importance of the history of medicine in physician’s new

7/31/2019 Importance of the history of medicine in physicians new

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Importance of the history ofmedicine in physicians

training.Periods in history of medicine.Primitive society.


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History of medicine is

an idea how the medical practice andscience developed through the centuriesin close relationship with the developmentof society in order to find the best methodsof prevention, diagnostics and treatment ofdiseases of a human being


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The disciplines, which giveinformation to the history of

medicine are: Archeology Paleopathology Paleobotany Paleoanthropology

Paleopsychology Findings include manuscripts, books,works of art


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Scientists Anthropologists: study hominids to

compare features with other fossil bonesto see if brain size or posture was thesame then

Paleontologists: study the characteristicsof prehistoric periods

Archaeologists: study the objects leftbehind by the hominids for ex.


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Artifacts Any object that was

shaped by human hands Easy to know the

sequence of when theywere, difficult to date theartifacts

Radiocarbon dating:once-living things containsmall amounts ofradioactive carbon Study the decay rate of the

radio carbon Tools from theStone Age
http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/artifacts.do?shortName=stoneaxe


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Prehistory Ancient Civilizations

Middle Ages Medieval Medicine in

the East Renaissance Medicine

Industrialisation and Enlightenment

The Modern World

Contents


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Archaeology and Artefacts

ExcavationTechniques

Nomadic lifestyleWarriors/huntersKilled away from

Tribe/group

PrehistoricBurial Traditions

Skeletons notalways helpful

Problems withArchaeology

Cave Drawing


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Problems with the evidence

We only have archaeologicalevidence problem is itcannot tell us the whole story

We also have cave paintingsand other finds One way that we can find out

evidence is to look at people

around the world who livedsimilar lifestyles to prehistoricpeople until relatively recently
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.picture-newsletter.com/archeology/skeleton-archaeology.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.picture-newsletter.com/archeology/index.htm&h=1150&w=746&sz=247&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=64QrD9L35iX1WM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3DArchaeology%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7RNWN


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Early Man - Timeline


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Scientists divide homo into 3groups

1. Homo habilis: person with ability, lived until1.5 million yrs. Ago

2. Homo erectus: person who walks upright,

100-200,000 yrs. Ago3. Homo sapiens: person who thinks


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Whats a Hominid? (3,9 to 3 million years ago)


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A hominid is an animal that lies broadly within the human

family tree. ( Homo sapiens is the only hominidleft.) What set hominids apart from apes? Contrary to popular belief, a bigger brain isnt

what tipped the scale.

Bipedalism walking on two legs firstseparated hominids from apes. And as hominids

grew more accustomed to walking on two legs,they lost their arboreal arms , long upper limbsand hands suited to tree climbing. Hominids alsohave thicker dental enamel and smaller canineteeth than their ape ancestors.
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_4.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_2.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_2.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_3.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/outpost/interpret_f2_4.html


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Hominid teeth found!!! Dec. 17, 1992, Gen Suwa

from Japan found one ofthe oldest Homind teethever found in Ethiopia ata sight called Aramis

After studying with hiscolleague Tim White,found bones from 17people 4.4 million years old

65 pounds 4 feet tall
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/oh65.html


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Australopithecus Southern ape 3 to 5 feet Walked on 2 legs Large faces that jutted

out Small brains, flat noses,large teeth

Eastern & southern Africa Fruit, leaves, and nuts,

fish No evidence of tools, only

twigs and sticks


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Homo habilis Lived during the

Paleolithic Oldest hominids

known to havemanufactured tools


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Homo erectus Began as food

gatherers Became hunters by

developing weapons Make fire and made

clothing from animalskins


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Homo erectus


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Homo erectus Became more developed

in their skills Scientists disagree on

when people migratedout of Africa

Homo erectus wasestablished in China andEurope by about 400,000yrs. ago


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Language By 50,000 B.C., people

had developed speech Before that, grunting and

gestures was how people

communicated Language is one of

humanitys greatestachievement

Allows us to pass downthrough the generations


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Neanderthals Named after the Neander

Valley in Germany wheretheir remains were firstdiscovered in A.D. 1850s

5.5 feet tall

Brains slightly larger thanours

Stocky build, thick bones,muscular necks andshoulders

Believe these characteristicshelped them adapt to colderclimates
http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0813336759/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4445101-5478218


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NEANDERTHALS


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Ways of Life Lived in small groups

of 35-50 people Nomads

Warm weather:camps along lakes orrivers

Cold weather: in

caves or under theoverhang of cliffs


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Culture and Beliefs They cared for sick and

aged May have been 1 st to

practice medicine Evidence of wounds

completely healed

Had a belief in life afterdeath Buried dead with food,

tools, and weapons andcovered in flowers


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Homo sapiens


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The Cro-Magnons Earliest homo sapiens

sapiens Found mostly in Europe Taller but less robust

than Neanderthals Improved technology More sophisticated

cultures

Hunting and gatheringtechniques more effective


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Cave Paintings Accomplished artistry Some were

educational to teachfor ex. how to hunt

Also painted to reachto the spiritual world

They also sculpted


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Homo sapiens sapiens: Cave art

Humans Populate All the Major


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Humans Populate All the MajorLand Masses of the World


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The Ice Ages B/t 2 million and

t10,000 yrs. Ago,Earth experiences 4periods called the IceAge

Only middle latitudeswere warm enough tosupport human orplant life

Early human beingsadapted by migratingor learning strategiesto stay warm


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Stone Ages - 5 MYA - 2500 BC PALEOLITHIC: Old Stone Age, 2 million

years ago

MESOLITHIC: Middle Stone Age, 20-18,000 BCE to 12,150 BCE

NEOLITHIC : 9000 BCE 4500 BCE
http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=534http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529http://www.timelineindex.com/content/clickout.php?siteid=529


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Paleolithic Period

Division of Labormen hunting game animals

women gathering fruits,berries, and other ediblesDeveloped simple tools: spears &axes made from bone, wood, &stone


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Mesolithic Age Middle Stone Age

20-18,000 BC to 12,150 BC small composite flint tools ( microliths and

microburins ), fishing tackle , stone adzes

and wooden objects such as canoes andbows

characterized by the introduction of

agriculture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microburinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tacklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28weapon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28weapon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tacklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microburinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint


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Neolithic

Revolution

Shift from hunting & gathering toagriculture

Led to permanent settlements Establishment of social classes Eventual rise of civilizations


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Neolithic Age-New


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Neolithic Age-NewTechnologies

Calendar to keep track ofplanting and harvesting Simple metal tools such

as plows Used animals to pull plows

Metal weapons developed asvillages needed to protect theirvaluable resources.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://zt.tibet.cn/tibetzt-en/xzbz/Used%2520for%2520daily%2520lives/pic/007s.jpg&imgrefurl=http://zt.tibet.cn/tibetzt-en/xzbz/Used%2520for%2520daily%2520lives/p7.htm&h=400&w=260&sz=28&hl=en&start=67&tbnid=IKeS1f2sqqjmdM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dneolithic%2Bweapons%26start%3D60%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN


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Prehistory

150,000 BC First Modern Humans

evolve

Hunter Gatherers Estimated World

Population 5 million
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://oha.ci.alexandria.va.us/lyceum/images/ly-pre-hunting.jpg&imgrefurl=http://oha.ci.alexandria.va.us/lyceum/ly-exhibit-prehistory.html&h=369&w=242&sz=50&tbnid=ya1pdBgSmZQJ:&tbnh=117&tbnw=77&hl=en&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprehistoric%2Bman%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG


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Lifestyle of prehistoric man

Hunter gathers Followed the animals that they

hunted

Did not farm Rarely lived beyond 30 years Did not write things down Used flint and had a basic

understanding of the world Very religious blamed spirits

for good and bad things
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pictures.directnews.co.uk/liveimages/Neanderthal%2Bman_579_17703982_0_0_10940_300.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hotelshotelshotels.co.uk/france/go-prehistoric.html&h=297&w=300&sz=13&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=AJbj1-ICEZsR2M:&tbnh=115&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPrehistoric%2Bman%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7RNWN


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Prehistoric Medicine

Spiritual treatments

Rational treatments

Surgery


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Prehistoric Medicine

Trephination Illness caused by evil

spirits Sorcerers, Medicine

Men, Clever Men Some herbal remedies Broken Bones set in Clay

Open cuts bandaged withbark or animal skin
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/SC214.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/3.html&h=545&w=353&sz=198&tbnid=ThodLxXhDosJ:&tbnh=130&tbnw=84&hl=en&start=7&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrephination%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


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M di l k l d d b li f


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Medical knowledge and beliefs

Archaeologists have foundsome evidence that suggestswhat the beliefs of prehistoricpeople were. Cave paintings give clues about what peoplethought caused some diseases.

Other evidence, such ascharms , provide further cluesabout these beliefs.

To confirm their ideas, historians have talked to groups ofpeople, such as some Aborigines in Australia, whoselifestyles have not changed for thousands of years. Byexamining their beliefs and practices we can get an insightinto prehistoric life.


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Medicine men

Prehistoric men usedmedicine men to help themto get rid of the evil spirits

that thy thought causeddisease Used lucky charms to help Used chants and magic

spells to help people to getbetter
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://tobkes.othellomaster.com/images/prehistoric-wheel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://tobkes.othellomaster.com/archives/category/humor/spoof/&h=144&w=200&sz=6&hl=en&start=21&um=1&tbnid=14ZIRIthvo6rLM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprehistoric%2Bman%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7RNWN%26sa%3DN


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Traditionally, Aborigines also wore charms to keep evilspirits away, and buried their cut-off nails and hair andtheir excrement, probably to prevent spirits casting spellson them.

All through the history of

medicine we find the use ofherbal medicine to cure illnessand disease, and the Aboriginesare no exception. Many women

treat their families with herbalremedies and use recipeshanded down over thousands ofyears.


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Spirit healing Spirit healers would perform

ceremonies and cast spells totreat the sick. We also believethat they dispensed the firstmedicines. Drinking the blood ofa wild animal killed in the huntwould give hunters specialpowers or eating special plantsknown only to the shaman couldtreat sickness. It is possiblethat these treatments would

sometimes have a beneficialeffect and it is thought thatdrugs like digitalis and morphinewere first discovered in thisway.


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Alternative therapies Western medicine is based on

scientific observation andexperimentation. We no longerlive in the mystical spirit world ofthe ancients but that does notmean that beliefs no longer play apart in healing. Many people stillvisit faith healers or followalternative therapies that claimto tap into invisible forces ofnature. Indeed, Shamen still playan important part in certainNative American and Africancultures.


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Trepanning

PH man performed thisoperation without anaesthetic

removed a piece of the skullto relieve pressure on thebrain

We know that people survivedbecause we have found skullswhere the bone has started togrow back

Evidence of early knowledgeof surgical techniques
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://perfline.com/textbook/local/mvinas/image002.jpg&imgrefurl=http://perfline.com/textbook/local/mvinas/mvinas1.htm&h=205&w=304&sz=11&hl=en&start=12&um=1&tbnid=rRVpbDuiM7nNYM:&tbnh=78&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrepanning%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7RNWN


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Skulls of primitive people (neoantrop), survived operation of


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cranial trepanation (at the left), and the person who has lost

owing to ritual cranial trepanation


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Members of primitive society donot distinguish between

medicine, magic and religion.


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Characteristics of Civilizations

Cities Centralized government, law codes,

organized religion System of writing Specialized jobs Division of Labor

Social Class Structure Advanced Technology


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Egyptian Science and


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Egyptian Science andTechnology

Accurate calendar Hieroglyphics: system of writing called Advanced mathematical geometry &

engineering skills in the creation of thepyramids

irrigation systems


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Ancient Egypt


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IMPORTANT NOTE


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IMPORTANT NOTE

Embalming added little to medicalknowledge

Embalmers worked in secret Embalmers removed organs through the

nose and small slits in the body They DID NOT OPEN UP BODIES


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MESOPOTAMIA FERTILE


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CRESCENT

Sumerians 1st

Civilization: 1st

to buildwheeled vehicles - 3500 BCE built irrigation systems , dykes , and canals

for better farming Cuneiform system of writing 1st Sumerian- algebra and geometry

Sumerian: - city-states, Preist/Kingspolytheistic,

Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia


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Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia

Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent


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Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent Babylonians : astronomy, Code of

Hammurabi, was the first written lawsin history

Hittites : first to mine iron ore to produceiron weapons & tools (Iron Age) Assyrians: new military equipment -

moveable towers and battering rams, 1st

library of cuneiform tablets, chariot



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Code oncolumns ineach city-state

Assyrianweapons & chariot


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Persian EmpireCoins


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e s a p e

Royal Roads

Weights & Measures


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Hebrews/Jews


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Hebrews: Judaism - oldest knownmonotheistic religion

Founder -Abraham Moses-Prophet: Ten Commandments

2000 BCE Laws Significant Writings -Torah and Talmud Book of laws & beliefs, as well as Old

Testament of the Bible Places of Worship -Jews worship intemples called synagogues

One God who is the creator of all things


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Ancient India


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Ancient IndiaSocial Class Structure:

Caste System :Brahmana (priests),Kshatriya (warriors),

Vaishya (traders andagriculturists), andShudra (workers).Person's occupation orgroup depended uponbirth

Sanskrit :writing system

Ancient India - Religion HINDUISM: polytheistic religion 3000


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HINDUISM: polytheistic religion 3000BCE

Significant Writings -Vedas ,Upanishads , Ramayana , Mahabharata ,Bhagavad Gita

Oral 1 st , Written in Sanskrit history &hymns, teachings of Hinduism

spiritual oneness of the soul, atman soul obtains moksha or liberation

Hinduism


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Reincarnation: karma you get what you

give new life Dharma: Duties of all

Hindus in their caste Supports rigid

social structure

Caste System Cow Sacred

Buddhism


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Founder -Siddhartha Gautama

Buddha, which means "enlightened one." he did not believe he was a god

Dalai Lama :spiritual leader of Buddhism Four Noble Truths beliefs end

suffereing, end desire

Eightfold Path : represents one of theteachings of the Eightfold Path rightthinking, speaking etc.


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Early China


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y Shang Dynasty : 2000BCE system of

writing pictographs - drawings ofobjects ideographs thought or idea Oracle Bone early writing: Zhou Dynasty:

Mandate of Heaven rise & fall of dynastiesQin Dynasty: Shi huangdi -new technologies warfare, cavalry,

Legalism you will obey orders!Burned Confucian books

Ancient China


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Qin China: standardized thelanguage and writing of China

currency became standardizedcircular copper coin

Great Wall builtin north toprotect China

Roads andirrigation canalsbuilt Burned books

Classical China


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Han China: Emperor Wudi: government

& economy, Golden Age of ChinaHan scientists wrote textbooks fromzoology to botany and chemistry

Astronomers accurate clocks &calendars, Paper , wheelbarrow, Acupuncture alleviate pain & herbal

remediesSilk Road: trade with the Roman Empire and later empires east & west


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Chinese Philosophies


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p Ancestor worship

Confucianism: social order and mutualrespect - 500 BCE

Founder -Kong Fu Zi - Confucius Significant Writings -

The Analects - sayings

Chinese Philosophies -C f i i


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Confucianism Five Relationships :

Ruler to ruled. Father to son. Older brother to younger brother.

Husband to wife. Friend to friendJen -Human kindness should be showntowards one another.Li-Proper etiquette should always be used,and one should strive to achieve perfectvirtue.

Filial Piety -One should respect their elders

Ancient Civilisations


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Ancient Civilisations

From 8000BC Farming Settlements appear Diseases e.g. Malaria Dirtier

Writing Develops

Back to Contents Page

The Greeks


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The Greeks

800BC to 338BC City States Worshipped the Gods of

Olympus

Some started tochallenge the Gods Believed Education was

Very important Science wanted to

make sense of the World Philosophers

Features of Early Greek
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.macalester.edu/~rife/courses/clas269/Parthenon.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.macalester.edu/~rife/courses/clas269/&h=606&w=900&sz=440&tbnid=h_VoGzgYQjIJ:&tbnh=97&tbnw=144&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dparthenon%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG


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Medicine Asklepios Greek God of Healing Asklepions Temples of Healing


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Anatomical Knowledge


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Greek Philosopher: Aristotle Dissected animals NOT humans The Heart key organ in the body Studied the connection between blood

vessels and brains

Alexandria 331 BC


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Alexandria 331 BC

In the third Century BC became the mostimportant centre of medicine

Herophilos improved understanding of

the brain Erasistratos identified Cerebrum andCerebellum

HUMAN DISSECTION Allowed until theRomans took over


The Romans


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The Romans

510 BC to 476 AD Well-Organised

Government Roman Army

Love Hate relationshipwith the Greeks

Very practical Similar religion to Greeks
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/gp/html/romans/img4.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/gp/html/romans/&h=270&w=280&sz=28&tbnid=7IKt7TdwEGgJ:&tbnh=105&tbnw=109&hl=en&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dromans%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/jwss/bath2004/images/Louvre%2520Sabins%2520vs%2520Romans%252001.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/jwss/bath2004/paris2.html&h=679&w=1024&sz=143&tbnid=SFEvp6NdMAoJ:&tbnh=99&tbnw=149&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dromans%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG


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Features of Late Roman


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Medicine Gradually adopted Hippocratic Doctors Most Famous Claudius Galen Believed in 4 Humours

Became more active in treatment Treated with opposites e.g. pepper topatients, blood letting

Wrote huge amount of books becameaccepted as Gospels



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Galen improved Knowledge Treated Gladiators Dissected Animals remember the Pig Made mistakes the Heart


Middle Ages


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Middle Ages

476 AD to Circa 1450 Frequent Wars Christianity in the

West Islam in the East

Medicine in the Dark Ages476 Ci 1000 (W )
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.archaeology.org/9909/etc/jpegs/insight3.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://web.mit.edu/serbian/www/slava.html&h=465&w=340&sz=121&tbnid=34VOWxgx5vkJ:&tbnh=124&tbnw=91&hl=en&start=38&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmiddle%2Bages%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


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476 to Circa 1000 (West) Roman and Greek medical books lost Training for doctors disappeared Illness was caused and cured by God

It was considered Holy to care for the sick Mostly Nuns and Monks Some Herbal Remedies (Provided by God) and

blood letting Four Humours Theory still used.

The Late Middle Ages 1000 toi 1450 (W t)


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circa 1450 (West) Increase in Hospitals to care for sick and

poor Uroscopy study of urine to diagnose

imbalance in 4 humours Astrological Ideas The position of the

stars could influence health

Better Training of doctors for the Rich


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Universities set up doctors licensed byuniversity qualification Women could not become doctors Women continued to care for the poor University Doctors saw themselves as superior

to Apothecaries (sellers of drugs and herbalremedies) and Barber surgeons( barbers whoperformed simple operations e.g. removingboils)


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Medieval doctors believed in preventivemedicine

Blood letting of Healthy people to keep the 4humours in balance (carried out by BarberSurgeons) Venesection or Cupping

Treatments Hot baths, Laxatives, Blood letting,enemas (a purgative mixture squirted into the

anus using a long pipe and bellows)

Surgery in Middle Ages (West)


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Surgery in Middle Ages (West)

Some Advances due to constant wars e.g. removal of arrowheads

Early experiments with Anaesthetics

Opium to make patient sleepy Wine used to stop infection Some more complicated operations e.g.

removal of bladder stones Most Surgeons not University trained.



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Human Dissection was disapproved of Several attempts to ban it all together Little increase in knowledge



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Renaissance Medicine


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Circa 1450 to Circa 1650 Rebirth of Greek Ideas

about understanding theworld

Exploration Illustration Printing Press Scientific Research Reduction of power of the

church

Medical Knowledge in theRenaissance
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1996-07-28/da-vinci-man.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1996-07-28/&h=843&w=592&sz=136&tbnid=POeBjbXLRxYJ:&tbnh=142&tbnw=100&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dda%2Bvinci%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG


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Renaissance During this period there are a number of

individuals that increased medicalknowledge

Leonardo da Vinci


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Inventor and artist Wanted to produce more realistic paintings Carried out dissections so he could

understand how the human body worked More accurate drawings

Vesalius Anatomist1514 1564


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1514-1564 Carried out dissections on dead bodies Originally a follower of Galen Later challenged some of Galens theories

(Septum of Heart Not Porous) Published a book on Anatomy using a

renaissance artist to illustrate. De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Realdo Colombo


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Proved blood went from right to leftventricles of the heart via the lungs

Gabriele Falloppia


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pp

Studied workings of the Womb

Fabricus


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Studied Valves of the veins

William Harvey Physiologist1578 1657


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1578 -1657 Studied how the body worked Proved how blood circulated around the

body simple experiments

His work was initially rejected Only accepted in 1673 when Paris

University began to teach his findings

Ambroise Pare1510 1590


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1510-1590 Barber Surgeon Became military surgeon Changed treatment of gunshot wounds

(accidentally discovered that dressing woundswas more effective than cauterising)

Developed ligatures for use with amputations Proved Bezoar didnt work

Developed technique of Podalic Version turning baby in the womb


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Paracelsus 1493-1541


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Rejected 4 Humours Illness caused by chemicals inside the

body

Believed Chemicals like salt, sulphur andmercury could be used to treat illness

Rejected by Medical establishment duringhis lifetime.

Progress?


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These new ideas were rejected initially Increase in knowledge about the body

little advance in treatments

When King Charles II was dying (1685) hereceived the following treatments:

Blood letting, laxatives, ground up humanskull, bark of Perwian Tree and Bezoar


Industrialisation andEnlightenment


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Enlightenment Circa 1700 to Circa 1900 Production of goods

changes to factories ledto growth in towns

Clear logical thought Improvements in Science

and technology Doctors start to work in a

way we would reconisetoday

Edward Jenner
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Introduced Vaccination as a way ofpreventing Small Pox Infected people with cow pox to help them

build up a resistance to small pox Great resistance at first! Others had tried similar experiments but

had not proved it scientifically or publishedtheir work.

Louis Pasteur


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Germ Theory Made the connection between germs and

disease. Showed that microbes carried in dust in the air

caused decay. These microbes/germs could be killed if heated

PASTEURISATION Also Identified germ that caused Anthrax Developed Vaccines for Chicken Cholera and

Rabies

Robert Koch


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Identified the germs that caused: Tuberculosis, Cholera, Developed Dyes to help identify Germs

Helped develop the Petri dish Uses Agar jellyto grow microbes/germs and makes it possibleto photograph

Others used his methods to discover the causesof pneumonia, meningitis, plague and dysentery


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Fighting Infection in Surgery


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Antiseptic surgery Use of carbolic acid to kill germs

Aseptic Surgery Keeping germs away from the operation

washing hands, clean gowns and masks,sterilising equipment, wearing gloves andkeeping theatres clean


The Modern World


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1900 onwards Huge improvements

in Science andTechnology

World Wars
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Gerhard Domagk


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Developed the second magic bullet based on a dye called Prontosil killsstreptococcal bacteria

Much more powerful than Salvarsan 606 Stops infections like pneumonia and

meningitis

Alexander Flemming


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Wanted to find a drug that would fight simpleinfections caused by germs getting into soldierswounds in WW1

Accidentally discovered a mould that killed

staphylococci bacteria published his findings Known as Penicillin Failed to test it on live tissue Others may have made the discovery before

him.

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain


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Read about Flemmings discovery Chain worked out the structure of Penicillin

and was able to grow the mould inbrewers yeast

Florey used Penicillin on a Policemansuffering from Staphylococcal septicaemia

Policeman improved but died becausethey did not have enough penicillin

Andrew J. Moyer


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Developed a method of mass producingpenicillin using a culture broth of cornsteep liquor and lactose.

Thousands of lives were saved duringWW2 as a result

Surgery


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Blood transfusions blood grouping,prevention of clotting and storage

Improvements in Plastic Surgery (WWI)

Skin grafts treatment of severe burns(WW2)

Genetics


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DNA Identification of Genetic Disorders

Technology


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X-Ray machines Body Scanners Ultrasound Laser treatment Pacemakers Artificial limbs

Problems?


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STIs HIV and AIDS Famine Cancer Obesity MRSA

importance of the history of medicine in physician’s new

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