honors - carbon & organic compounds 1213

Organic CompoundsEnzymes

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2EXPERIMENT

“Atmosphere”

Electrode

Condenser

CH4

H2NH3

Water vapor

Cooled “rain”containingorganicmolecules

Cold water

Sample for chemical analysis

H2O “sea”

Figure 4.7(a) Structural isomers

(b) Cis-trans isomers

(c) Enantiomers

cis isomer: The two Xsare on the same side.

trans isomer: The two Xsare on opposite sides.

CO2HCO2H

CH3

H NH2

L isomer

NH2

CH3

H

D isomer

Figure 4.8

Drug

Ibuprofen

Albuterol

ConditionEffective

EnantiomerIneffectiveEnantiomer

Pain;inflammation

Asthma

S-Ibuprofen R-Ibuprofen

R-Albuterol S-Albuterol

Figure 4.UN02

Estradiol

Testosterone

Carbonyl

Hydroxyl

Carboxyl

Amino

Phosphate

Methyl

Sulfhydryl

What does this mean about connection between Genes and Protein?

Hemoglobin JMOL

Monomers and Polymers

Cooperative Binding

Carbonic Anhydrase

• 104 to 106 reactions per second.

QUESTION: In ray-finned fish how does the Root effect allow unloading of oxygen to peripheral tissues without compromising its uptake in the gills during blood acidosis.

No plamsa-accessible CA (in gills)

Hemoglobin JMOL

Functions of Proteins

When in doubt…..proteins

Storage

Structural

Transport

Hormonal

Receptor

Contractile & Motor

Defensive

Enzymes

Restriction Enzyme

Enzymes

Enzyme Simulation

• How is the velocity of an enzyme reaction effected by:– pH– Temperature– Substrate Concentration

Initial Velocity (V0 or VI)

Initial Velocity (V0 or VI)

Vmax

Enzymatic Pathway

Protein Quantification

Starch

Glucose

Starch

Monomers vs. polymers

LACTASE: LCT (Single Mutation)

AMYLASE:AMY Gene (multiple copies)