honors review. what are valence electrons? what are valence electrons electrons in the outermost...

HONORS REVIEW

What are valence electrons?

What are valence electrons•Electrons in the outermost energy level

What is the octet rule?

What is the octet rule?•Rule that states that atoms will combine in such a way that each atom will have 8 electrons

Exceptions to octet rule?

Exceptions to octet rule?•Boron – 6 electrons• P or S – 10 or 12 electrons•H and He – 2 electrons

How to metals obey octet rule? How do non-metals obey octet rule?

How to metals obey octet rule? How do non-metals obey octet rule?•Metals – give up electrons•Non-metals – gain electrons

What is the formula for ions achieving noble gas configuration?

•Ca•O•Br•Al

How do you determine the electron configuration for an ion?

How do you determine the electron configuration for an ion?• First calculate number of electrons, then fill orbitals•Ex: Mg+2

What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?

What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?• Ionic – opposite charged ions attract •Covalent – atoms share electrons

How do ionic bonds form?

How do ionic bonds form?•A bond between metal and nonmetal – metal will give up electrons to non-metal resulting in a cation and anion which are attracted by opposite charges

What are some characteristics of ionic compounds?

What are some characteristics of ionic compounds?•Made of anions and cations•Called salts•Higher BP and MP than covalent compounds – why?

How do you name ionic compounds?

How do you name ionic compounds?•Cation – keeps name•Anion – ending turns to –ide• If polyatomic, keeps name

CaBr2

K2SO4

Magnesium fluorideAmmonium phosphate

What elements form ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds?

What elements form ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds?• Ionic – M and NM•Covalent – NM and NM•Metallic – M and M

What state are ionic compounds normally in? covalent compounds?

What state are ionic compounds normally in? covalent compounds?• Ionic – solid•Covalent – gas or liquid

What are some characteristics of metals?

What are some characteristics of metals?•Good electrical conductors due to movement of valence e-

•Ductile – drawn into wires•Malleable – hammered into sheets

How many electrons shared in the following bonds:• Ionic• Single covalent•Double covalent• Triple covalent

How many electrons shared in the following bonds:• Ionic - 0• Single covalent - 2•Double covalent - 4• Triple covalent - 6

What are diatomic molecules?

What are diatomic molecules?•Molecules in which both atoms are the same

How do you determine how many bonds are in a molecule?

How do you determine how many bonds are in a molecule?• “Bond order” – calculate has, calculate want• (want-has)/2•Example: CO

What type of electrons are found in molecules?

What type of electrons are found in molecules?•Bonding electrons•Non-bonding (unshared or lone pair) electrons

What are all the possible types of bonds?

What are all the possible types of bonds?• Ionic, nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, coordinate covalent, metallic

How do sigma bonds form?

How do sigma bonds form?

How pi bonds formed?

How pi bonds formed?

Draw the Lewis structures for the following:•NO3

-1

•CH2S

•C2H2

What does VSEPR stand for? What does it mean?

What does VSEPR stand for? What does it mean?•Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion•Electrons repel each other so shapes will result in them being far apart

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 4 atoms, no lone pairs on central atom?

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 4 atoms, no lone pairs on central atom?• Tetrahedral

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 3 atoms, one lone pair on central atom?

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 3 atoms, one lone pair on central atom?• Trigonal pyramidal

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 2 atoms, two lone pairs on central atom?

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 2 atoms, two lone pairs on central atom?•Bent

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 6 atoms, no lone pairs on central atom?

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 6 atoms, no lone pairs on central atom?•Octahedral

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 3 atoms, no lone pairs on central atom?

What shape has 1 central atom surrounded by 3 atoms, no lone pairs on central atom?• Trigonal planar

How can you determine if a bond is polar covalent, non-polar covalent or ionic?

How can you determine if a bond is polar covalent, non-polar covalent or ionic?•Electronegativity values

What is happening in a polar covalent bond?

What is happening in a polar covalent bond?•Electrons are being pulled towards the more electronegative atom resulting in a partial positive and partial negative charges

Would a bond be more polar covalent or less polar covalent if atoms have a large electronegativity difference?

Would a bond be more polar covalent or less polar covalent if atoms have a large electronegativity difference?•More polar covalent

What is a dipole interaction?

What is a dipole interaction?•Attraction between polar molecules

What is a hydrogen bond?

What is a hydrogen bond?•Attraction between polar molecules that occurs when H is bound to highly EN atom (N, O, F) and is attracted another highly EN atom