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PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION PROPERTIES OF TORREFIED EMPTY FRUIT
BUNCH AFTER DENSIFICATION
MOHAMAD AMAR SHAHMIN BIN ZULKIFLEE
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Mechanical Engineering)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2017
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Specially dedicated to my parents Zulkiflee Bin Daud and Zaleha Binti Ismail, my dear siblings, my supportive supervisor, Dr. Mohd Faizal Bin Hasan and my lovely friends.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All the praise to ALLAH the All Mighty for His blessings and endowment that this
thesis has been successfully completed. I also wish to acknowledge and express my greatest
gratitude to the best responsible and supportive supervisor, Dr. Mohd Faizal Bin Hasan, who
had continuous, gave the encouragement, non-stop guidance and brilliant advice throughout
this whole project.
His invaluable knowledge and suggestion had developed and grown up my experience
and my skills in this engineering field. Apart from that, I like to appreciate and wish many
thanks to my family especially my parents who gave the fully moral and financial support to
fulfil and accomplish this project.
Special thanks also wished to all technicians of Thermodynamics and Solid Technology
Laboratory for their guidance in conducting experiment. Finally, special thanks to my course
mates, housemates, and friends for always understand and their great help during the process
to complete this project. May ALLAH bless us all.
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ABSTRACT
Increasing demand of energy, depletion of the fossil fuel reserves and increasing in air
pollution have increased interest in biomass especially on palm biomass as a renewable energy
sources. However, untreated palm biomass which is empty fruit bunches, EFB has a couple
shortcomings such as high moisture content, low calorific value and energy density that cause
difficulty and high cost in storage and transportation. Therefore, it is important to perform
torrefaction and densification on EFB before it is used as renewable energy sources. In this
project, EFB biomass was torrefied at fixed conditions and then they were densified under
various heating temperature. The physical and combustion characteristics of the torrefied EFB
briquettes have been discussed. It is found that the briquetting temperature does not affect
density, calorific value and fixed carbon content significantly. These all characteristics most
influence to the torrefaction temperature. However, during briquetting temperature the
compressive strength of the torrefied briquettes increases. The performance of torrefied EFB
briquettes fulfils requirement as stated by standard DIN 51731 in terms of calorific value and
moisture content.
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ABSTRAK
Peningkatan permintaan kepada sumber tenaga, pengurangan simpanan bahan api fosil
dan peningkatan dalam pencemaran alam sekitar telah meningkatkan minat dalam pengunaan
tenaga biomas terutamanya tenaga biomas kelapa sawit sebagai sumber tenaga boleh
diperbaharui. Walau bagaimanapun, biomas kelapa sawit yang tidak dirawat seperti tandan
buah kosong, TKS mempunyai beberapa kelemahan seperti kandungan kelembapan yang
tinggi, nilai kalori yang rendah dan ketumpatan tenaga yang menyebabkan kesukaran dan kos
yang tinggi dalam penyimpanan dan pengangkutan. Oleh itu, adalah penting untuk
melaksanakan ‘torrefaction’ dan pemadatan pada TKS sebelum ia digunakan sebagai sumber
tenaga boleh diperbaharui. Dalam projek ini, TKS biomass telah di ‘torrefied’ pada situasi
malar dan kemudian di ‘densified’ di bawah pelbagai suhu pemanasan. Ciri-ciri fizikal dan
pembakaran ‘torrefied’ briket TKS telah dibincangkan. Ia didapati bahawa suhu ‘briquett ing’
tidak menjejaskan ketumpatan, nilai kalori dan kandungan karbon tetap dengan ketara. Semua
ciri-ciri ini lebih terpengaruh kepada suhu ‘torrefaction’. Walau bagaimanapun, semasa suhu
briquetting kekuatan mampatan ‘torrefied’ briket bertambah. Prestasi ‘torrefied’ briket EFB
memenuhi syarat seperti yang dinyatakan oleh piawai DIN 51731 dari segi nilai kalori dan
kandungan kelembapan.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEGMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Objective of project 3
1.4 Scope of project 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Biomass 5
2.3 Torrefaction 7
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2.4 Densification 15
2.5 Combination of torrefaction
and densification 20
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Raw material 24
3.3 Sample preparation 25
3.4 Torrefaction 26
3.5 Briquetting 28
3.6 Density 29
3.7 Compressive strength test 30
3.8 Calorific value 31
3.9 Proximate analysis 32
3.9.1 Moisture content 33
3.9.2 Volatile matter 33
3.9.3 Ash content 34
3.9.4 Fixed carbon 34
4 RESULTS AND DICUSSION
4.1 Calorific value and proximate analysis
for raw material 35
4.2 Physical characteristics 37
4.2.1 Density 37
4.2.2 Compressive strength 38
4.3 Combustion characteristics 39
4.3.1 Calorific values 39
4.3.2 Proximate analysis 40
ix
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 41
5.2 Future works 42
LIST OF REFERENCES 43
Appendices A-D 47-52
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Two major groups of biomass and their 5
subclassification
2.2 Growth rate of some aquatic biomass
expressed in dry tons per hectare per year 6
2.3 The thermochemical changes in biomass
during torrefaction process 8
2.4 Torrefaction temperature range as suggested
by different researches 9
2.5 Heating value of Torrefied oil palm EFB
Briquettes 12
2.6 Results of calorimetry for torrefied EFB, 12
mesocarp fiber and kernel shell
2.7 Proximate analysis of torrefied solid
olive mill residue 14
2.8 Proximate analysis of torrefied solid
olive mill residue biomass. 14
2.9 Relationship between shear strength
and die pressure 20
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2.10 Properties of wood torrefied,
wood pellets and TOP pellets 22
3.1 Standard used for proximate analysis 32
4.1 Gross calorific value for EFB raw material 34
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 World primary energy demand in the
New Policies Scenario 2
2.1 Photos of raw materials and torrefied
samples 11
2.2 Change in calorific value versus
torrefaction temperature for three
different types of torrefied biomass 13
2.3 EFB (empty fruit bunch) biomass briquettes 15
2.4 The process flow for briquetting using
mechanical piston-type press 17
2.5 Dependence of briquette strength on
pressing temperature 18
2.6 Gross calorific value versus
compaction pressure 19
2.7 Bulk density of wood chip, wood particle
and wood pellet of eucalyptus at
different torrefaction temperature 21
2.8 Volumetric energy density of wood chip,
particle and pellet of eucalyptus
at different torrefaction temperature 21
xiii
2.9 Pathway for making torrefied pellet 23
3.1 Experiment framework 24
3.2 Sieved EFB 25
3.3 Experiment set up for torrefaction 26
3.4 Aluminium beaker with diameter
of 7.5cm 27
3.5 INSTRON 600 DX Universal
Testing Machine 29
3.6 Instron 600dx 30
3.7 Bomb Calorimeter
3.8 Furnace 1200 for proximate analysis 31
4.1 Proximate analysis of EFB raw material 35
4.2 Side view of torrefied briquettes 36
4.3 Relaxed density of torrefied briquettes 37
4.4 Compressive strength of torrefied briquettes 38
4.5 Calorific value of raw material,
torrefied and torrefied briquettes of EFB 39
4.6 Proximate analysis for raw material
and torrefied briquettes of EFB 40
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITTLE PAGE
A Density 47
B Compressive strength test 48
C Calorific value 49
D Proximate analysis 52
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Energy is an essential part in life, survival, and improvement of humanity. Despite the
fact that is has been superseded by other more intense fossil energy sources amid the most
recent 200 years, biomass has assumed a noteworthy part in supplying energy.
Malaysian palm oil industry produces high amount of biomass especially from oil
milling sector. Malaysian oil palm industry continues to expand to fulfill the demand of rapid
market growth. In general for 1 ton of fresh fruit bunch processed, the following residues are
generated which 0.23 ton of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), 0.13 ton of mesocarp fibre, 0.06 ton
of palm shell and 0.65 ton of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) (Prabir Basu, 2008).
The upgrading techniques of biomass have been generally studied to upgrade its
undesirable properties. The torrefaction of raw biomass is an updating technique that is a
thermochemical treatment with working temperature within the range of 200 to 300℃.
Torrefaction is one of the pretreatment for biomass. It involves heat treatment at a certain
temperature of range for a specific period of time. This process would result in a lower
moisture content, increased calorific value and ease to grind. Densification is additionally
another pre-treatment technique intended to improve the physical characteristic of biomass
such as density. Densification process is a process to compress the raw material to form
densified biomass by rolling it through a die (Prabir Basu, 2008).
2
1.2 Problem Statement
To cope the increasing demand of energy because of economic activities, increment in
level of population and development of advanced energy technologies, it has become very
important to seek alternative energy sources. It can be said from medium variant projection,
world population is anticipated to grow by 0.9% per year on average because of increase in
fertility rates. Definitely this will increase interest for goods and service.
That is why demand for the energy is needed, to produce and operate equipment used to
provide those services. Figure 1 shows that renewable energy demand grows faster than other
sources of energy from 14% to 19% in the future demand. In addition to depletion of fossil
fuels and increase in air pollution have increased the interest in renewable energy sources
such as wind, sunlight based, geothermal, wave, sea thermal and biomass. Among that,
biomass is the without a doubt as one of the energy sources.
(Figure 1): World primary energy demand in the New Policies Scenario
(World energy outlook 2015)
To utilize biomass as an energy source, there are many various transformation
strategies such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, direct combustion and gasification. In any case, an
untreated biomass has a couple of shortcomings that must be overcome before it can be
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3
converted into useful energy source. These include its high moisture content and low energy
density that can impact the burning properties such as calorific value (Ahmad et al., 2011).
These incorporate its low vitality thickness, high dampness substance and trouble to
pound into little particles. The low vitality thickness and high dampness substance of biomass
can impact the burning properties, for example, calorific quality (Ahmad et al., 2011).
These disadvantages likewise make the cost of transporting the biomass becomes
high. In order to increase the efficiency and to reduce the costs of storage and transportation,
biomass can be treated via heating in an inert temperature, a process that is known as
torrefaction. To increase the energy density, torrefied biomass can be compress into pellet or
briquettes and this is known as densification process.
1.3 Objective of Project
The main objective of this experiment is to understand the physical and combustion
properties of torrefied palm biomass after densification.
1.4 Scope of Project
The scopes that have been determined for the study are:
1. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) will be used as raw material.
2. Physical (Density compressive strength) and combustion (calorific value, proximate
analysis) characteristics will be investigated.
3. The parameter varied is briquetting temperature.
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