on 2 legs Large faces that jutted
out Small brains, flat noses,large teeth
Eastern & southern Africa Fruit, leaves, and nuts,
fish No evidence of tools, only
twigs and sticks
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Homo habilis Lived during the
Paleolithic Oldest hominids
known to havemanufactured tools
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Homo erectus Began as food
gatherers Became hunters by
developing weapons Make fire and made
clothing from animalskins
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Homo erectus
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Homo erectus Became more developed
in their skills Scientists disagree on
when people migratedout of Africa
Homo erectus wasestablished in China andEurope by about 400,000yrs. ago
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Language By 50,000 B.C., people
had developed speech Before that, grunting and
gestures was how people
communicated Language is one of
humanitys greatestachievement
Allows us to pass downthrough the generations
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Neanderthals Named after the Neander
Valley in Germany wheretheir remains were firstdiscovered in A.D. 1850s
5.5 feet tall
Brains slightly larger thanours
Stocky build, thick bones,muscular necks andshoulders
Believe these characteristicshelped them adapt to colderclimates
http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0813336759/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4445101-5478218 -
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NEANDERTHALS
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Ways of Life Lived in small groups
of 35-50 people Nomads
Warm weather:camps along lakes orrivers
Cold weather: in
caves or under theoverhang of cliffs
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Culture and Beliefs They cared for sick and
aged May have been 1 st to
practice medicine Evidence of wounds
completely healed
Had a belief in life afterdeath Buried dead with food,
tools, and weapons andcovered in flowers
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Homo sapiens
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The Cro-Magnons Earliest homo sapiens
sapiens Found mostly in Europe Taller but less robust
than Neanderthals Improved technology More sophisticated
cultures
Hunting and gatheringtechniques more effective
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Cave Paintings Accomplished artistry Some were
educational to teachfor ex. how to hunt
Also painted to reachto the spiritual world
They also sculpted
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Homo sapiens sapiens: Cave art
Humans Populate All the Major
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Humans Populate All the MajorLand Masses of the World
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The Ice Ages B/t 2 million and
t10,000 yrs. Ago,Earth experiences 4periods called the IceAge
Only middle latitudeswere warm enough tosupport human orplant life
Early human beingsadapted by migratingor learning strategiesto stay warm
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Stone Ages - 5 MYA - 2500 BC PALEOLITHIC: Old Stone Age, 2 million
years ago
MESOLITHIC: Middle Stone Age, 20-18,000 BCE to 12,150 BCE
NEOLITHIC : 9000 BCE 4500 BCE
http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=534http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529 -
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Paleolithic Period
Division of Labormen hunting game animals
women gathering fruits,berries, and other ediblesDeveloped simple tools: spears &axes made from bone, wood, &stone
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Mesolithic Age Middle Stone Age
20-18,000 BC to 12,150 BC small composite flint tools ( microliths and
microburins ), fishing tackle , stone adzes
and wooden objects such as canoes andbows
characterized by the introduction of
agriculture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microburinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tacklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28weapon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28weapon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tacklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microburinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint -
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Neolithic
Revolution
Shift from hunting & gathering toagriculture
Led to permanent settlements Establishment of social classes Eventual rise of civilizations
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Neolithic Age-New
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Neolithic Age-NewTechnologies
Calendar to keep track ofplanting and harvesting Simple metal tools such
as plows Used animals to pull plows
Metal weapons developed asvillages needed to protect theirvaluable resources.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://zt.tibet.cn/tibetzt-en/xzbz/Used%2520for%2520daily%2520lives/pic/007s.jpg&imgrefurl=http://zt.tibet.cn/tibetzt-en/xzbz/Used%2520for%2520daily%2520lives/p7.htm&h=400&w=260&sz=28&hl=en&start=67&tbnid=IKeS1f2sqqjmdM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dneolithic%2Bweapons%26start%3D60%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN -
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Prehistory
150,000 BC First Modern Humans
evolve
Hunter Gatherers Estimated World
Population 5 million
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://oha.ci.alexandria.va.us/lyceum/images/ly-pre-hunting.jpg&imgrefurl=http://oha.ci.alexandria.va.us/lyceum/ly-exhibit-prehistory.html&h=369&w=242&sz=50&tbnid=ya1pdBgSmZQJ:&tbnh=117&tbnw=77&hl=en&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprehistoric%2Bman%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG -
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Lifestyle of prehistoric man
Hunter gathers Followed the animals that they
hunted
Did not farm Rarely lived beyond 30 years Did not write things down Used flint and had a basic
understanding of the world Very religious blamed spirits
for good and bad things
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pictures.directnews.co.uk/liveimages/Neanderthal%2Bman_579_17703982_0_0_10940_300.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hotelshotelshotels.co.uk/france/go-prehistoric.html&h=297&w=300&sz=13&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=AJbj1-ICEZsR2M:&tbnh=115&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPrehistoric%2Bman%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7RNWN -
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Prehistoric Medicine
Spiritual treatments
Rational treatments
Surgery
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Prehistoric Medicine
Trephination Illness caused by evil
spirits Sorcerers, Medicine
Men, Clever Men Some herbal remedies Broken Bones set in Clay
Open cuts bandaged withbark or animal skin
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/SC214.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/3.html&h=545&w=353&sz=198&tbnid=ThodLxXhDosJ:&tbnh=130&tbnw=84&hl=en&start=7&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrephination%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN -
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M di l k l d d b li f
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Medical knowledge and beliefs
Archaeologists have foundsome evidence that suggestswhat the beliefs of prehistoricpeople were. Cave paintings give clues about what peoplethought caused some diseases.
Other evidence, such ascharms , provide further cluesabout these beliefs.
To confirm their ideas, historians have talked to groups ofpeople, such as some Aborigines in Australia, whoselifestyles have not changed for thousands of years. Byexamining their beliefs and practices we can get an insightinto prehistoric life.
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Medicine men
Prehistoric men usedmedicine men to help themto get rid of the evil spirits
that thy thought causeddisease Used lucky charms to help Used chants and magic
spells to help people to getbetter
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://tobkes.othellomaster.com/images/prehistoric-wheel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://tobkes.othellomaster.com/archives/category/humor/spoof/&h=144&w=200&sz=6&hl=en&start=21&um=1&tbnid=14ZIRIthvo6rLM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprehistoric%2Bman%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7RNWN%26sa%3DN -
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Traditionally, Aborigines also wore charms to keep evilspirits away, and buried their cut-off nails and hair andtheir excrement, probably to prevent spirits casting spellson them.
All through the history of
medicine we find the use ofherbal medicine to cure illnessand disease, and the Aboriginesare no exception. Many women
treat their families with herbalremedies and use recipeshanded down over thousands ofyears.
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Spirit healing Spirit healers would perform
ceremonies and cast spells totreat the sick. We also believethat they dispensed the firstmedicines. Drinking the blood ofa wild animal killed in the huntwould give hunters specialpowers or eating special plantsknown only to the shaman couldtreat sickness. It is possiblethat these treatments would
sometimes have a beneficialeffect and it is thought thatdrugs like digitalis and morphinewere first discovered in thisway.
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Alternative therapies Western medicine is based on
scientific observation andexperimentation. We no longerlive in the mystical spirit world ofthe ancients but that does notmean that beliefs no longer play apart in healing. Many people stillvisit faith healers or followalternative therapies that claimto tap into invisible forces ofnature. Indeed, Shamen still playan important part in certainNative American and Africancultures.
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Trepanning
PH man performed thisoperation without anaesthetic
removed a piece of the skullto relieve pressure on thebrain
We know that people survivedbecause we have found skullswhere the bone has started togrow back
Evidence of early knowledgeof surgical techniques
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Skulls of primitive people (neoantrop), survived operation of
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cranial trepanation (at the left), and the person who has lost
owing to ritual cranial trepanation
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Members of primitive society donot distinguish between
medicine, magic and religion.
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Characteristics of Civilizations
Cities Centralized government, law codes,
organized religion System of writing Specialized jobs Division of Labor
Social Class Structure Advanced Technology
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Egyptian Science and
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Egyptian Science andTechnology
Accurate calendar Hieroglyphics: system of writing called Advanced mathematical geometry &
engineering skills in the creation of thepyramids
irrigation systems
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Ancient Egypt
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IMPORTANT NOTE
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IMPORTANT NOTE
Embalming added little to medicalknowledge
Embalmers worked in secret Embalmers removed organs through the
nose and small slits in the body They DID NOT OPEN UP BODIES
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MESOPOTAMIA FERTILE
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CRESCENT
Sumerians 1st
Civilization: 1st
to buildwheeled vehicles - 3500 BCE built irrigation systems , dykes , and canals
for better farming Cuneiform system of writing 1st Sumerian- algebra and geometry
Sumerian: - city-states, Preist/Kingspolytheistic,
Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia
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Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia
Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent
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Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent Babylonians : astronomy, Code of
Hammurabi, was the first written lawsin history
Hittites : first to mine iron ore to produceiron weapons & tools (Iron Age) Assyrians: new military equipment -
moveable towers and battering rams, 1st
library of cuneiform tablets, chariot
Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent
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Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent
Code oncolumns ineach city-state
Assyrianweapons & chariot
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Persian EmpireCoins
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e s a p e
Royal Roads
Weights & Measures
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Hebrews/Jews
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Hebrews: Judaism - oldest knownmonotheistic religion
Founder -Abraham Moses-Prophet: Ten Commandments
2000 BCE Laws Significant Writings -Torah and Talmud Book of laws & beliefs, as well as Old
Testament of the Bible Places of Worship -Jews worship intemples called synagogues
One God who is the creator of all things
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Ancient India
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Ancient IndiaSocial Class Structure:
Caste System :Brahmana (priests),Kshatriya (warriors),
Vaishya (traders andagriculturists), andShudra (workers).Person's occupation orgroup depended uponbirth
Sanskrit :writing system
Ancient India - Religion HINDUISM: polytheistic religion 3000
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HINDUISM: polytheistic religion 3000BCE
Significant Writings -Vedas ,Upanishads , Ramayana , Mahabharata ,Bhagavad Gita
Oral 1 st , Written in Sanskrit history &hymns, teachings of Hinduism
spiritual oneness of the soul, atman soul obtains moksha or liberation
Hinduism
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Reincarnation: karma you get what you
give new life Dharma: Duties of all
Hindus in their caste Supports rigid
social structure
Caste System Cow Sacred
Buddhism
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Founder -Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha, which means "enlightened one." he did not believe he was a god
Dalai Lama :spiritual leader of Buddhism Four Noble Truths beliefs end
suffereing, end desire
Eightfold Path : represents one of theteachings of the Eightfold Path rightthinking, speaking etc.
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Early China
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y Shang Dynasty : 2000BCE system of
writing pictographs - drawings ofobjects ideographs thought or idea Oracle Bone early writing: Zhou Dynasty:
Mandate of Heaven rise & fall of dynastiesQin Dynasty: Shi huangdi -new technologies warfare, cavalry,
Legalism you will obey orders!Burned Confucian books
Ancient China
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Qin China: standardized thelanguage and writing of China
currency became standardizedcircular copper coin
Great Wall builtin north toprotect China
Roads andirrigation canalsbuilt Burned books
Classical China
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Han China: Emperor Wudi: government
& economy, Golden Age of ChinaHan scientists wrote textbooks fromzoology to botany and chemistry
Astronomers accurate clocks &calendars, Paper , wheelbarrow, Acupuncture alleviate pain & herbal
remediesSilk Road: trade with the Roman Empire and later empires east & west
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Chinese Philosophies
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p Ancestor worship
Confucianism: social order and mutualrespect - 500 BCE
Founder -Kong Fu Zi - Confucius Significant Writings -
The Analects - sayings
Chinese Philosophies -C f i i
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Confucianism Five Relationships :
Ruler to ruled. Father to son. Older brother to younger brother.
Husband to wife. Friend to friendJen -Human kindness should be showntowards one another.Li-Proper etiquette should always be used,and one should strive to achieve perfectvirtue.
Filial Piety -One should respect their elders
Ancient Civilisations
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Ancient Civilisations
From 8000BC Farming Settlements appear Diseases e.g. Malaria Dirtier
Writing Develops
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The Greeks
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The Greeks
800BC to 338BC City States Worshipped the Gods of
Olympus
Some started tochallenge the Gods Believed Education was
Very important Science wanted to
make sense of the World Philosophers
Features of Early Greek
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Medicine Asklepios Greek God of Healing Asklepions Temples of Healing
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Anatomical Knowledge
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Anatomical Knowledge
Greek Philosopher: Aristotle Dissected animals NOT humans The Heart key organ in the body Studied the connection between blood
vessels and brains
Alexandria 331 BC
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Alexandria 331 BC
In the third Century BC became the mostimportant centre of medicine
Herophilos improved understanding of
the brain Erasistratos identified Cerebrum andCerebellum
HUMAN DISSECTION Allowed until theRomans took over
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The Romans
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The Romans
510 BC to 476 AD Well-Organised
Government Roman Army
Love Hate relationshipwith the Greeks
Very practical Similar religion to Greeks
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Features of Late Roman
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Medicine Gradually adopted Hippocratic Doctors Most Famous Claudius Galen Believed in 4 Humours
Became more active in treatment Treated with opposites e.g. pepper topatients, blood letting
Wrote huge amount of books becameaccepted as Gospels
Anatomical Knowledge
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Anatomical Knowledge
Galen improved Knowledge Treated Gladiators Dissected Animals remember the Pig Made mistakes the Heart
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Middle Ages
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Middle Ages
476 AD to Circa 1450 Frequent Wars Christianity in the
West Islam in the East
Medicine in the Dark Ages476 Ci 1000 (W )
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476 to Circa 1000 (West) Roman and Greek medical books lost Training for doctors disappeared Illness was caused and cured by God
It was considered Holy to care for the sick Mostly Nuns and Monks Some Herbal Remedies (Provided by God) and
blood letting Four Humours Theory still used.
The Late Middle Ages 1000 toi 1450 (W t)
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circa 1450 (West) Increase in Hospitals to care for sick and
poor Uroscopy study of urine to diagnose
imbalance in 4 humours Astrological Ideas The position of the
stars could influence health
Better Training of doctors for the Rich
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Universities set up doctors licensed byuniversity qualification Women could not become doctors Women continued to care for the poor University Doctors saw themselves as superior
to Apothecaries (sellers of drugs and herbalremedies) and Barber surgeons( barbers whoperformed simple operations e.g. removingboils)
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Medieval doctors believed in preventivemedicine
Blood letting of Healthy people to keep the 4humours in balance (carried out by BarberSurgeons) Venesection or Cupping
Treatments Hot baths, Laxatives, Blood letting,enemas (a purgative mixture squirted into the
anus using a long pipe and bellows)
Surgery in Middle Ages (West)
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Surgery in Middle Ages (West)
Some Advances due to constant wars e.g. removal of arrowheads
Early experiments with Anaesthetics
Opium to make patient sleepy Wine used to stop infection Some more complicated operations e.g.
removal of bladder stones Most Surgeons not University trained.
Anatomical Knowledge
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Anatomical Knowledge
Human Dissection was disapproved of Several attempts to ban it all together Little increase in knowledge
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Renaissance Medicine
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Circa 1450 to Circa 1650 Rebirth of Greek Ideas
about understanding theworld
Exploration Illustration Printing Press Scientific Research Reduction of power of the
church
Medical Knowledge in theRenaissance
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Renaissance During this period there are a number of
individuals that increased medicalknowledge
Leonardo da Vinci
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Inventor and artist Wanted to produce more realistic paintings Carried out dissections so he could
understand how the human body worked More accurate drawings
Vesalius Anatomist1514 1564
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1514-1564 Carried out dissections on dead bodies Originally a follower of Galen Later challenged some of Galens theories
(Septum of Heart Not Porous) Published a book on Anatomy using a
renaissance artist to illustrate. De Humani Corporis Fabrica
Realdo Colombo
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Proved blood went from right to leftventricles of the heart via the lungs
Gabriele Falloppia
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pp
Studied workings of the Womb
Fabricus
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Studied Valves of the veins
William Harvey Physiologist1578 1657
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1578 -1657 Studied how the body worked Proved how blood circulated around the
body simple experiments
His work was initially rejected Only accepted in 1673 when Paris
University began to teach his findings
Ambroise Pare1510 1590
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1510-1590 Barber Surgeon Became military surgeon Changed treatment of gunshot wounds
(accidentally discovered that dressing woundswas more effective than cauterising)
Developed ligatures for use with amputations Proved Bezoar didnt work
Developed technique of Podalic Version turning baby in the womb
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Paracelsus 1493-1541
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Rejected 4 Humours Illness caused by chemicals inside the
body
Believed Chemicals like salt, sulphur andmercury could be used to treat illness
Rejected by Medical establishment duringhis lifetime.
Progress?
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These new ideas were rejected initially Increase in knowledge about the body
little advance in treatments
When King Charles II was dying (1685) hereceived the following treatments:
Blood letting, laxatives, ground up humanskull, bark of Perwian Tree and Bezoar
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Industrialisation andEnlightenment
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Enlightenment Circa 1700 to Circa 1900 Production of goods
changes to factories ledto growth in towns
Clear logical thought Improvements in Science
and technology Doctors start to work in a
way we would reconisetoday
Edward Jenner
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Introduced Vaccination as a way ofpreventing Small Pox Infected people with cow pox to help them
build up a resistance to small pox Great resistance at first! Others had tried similar experiments but
had not proved it scientifically or publishedtheir work.
Louis Pasteur
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Germ Theory Made the connection between germs and
disease. Showed that microbes carried in dust in the air
caused decay. These microbes/germs could be killed if heated
PASTEURISATION Also Identified germ that caused Anthrax Developed Vaccines for Chicken Cholera and
Rabies
Robert Koch
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Identified the germs that caused: Tuberculosis, Cholera, Developed Dyes to help identify Germs
Helped develop the Petri dish Uses Agar jellyto grow microbes/germs and makes it possibleto photograph
Others used his methods to discover the causesof pneumonia, meningitis, plague and dysentery
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Fighting Infection in Surgery
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Antiseptic surgery Use of carbolic acid to kill germs
Aseptic Surgery Keeping germs away from the operation
washing hands, clean gowns and masks,sterilising equipment, wearing gloves andkeeping theatres clean
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The Modern World
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1900 onwards Huge improvements
in Science andTechnology
World Wars
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Gerhard Domagk
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Developed the second magic bullet based on a dye called Prontosil killsstreptococcal bacteria
Much more powerful than Salvarsan 606 Stops infections like pneumonia and
meningitis
Alexander Flemming
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Wanted to find a drug that would fight simpleinfections caused by germs getting into soldierswounds in WW1
Accidentally discovered a mould that killed
staphylococci bacteria published his findings Known as Penicillin Failed to test it on live tissue Others may have made the discovery before
him.
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
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Read about Flemmings discovery Chain worked out the structure of Penicillin
and was able to grow the mould inbrewers yeast
Florey used Penicillin on a Policemansuffering from Staphylococcal septicaemia
Policeman improved but died becausethey did not have enough penicillin
Andrew J. Moyer
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Developed a method of mass producingpenicillin using a culture broth of cornsteep liquor and lactose.
Thousands of lives were saved duringWW2 as a result
Surgery
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Blood transfusions blood grouping,prevention of clotting and storage
Improvements in Plastic Surgery (WWI)
Skin grafts treatment of severe burns(WW2)
Genetics
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DNA Identification of Genetic Disorders
Technology
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X-Ray machines Body Scanners Ultrasound Laser treatment Pacemakers Artificial limbs
Problems?
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STIs HIV and AIDS Famine Cancer Obesity MRSA
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