ecns moving bed torrefaction technology in light of …... ecns moving bed torrefaction technology...
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ECNs moving bed
torrefaction technology in light of desired product qualities
F. Verhoeff
J.H.A. Kiel
R.W.R. Zwart
March 2012
ECN-L--12-079
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www.ecn.nl
ECNs moving bed torrefaction technology in light of desired product qualities
Fred Verhoeff, Jaap Kiel, Robin Zwart
Torrefaction of Biomass Workshop, University of Leeds, 28 March 2012
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Presentation overview
Introduction
ECN’s torrefaction development status
Product characteristics
Exothermicity
Self heating
SECTOR project
Conclusions
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Energy research Centre of the Netherlands
Largest Dutch energy
R&D institute
Independent
570 employees
R&D units:
- Biomass
- Solar energy
- Wind energy
- Energy Efficiency
- Policy studies
Core activities
Sustainable energy technology development
R&D services to industry
Feasibility studies, system & technology
assessments
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ECN and Torrefaction
In 2002 ECN identified the potential of torrefaction
for bio-energy applications
Present status:
ECN’s torrefaction technology is proven on pilot-
scale
Demonstration and commercial market introduction
together with industrial partners
Torrefaction
Pelletisation
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Andritz/ECN Torrefaction Demo Plant Project
• 1 T/hr Torrefaction Demo Plant in Sdr. Stenderup, Denmark
• The plant incorporates:
• Biomass (Wood Chip) Receiving
• Biomass Drying
• Torrefaction
• Pelletizing
• Commissioning and initial testing phase scheduled for mid 2012
Pictures:
March
2012
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Torrefaction technology – reactor concepts
Rotary drum reactor Multiple hearth furnace Moving bed reactor Screw conveyor reactor
Torbed reactor Oscillating belt reactor TurboDryer Microwave reactor
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Bench-scale testing
20 l batch reactor
5 kg/h Auger reactor
(screw reactor)
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Pilot-scale test facility PATRIG
Pre-drying Feeding
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Testing history:
Start-up 2008
Over 1400 hours of operation (50-100 hour runs);
>40 tonnes of torrefied material produced
Biomass feedstock: a.o. poplar, pine, wood
mixtures, forestry residues, agricultural residues
(POR)
Conditions: 220-280 °C torgas inlet temp.,
throughput approx. 60 kg/h (input basis)
Pilot-scale testing
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Characterisation of Torrefied biomass
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11 19-3-2013
Exothermicity
Self heating
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Pilot-scale torrefaction – results of typical run
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TOR_TIA2001L TOR_TIA2001M TOR_TIA2001O TOR_TIA2252
Torrefaction reactor temperatures
Te
mp
era
ture
(oC
)
Mixture: poplar, spruce, birch and ash wood
27.8% moisture Poplar chips 13.6% moisture
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Exothermicity – pilot scale
230
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260
270
280
290
300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Tem
pe
ratu
re (°
C)
Position in tor-reactor (cm)
L
M
N
T torr
Reactor diameter
Example of temperature profile over the reactor diameter (biomass = softwood)
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Time (min)
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Ambient Surface Shifted middle Middle
Results from
single-particle
testing
1
1
2 23
N2 inlet
Torgas outlet
5
4
6
7
1. Thermal ceramic bricks 2. Screws
3. Glass sphere cut by the middle
4. Woody ball
5. Themocouples and their inlet
6. Gas inlet-outlet
7. Steel ball with double tube to act as inlet and outlet of gases
8. Gas heater
8
1
1
2 23
N2 inlet
Torgas outlet
5
4
6
7
1. Thermal ceramic bricks 2. Screws
3. Glass sphere cut by the middle
4. Woody ball
5. Themocouples and their inlet
6. Gas inlet-outlet
7. Steel ball with double tube to act as inlet and outlet of gases
8. Gas heater
8
Exothermicity – single particle
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Conclusion:
• 2% O₂ in the Torgas has significant effect on torrefaction process
• Temperature increase of > 30 °C measured in batch reactor
Exothermicity – tests in batch reactor
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
time (min)
Torrefaction of softwood with 100% N2
Average T bottom section
Average T middle section
Average T top section
T torr
100 % N2
off
100 % N2
on
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
time (min)
Torrefaction of softwood with 2% O2/98% N2
Average T bottom section
Average T middle section
Average T top section
T torr
98 % N2
2% O2 off
98 % N2
2% O2 on
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Torrefaction reaction is exothermal
Temperature profile in moving bed reactor
Temperature increase depends on biomass type and O₂ in Torgas
Temperature difference between particle centre and surface
More research is needed to better understand the phenomenon
Exothermicity - summary
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Self heating properties of torrefied biomass
• After torrefaction the torrefied
material must be exposed to air in a
controlled way
• If not properly handled, spontaneous
combustion of torrefied materials
may arise
Smoke – 24 Minutes Fire – 32 Minutes
ECN, March 2008
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Self-heating properties
Self-heating properties determined using Bowes-Cameron cage test as
described in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous
Goods:
Filled wire mesh cube placed in oven
Oven temperatures 100, 120 or 140 °C
If sample exceeds oven temp by 60 °C, than: self heating
3 Samples tested: pellets from torrefied wood chips, EFB and OPF
Wood chips Empty Fruit Bunches Oil Palm Fronds
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Self-heating properties
Results:
Crushed pellets from torrefied wood chips:
not classified as a self-heating substance
Torrefied OPF pellets: not classified as a self-
heating substance
Torrefied EFB pellets: has self-heating
properties. Consequently, the material needs to
be classified as a self-heating substance
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25/2/2012: Fire in Dutch torrefaction plant
Source: internet
Self heating??
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Future research programme:
Production of Solid Sustainable Energy Carriers from Biomass
by Means of TORrefaction
EU FP7: Large-scale European project with 21 partners from
industry and science
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EU FP7 project SECTOR
Biomass
Torrefaction
Validated & optimised
solid bio-fuel
Densification
Logistics testing
End-use testing
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Research items
Coal EF gasification Coal combustion Pelletburner
Shipment Storage & handling Grinding & feeding
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In conclusion
Torrefaction development is in the pilot/demo-phase
Scale-up, demonstration in partnership with Andritz Oy and Vattenfall
Exothermicity and self heating are relevant issues in torrefaction
Future research focuses on product quality (SECTOR)
Research items:
Optimizing the torrefaction and densification
processes towards product quality
Self heating, storage, handling, biological
degradation
Combustion, gasification
Small and large scale testing
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Thank you for your attention!
For more information,
please contact:
Fred Verhoeff
phone +31 224 56 4510
e-mail [email protected]
internet www.ecn.nl
Production of tonne-scale test batches
at ECN for industrial trials
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8
ECN
Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box 1
1755 LE Petten 1755 LG Petten
The Netherlands The Netherlands
T +31 88 515 4949
F +31 88 515 8338
info@ ecn.nl
www.ecn.nl