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ISP 26.1
How Bacteria Are Classified Eubacteria or Archaea (Which Domain?) Mode of Nutrition Ability to produce Endospores Means of Mobility (Flagella?) Shape (cocci, bacilli, or spirilla) Gram Stain
Positive – thick peptidoglycan cell wall Negative – thin peptidoglycan cell wall
Prokaryotic Nutrition Bacteria differ in their need for, and tolerance of,
oxygen (O2). Obligate anaerobes are unable to grow in the
presence of O2; ex. botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus
Facultative anaerobes are able to grow in either the presence or absence of gaseous O2.
Aerobic organisms (Obligate aerobes) - including animals and most prokaryotes) require a constant supply of O2 to carry out cellular respiration.
How Bacteria Obtain Energy Every type of nutrition, except for ingestion of
whole food, is found in bacteria. Autotrophs – manufacture their own organic
compoundsPhotoautotrophsChemoautotrophs
Heterotrophs – must obtain their energy by consuming organic substances produced by autotrophs.ParasitesSaprophytes (Saprobes)Decomposers
Pasteur’s experiments disproved the long held
belief in spontaneous generation
Reproduction in Prokaryotes
Sources of Genetic Variation In bacteria, genetic recombination can occur in
three ways.
1. Conjugation - occurs when a bacterium passes DNA to a second bacterium through a tube (sex pilus) that temporarily joins two cells; occurs only between bacteria in same or closely related species.
2. Transformation - involves bacteria taking up free pieces of DNA secreted by live bacteria or released by dead bacteria.
3. Transduction -bacteriophage transfer portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another.
Bacterial Conjugation
Bacterial Conjugation Link
Transformation in Bacteria
Transformation in Bacteria Link
General Transduction
General Transduction Link
Endospore Formation Some bacteria form resistant endospores in
response to unfavorable environmental conditions.
Endospores survive in the harshest of environments: desert heat and dehydration, boiling temperatures, polar ice, and extreme ultraviolet radiation.
Heterotrophic Prokaryotes Some heterotrophs are symbiotic,
forming intimate, long-term relationships with members of other species; includes: Mutualistic Commensalistic parasitic relationships
The bacteria of genus Rhizobium invade the roots of legumes – resulting in the formation of nodule – The bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to an organic nitrogen that the plant can use
Heterotrophic Prokaryotes Commensalistic bacteria live in or
on organisms of other species and cause them no harm.
Parasitic bacteria are responsible for a wide variety of infectious plant, animal and human diseases.
The Bacteria Gram Stain & Shape
The Gram stain procedure (developed by Hans Christian Gram) differentiates bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria stain purple,
whereas Gram-negative bacteria stain pink.
This difference is dependent on the thick or thin (respectively) peptidoglycan cell wall.
The Bacteria Bacteria and archaea have three basic
shapes. spirillum - spiral-shaped. bacillus - elongated or rod-shaped bacteria Coccus - bacteria are spherical
Cocci and bacilli tend to form clusters and chains of a length typical of the particular species.
The Archaea Carl Woese - base sequence of their
rRNA differs from Bacteria
Other differences: Archaea do not have peptidoglycan in
their cell walls like the Bacteria Archaea biochemical more like Eukarya
than Bacteria Archaea now thought to be more
closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria
The Archaea Types of Archaea
Methanogens live under anaerobic environments (e.g., marshes) where they produce methane.
Halophiles require high salt concentrations (e.g., Great Salt Lake).
Thermoacidophiles live under hot, acidic environments (e.g., geysers).
Kingdom Protista Catch all Kingdom - artificial & used more
for convience. Eukaryotic cells (Endosymbiotic Theory) Most are unicellular (some filamentous,
colonial or multicellular) Animal-like, plant-like or fungus-like Asexual reproduction the norm, but some
reproduce sexually.
Endosymbiotic theory
Kingdom Protista Complexity
Eukaryotic Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Highly varied life cycles (asexual & sexual
reproduction) Highly specified organelles Symbiotic relationships
(parasitismmutualism)
The Green Algae Green algae are believed to be closely
related to the first plants because both of these groups have a cell wall that contains cellulose, possess chlorophylls a & b store reserve food as starch inside of the
chloroplast.
Red Algae
Brown Algae
CO 22
Diatoms & Golden Brown Algae
Dinoflagellates
Red Tide
Euglenoids
Zooflagellates
Ameboids
Ciliates
Sporozoans(Malaria)
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Figure 22.19Water Molds
Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophic by absorption Saprotrophic decomposers -breaking down
wastes or remains of plants & animals Parasitic, mutualistic Others form an association with a green alga
or cyanobacterium to form a lichen Energy reserve Glycogen (unlike plants)
Terms to know:
Hyphae (singular hypha)
Mycelium (singular mycelia)
Chitin
Figure 23.3
Pg 410
Yeasts are unicellular & reproduce asexually by mitosis or budding
Yeasts produce ATP through fermentation - ethanol & CO2 are waste products Yeast fermentation is important in the production of wine, beer & breads
Athletes Foot
Ringworm
Club Fungi – MushroomsFairy Ring
Figure 23.9bClub Fungus – Shelf Fungus
Figure 23.9d
Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
Lichens are a symbiotic association between fungus and cyanobacterium or green alga
Three types of lichens are recognized. Compact crustose lichens are often seen on
bare rocks or tree bark. Leaflike foliose lichens Shrublike fruticose lichens
Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationships between soil fungi and roots of most plants
It helps the roots absorb more minerals; in turn, the plant passes on carbohydrates to the fungus
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