how do we care for future people? implications of buddhist and jain concepts for reproductive ethics...
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HOW DO WE CARE HOW DO WE CARE FOR FUTURE FOR FUTURE PEOPLE?PEOPLE?IMPLICATIONS OF BUDDHIST AND IMPLICATIONS OF BUDDHIST AND JAIN CONCEPTS FOR JAIN CONCEPTS FOR REPRODUCTIVE ETHICSREPRODUCTIVE ETHICS
James J. Hughes Ph.D.
Executive Director, Institute for Ethics and Emerging TechnologiesPublic Policy Studies, Trinity Collegedirector@ieet.orgieet.org
Jain Conference on Bioethics - Aug 24-25, 2012Claremont Lincoln University
Bioethics and Personhood Bioethics has attempted to define what a
being of moral significance is by defining “personhood”
Personhood debates in Bioethics Abortion, embryonic stem cell research,
reproductive technology, prenatal screening
Brain death, anencephaly Animal rights Neurodiversity, cognitive enhancement
Ensoulment Views
“The Soul of Trans-Humanism” By Ted Peters (2005)
Varieties of Western Soul Views:Substance DualismTrichotomyEmergent DualismNon-reductive PhysicalismTheological MaterialismAtheistic Materialism
Ted Peters
Spirit Dualisms
Substance Dualism Hindu atman, Jain jiva and the soul for
most lay Christians Unchanging supernatural essence that
exists before birth and after death
Trichotomy Body, soul (mind/brain), spirit (supra-
physical) Baptism replaces human spirit with
divine spirit
Emergent Dualism Soul emergent from the brain, but
supraphysical Before the body, no soul
Materialist Ideas of the Soul
Non-reductive Physicalism Soul/Mind are physical but cannot
be reduced to the brain
No body, no soul
Resurrection of the body necessary
Theological Materialism Soul is a conscious, physical brain’s
spiritual capacity
Atheistic Materialism “Soul” is meaningless: there is only
consciousness and self-identity
Locke on Personal Identity
Bridge to atheist materialism
God made thinking matter Theological materialist, but
resurrected body will be of different matter
Memory is bridge from life to resurrected body
Subjective identity necessary for Judgment, accountability
Self is Thinking, Memory, Identity
…to find wherein personal Identity consists, we must consider what Person stands for; which, I think, is a thinking intelligent Being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing in different times and places… (Locke, 1689)
Hume’s Empiricist Skepticism
All cause-effects are perceptual illusions
The continuity of the self is a perceptual illusion
"…a bundle or collection of different perceptions which succeed one another with an inconceivable rapidity and are in perpetual flux and movement" (Hume, 1739)
Neuroscience and the Self
No localization in the brain Many processes: Senses,
Proprioception, Awareness, Cognition
Split brain Memory is narrative fiction
Kahneman: experiencing self vs. remembered self
Thomas Metzinger Self-identity is fluid, selective
Buddhist No Self
Embracing the reality of the constantly changing and illusory nature of self is liberating
We can, and must, use self concept while recognizing its emptiness
But Buddhists, like Jains, believe in reincarnation, hence some kind of supernatural dualism
Do Animals Have Soul Stuff?
For Abrahamic faith only humans have souls
Like modern secular ethics, Buddhists and Jains see a moral continuity between animals and humans
Karma and Analog Ensoulment The materialist move:
Equating ensoulment with neurology
If jiva/ajiva is analog instead of binary so also is the karma of harming
If Buddhists and Jains equate ensoulment with neurodevelopment they could adopt various stances parallel to secular bioethics
Personhood Debates
Psychological characteristics that accumulate moral relevance
Sentience, the capacity for pain (Gary Francione)
Self-awareness, volition Wise’s Drawing the Line
(1) desire
(2) intentionally try to fulfill its own desires
(3) possess a sense of self-sufficiency which includes self-awareness.
The capacity for moral agency and autonomy (Kant, Engelhardt)
Buddhist Fetal Personhood
The five skandhas necessary for self illusion:A body (rupa)Feeling (vedana)Cognition (samjñā)Volition (samskāra)Consciousness (vijñāna)Clearly a fetus does not possess all these traits until late in pregnancy, or perhaps even after birth
Transcending Humanness
Abrahamic faiths: static humanity, enhancement is sinful
South Asian faiths: humanity is a temporary stage on our evolution into the posthuman
European Enlightenment: humanity is a happy evolutionary accident which can be improved on science until we become more godlike
Genetic Enhancement
Obligations to one’s own children to ensure their widest possible life options
Procreative beneficence
Buddhist and Jain obligation to use genetics to morally enhance our children
Moral Enhancement
The use of drugs, devices and gene therapy to suppress vices and addictions, and enhance capacities for self-control, compassion, spiritual experience, and rational discernment
Obligation to Future Generations
We are obliged to ensure future persons are more than merely sentient, but have the best chance at spiritual progress
Nirvana, moksha, siddhas, arhats
Virtue consequentialism
Uplift Ethic
For Abrahamic faiths human and animal nature are separate and fixed
For non-anthropocentric bioethics we have obligations to animals, possibly even to improving their cognition
For Buddhists and Jains we have obligations to animals, even to their spiritual well-being
Duty to ensure better liberation chances for all future life?
Duty to enhance existing animals?If ensoulment is analog, this obligation may only apply to higher mammals
Posthuman Eschatology
Jains and Buddhists shared the Hindu model of an beginningless and endless timeline, with cyclical multi-billion year universe life courses (kalachakras)
We are in the era of declining dharma (Dusama) leading up to a future utopian era (Susama)
Waiting for the next Mahapurusha Cakravartins, Tirthankaras and
Buddhas
Lakshanas of the MahaPurushas
The major laksanas include:Large bump on top of skullGolden skinBody covered in tight curled hairA tuft of hair between the eyebrows.A large, long tongue and forty teethLong arms that reach to the knees Webbed fingers and toesA thousand-spoked wheel on the sole of each footA glowing aura
Mahapurushas are clearly posthuman
Summary
Buddhism and Jainism connect with and illuminate contemporary bioethics around animal-human-posthuman evolutionary trajectory and moral continuity
Buddhism and Jainism differ radically in how they connect with bioethical debates on personhood
Liberal Buddhists and Jains could set aside literal interpretations of ensoulment and adopt a materialist, neuroscientific view that permits some abortion and distinguishes between animals
Summary cont.
Some secular bioethicists believe it is permissible to genetically enhance humans and animals, while Abrahamic faiths generally oppose it
Jains and Buddhists would use virtue consequentialism to judge whether genetic enhancements give future generations maximal opportunity for spiritual growth, meaning not only that enhancement for health and cognitive ability might be obligatory, but also enhancement for moral and spiritual traits
Jains and Buddhists are more open to the radical optimism of the Enlightenment that we may transcend our humanness
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