human elephant conflict in peninsular malaysia · human elephant conflict in peninsular malaysia...

Human Elephant Conflict in Peninsular Malaysia

DISEDIAKAN OLEH;

JABATAN PERLINDUNGAN HIDUPAN LIAR DAN TAMAN NEGARA (PERHILITAN)

SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA

NASHARUDDIN BIN OTHMAN 23hb Mei, 2016 Awana Genting

Content

Introduction HEC Mitigative measure Recommendation Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Basics

Elephas maximus • Biggest terestrial mammal • Male: 5 tonnes • Female 3.5 tonnes • Life expectancy 70 – 80 yrs • Age at puberty: Male 12

year, female 9 yr • Gestation period: 22 mths;

Next birth round- 4 yrs • Estimated population 1200-

1400 individuals

Distribution and Estimated Population

States Total area (ha) Forested area (ha)

Estimated Pop.

1. Pahang 3,596,585 2,071,585 150

2. Perak 2,102,122 1,050,225 230 – 280

3. Johor 1,898,629 431,831 130 – 280

4. Kelantan 1,493,181 894,271 250 – 300

5. Terengganu 1,295,566 645,260 120 – 140

6. Kedah 942,530 345,029 50 - 60

8. N.Sembilan 664,591 219,809 3

13. *Taman Negara 290 – 350

Jumlah 11,993,204 5,658,010 1,223 – 1,463

* Comprising three states (Kelantan, Pahang, Terenganu)

Habitat – low land < 300 meter asl Feeding behaviour - 70-80 % of time spent on

feeding; herbivorous Home range study ;

A herd of 8-10 elephants used 167 km² of primary forest area and 59 km² in secondary forest – Olivier (1978)

1 adult female used an area of 350 km² in Taman Negara National Park in a period of 7 months - Stuwe et al (1988)

A herd of 3 elephants used an area of 9.38- 25.28 km² in TNNP - Salman & Nasharuddin (2002)

HEC started as early in 1960

Conservation Status

= Endangered

LC NT VU EN EW EX CR

Extinct Threatened Least concern

Totally Protected Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 =

Nota

•Populasi gajah Asia dianggarkan 50,000 ekor.

Elephant Management Developmet in Peninsular Malaysia

• Established Jabatan Mergastua; 1937 • Shoot to kill; 120 elephants 1960- 1972 • Wildlife Protection Act , Act 76, 1972 • Establishment of Elephant Capture Unit, 1974 Establisment of National Elephant Conservation

Centre , 1990 Wildlife Conservation Act, Act 716, 2010

RENJER MERGASTUA DAN PENDUDUK SETEMPAT BERSAMA GAJAH

Training od Malaysian Mahout, 1974. Involves 1. Transfer of elephant husbandry and mahoutship techonologoes 2. 6 Assamese Mahout 3. 4 tame elephants from Assam, India 4. 15 DWNP Wildlife Rangers

GAJAH YANG MEMBUNUH RENJER RAHIM JALIH DI SERTING NEGERI SEMBILAN (1982)

HUMAN ELEPHANT CONFLICT

HEC

Wild elephants herd trapped in pocketed forest

Effect On Elephant Habitat-; Forest Fringed Effect

Factors and Elephant Conflict Issues

Timber logging- total felling Forest clearance.

Palm Oil plantation: 1960=54,000ha, 1980=1,000,000ha, 1999= 3,300,000 ha*

Loss of elephant lowland habitat- below 300 metre asl

*WWF, Land Use and The Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia

MAJOR THREATS ON ELEPHANT HABITAT

•LOGGING •HABITAT FRAGMENTATION

• Super highway • Urbanisation • Dam

HEC

LADANG KELAPA

LADANG KELAPA SAWIT

KEBUN PISANG

LADANG GETAH

Elephant Distubances Report and Loss Estimation

2006-2010 (10th Malaysian Plan Special Project

Negeri Rekod Aduan Mengikut Tahun

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Johor 191 286 381 417 181

Kelantan 104 144 123 192 133

Pahang 275 272 200 190 141

Terengganu 89 162 182 122 95

Perak 247 142 92 107 132

Kedah 63 29 47 80 31

N. Sembilan 0 0 0 0 1

Jumlah 969 1035 1025 1108 714

2,689,220.00

5,297,239.00

3,177,007.00 3,510,097.76 3,323,970.00

0.00

1,000,000.00

2,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

6,000,000.00

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

JUMLAH KERUGIAN: RM 17,997,533

HEC Reported Cases 2006-2015

Year Kedah Perak N.S’lan Johor Pahang T’ganu Kelantan TOTAL

2006 63 252 0 195 275 89 104 978

2007 29 142 0 289 272 162 144 1038

2008 47 92 0 381 201 182 123 1026

2009 80 107 0 417 190 122 192 1108

2010 79 136 2 223 173 133 159 905

2011 95 70 1 333 284 118 213 1114

2012 47 77 0 454 239 94 160 1071

2013 91 114 0 489 181 109 180 1164

2014 95 50 0 478 185 99 84 991

2015 93 44 0 412 164 153 67 933

TOTAL 719 1084 3 3671 2164 1261 1426 10328

Avg. (year) 71.9 108.4 0.3 367.1 216.4 126.1 142.6 1032.8

Avg. (month) 6.0 9.0 0.025 30.6 18.0 10.5 11.9 86.1

No. District State No. of HEC

Av per

year Overall %

1 Kota Tinggi Johor 379 129.3 14.50

2 Mersing Johor 312 92.3 11.90

3 Hulu Perak Perak 215 74.7 8.20

4 Jeli Kelantan 194 72.0 7.40

5 Rompin Pahang 145 62.7 5.50

6 Gua Musang Kelantan 119 55.7 4.50

7 Kemaman Terengganu 113 46.0 4.30

8 Lipis Pahang 109 40.7 4.20

9 Kluang Johor 106 30.7 4.00

10 Jerantut Pahang 105 30.3 4.00

Top ten districts with the highest HEC cases in Peninsular Malaysia

STATUS OF HEC (2011-2015)

No

. Herd

Est.

Pop. District State

No. of

HEC

Av per

year Overall %

1 Panti 12-15 Kota Tinggi Johor 542 108.4 15.40

2 Peta 40-45 Kluang Johor 186 37.2 5.30

3 Kemasul 20-25 Temerloh Pahang 147 29.4 4.20

4 Tekai 7-10 Jerantut Pahang 146 29.2 4.10

5 Jemaluang 20-25 Mersing Johor 124 24.8 3.50

6 Piah 20-25 Hulu Perak Perak 116 23.2 3.30

7 Cerul 5-10 Kemaman Terengganu 106 21.2 3.00

8 Yong 4-5 Kuala Lipis Pahang 54 10.8 1.50

9 Teloi 2-3 Baling Kedah 51 10.2 1.40

10 Pelong 10-15 Setiu Terengganu 46 9.2 1.30

Top ten herd cause HEC cases in Peninsular Malaysia

STATUS OF HEC (2011-2015)

Type of HEC 2011 - 2015

STATUS OF HEC

Crop raiding 68%

Create fear 26%

Presence in human

Settlemants 2%

Property damage

2%

Other 1%

Attack on Human

1%

.

STATUS OF HEC

Orchard32%

Plantation (>100 hectares)

29%

Small-scale plantation

22%

In forest<1%

Workers quarters1%

Fringe forest3%

Village10%

Orang Asli settlement

3%

Classification of affected location (2011-2015

Humans attacked by elephants (1981 – 2015)

STATES FATALITY INJURY

Negeri Sembilan 1 0

Kedah 4 4

Kelantan 2 10

Terengganu 2 4

Pahang 1 2

Johor 4 8

Perak 8 3

TOTAL 22 31

STATUS OF HEC

Strategic Approach To Handle HEC

Baed on country development plan Local communities engagement Increase mitigation activities in HEC area Increase scientific research in HEC

Kaedah Menangani Konflik Gajah

Tembak halau Tangkap-pindah Tembak mati Pagar Elektrik Eko-pelancongan Pengkayaan habitat Kesedaran awam Kajian dan penyelidikan saintifik

Elephant translocation programme in Peninsular Malaysia (1974 – 2015) Total 828

INITIATIVE TO MITIGATE HEC

Johor, 159, 19%

Kedah, 11, 1%

Kelantan, 58, 7%

Melaka, 1, 0%

N. Sembilan, 10, 1%

Pahang, 284, 34%

Perak, 153, 19%

Perlis, 5, 1%

Selangor, 13, 2% Terengganu,

134, 16%

INITIATIVE TO MITIGATE HEC Type of action taken in HEC management

2011- 2015

Drive Shooting 45%

Monitoring 36%

Investigation 13%

Consultation 3%

Translocation 3%

RECOMMENDATIONS LONG-TERM Establish more larger protected areas

for elephants i.e Sungai Deka Elephant Santuary

Continue research on elephants populations and distributions

Establish specific sanctuary for elephants

Created buffer zone between plantations and forested areas

Increase public awareness on elephant conservation

Conduct various research such as post translocation and movements

Increase funding for elephant management and research activities

Effective landscape/land-use planning through collaborations with other government agencies

Promote & enhance of elephant-based ecotourism activities

RECOMMENDATIONS

SHORT-TERM Crop-raiding elephants - Classify & manage according to group size, tendency to create future

disturbances & habitat availability Landowners - mitigation measures to be reviewed since 88% unprotected (n = 66

locations) & only 50% maintained electric fencing system - dialogue & workshops with affected landowners - Standardize Elephant Electric Fencing System DWNP’s staff - equipped technical knowledge through training & workshops;

mitigation measures

Objective : Increasing Management Capacity in Handling Human Elephant Conflict in Peninsular Malaysia

KPI : Decreasing in HEC Reported Cases by 10%

Duration: 2011 – 2015

Total cost RM 27,408,149.00

Program scope;: i. HEC Control ii. Development of Elephant Electric

Fencing System, SPEG iii. Maintenance of SPEG iv. Public Awreess Program v. IHEC Impact Study vi. Vehicle and equipments vii. HEC Workshop and Training

Programme Output

HEC areas

- 397 elephant capture

operations

Purchasing of Vehicle and

Equipments

-4x4 (22) & Outdoor Motorcycle (18)

-GPS (20)

-Fire arm(45)

-Elephant capture equipments

-Drugs

8 Bengkel dan latihan untuk

56 kakitangan UTG

SPEG maiintenance

- 16 Projek SPEG (294.5km)

2 Kajian Impak SPEG

(SPEG Developmennt

- 16 Projects SPEG (214.8km)

Public Awareness Programme

- 8 SPEG, 2351 participants

Penghasilan NECAP

83% of 207 respondent totally

agree that development of

SPEG can reduce HEC cases

Kajian Impak:

83% daripada 207 respondan

bersetuju bahawa pembinaan SPEG

berjaya mengurangkan gangguan

gajah.

Kajian “Assessment of The Socio-economic

Impacts of Electric Fence For Mitigating Human Elephant Conflict”

CONCLUSION

HEC reported cases dropped 49% in a period of 2011- Jun 2015 compared to the period of 2006-2010 thus achived targeted outcome

HEC Mangement;

Needs stakeholders participation and cooperation to work hand in hand with the DWNP in managing HEC cases.

Need to fulfill each reported HEC. Cases

Need budget approval to manage HEC.

THANK YOU

Gajah Liar yang Ditangkap

Operasi Tangkapan

Pemindahan

•Jumlah cadangan habitat gajah = 17 kawasan

•Jumlah Keluasan keseluruhan = 1,788,232 Ha

•Anggaran jumlah gajah = 1300 ekor

•Berdasarkan 12,000 Ha / 1 kumpulan (8 individu)