gs -3 mains 2019-20 writetobeias.com ca rahul kumar … · 2019-11-15 · gs -3 mains 2019-20...
Post on 06-Apr-2020
5 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 1 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
LARGEST GS MAINS PAPER (i.e, PAPER 3) SIMPLIFIED by
CA Rahul Kumar & Team
“Get 130+ Marks in GS 3 with minimum efforts”
WHAT WILL BE THE DELIVERABLES ?
• Weekly four to five Online recorded Video classes on your personal computer dashboard and
Android and Iphone app
• One to one doubt discussion with faculty over phone /Whatsapp (Pre defined Regular Time slots will
be given for one to one and conference calls). Separate doubt sessions will also be conducted live for
all
• Pre-defined topic wise lecture plan
• Complete, relevant and effective printed & soft copy study material
• Sufficient handwritten class notes making
• Mindmaps
• 3 practice section wise tests and one comprehensive test paper at par with UPSC level
• Previous year question analysis and structure making
• Additional sessions may be held, if needed
APPROACH DURING CLASSROOM
• Question Answer Approach
• Maximum discussion and negligible dictation
• Conceptual Interlinking of topics
• Answer to most probable Analytical topics for mains exam
• From basic to applied level for every topic
• From conventional till recent updates on the topic
• Daily revision of previous class for long time retention
• Suitable attention to all areas (Both economy and Non economy) of syllabus considering exam
requirements & weight
• No need to refer any other reference book
• Classroom content will be unique and not just a compilation of common available resources
• You will remember lots of things from the lecture itself and will be able to deliver in the exam
Those students who have mismanaged their preparation in earlier years by thinking that GS 3 can be
covered by just reading current affairs or joining some GS test series will find our classroom suitable to
develop good perspective on every topic.
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 2 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
SOURCES THAT WE WILL COVER:
• Kaushik Basu, NCERTs , Uma Kapila, Mishra & Puri
• Updated current affairs since the last 3 years ( from the Hindu Indian Express, Business Standard and
PIB)
• Coverage of 2 years economic survey and budget, Yojna & Kurukshetra
• Economic Survey 2020 and Budget 2020 will be covered as and when they are released
• The Hindu, Indian Express, PIB, Business Standard
• NITI Aayog Strategy Document @75
• Relevant 2nd ARC reports like Crises management, public order etc
COURSE DETAILS : We have total two courses
How to get Admission into subscribe to course -
Click on the link given below and pay.
https://www.writetobeias.com/coursesdetails/53
You will get course option here.
Click on “Enrol Now”
Once you pay, within 24 Hrs you will get your e-learning platform login password separately
You will get recorded lectures and soft copy materials in your dashboard as per lecture plan
Video lectures will also be available on android app/iphone app (Link of such apps we will send to your
after admission)
COURSE NAME COMPLETE COURSE
Deliverables 350+ Topics from entire syllabus
No of lectures
70+ Sessions of 3 Hrs each
Time Duration Total 3 Months duration (You can watch lectures for one extra month)
Weekly lectures 4 to 6 sessions a week
Target Aspirants Appearing in Mains 2019 and Mains 2020 (Up-dations till Mains
2020 & 2021 will be provided after completion of the course)
Relevant for Who want to be 100% confident in all areas of GS 3
Both fresher and Senior players
Fee Rs 14,500
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 3 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
About the faculty
Mr Rahul Kumar is a Chartered Accountant. He appeared in UPSC Interviews thrice. He has been a faculty
in GS 3 and Economy in famous Delhi civil Institutes for many years. Lecture discussion and study material
will reflect his experience. He has experience of working in government organisations for more than 8 years.
He has deep interest & expertise in Indian economy, agriculture development and environmental & internal
security issues.
You can connect with him over WhatsApp at 9045716803 or drop an email at writetobeias.r@gmail.com
for any query/clarification regarding the course.
One more team member of equivalent level will be covering few areas like science and technology
Sample Videos links on our YouTube Channel
GS 3 IAS MAINS BEST STRATEGY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqZWFpUsamc
GS 3 ONLINE COURSE DETAILS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqZVES5Hp9M
DISINVESTMENT IN INDIA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SPgnMXC1vY
INCLUSIVE GROWTH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toDhMoJiXXw&t=2202s
Listing of GS 3 topics for Mains 2020
SECTION 1 - MACRO ECONOMY
A. Issues related to growth & development in India
1. Indian Economy in British Era
2. Economy on Eve of Independence : Challenges & Features
3. Recent India's Growth Story
4. Indian Economy – SWOT Analysis
5. India vs China’s economy
6. Late Converger Stall : Economic Survey 2018
7. Green economy
8. NITI Aayog vs Planning commission
9. Financial Inclusion : Evolution since independence
10. Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
11. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
12. Savings and Investment rates slowdown : factors and solutions
13. Inflation and Food inflation
B. Public finance & Fiscal Policy
14. Long Term Capital Gains on equity shares
15. Arvind Modi task force on Direct Tax Code
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 4 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
16. How to increase tax to GDP Ratio/Tax base
17. GAAR
18. Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
19. Tax Terrorism in India
20. Flat Income Tax Rate in India
21. Agricultural Income Tax in India
22. GST - Two years Analysis
23. E Way Bill - critical Analysis
24. National Anti-profiteering Authority - Analysis
25. New FRBM Act
26. Fiscal Consolidation
27. States finances & fiscal deficits
28. 15th Finance Commission Controversy
29. Outcome Budgeting
30. Gender Budgeting
31. Interim Budget 2019 analysis
32. Public debt management agency
C. Inclusive Growth , Poverty, Employment and Skill development
33. Meaning, Concept and Elements, Challenges & Issues arising from it
34. Balanced Regional Development: Transforming Aspirational Districts
35. Universal Basic Income
36. Demographic Dividend
37. Poverty : Reasons , Government initiatives and solutions for poverty
38. Inequality in India
39. Unemployment : Reasons , Government initiatives and solutions for poverty
40. New problem of under-employment
41. Fixed Term Employment
42. Female Labor force participation rate
43. Informal sector employment trends & challenges
44. Skill India
45. Start up & Stand Up India & Entrepreneurship
D. Investment Models & Resource Mobilization
46. Public Private Partnership : BOT, Hybrid Annuity Model
47. FDI policy in India : Evolution and reforms recently
48. FDI vs FII – Comparative Analysis
49. FPI New Norms
50. Crowdfunding
51. Recent Savings and Investment Trends
52. Municipal Bonds
53. Demonetization – critical analysis
54. Cashless economy
55. Green Finance
56. Masala Bonds
E. Industrial Policy In India : Changes since independence
Evolution of India’s industrial policy
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 5 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
57. Phases of Industrial development - Foundational Phase till 1966 (Mahala Nobis strategy), Phase
of recession and retrogression between 1966-1979, Phase of revival in 1980s till 1990
58. New Economic Policy 1991 and New Industrial policy under the policy of liberalization,
privatization and globalization
59. Third Economic Reforms
60. Roles of private sector and public sector in Indian economy
61. Disinvestments – concept, issues and suggestions
62. Strategic Disinvestments of PSUs
63. Problems of Public Sector
64. Main constraints in the industrial development of India
65. Make in India and NIMZs
66. Industrial Revolution 4.0
67. New E-Commerce Policy
68. Labor Reforms – 4 labor code
69. Ease of doing business
70. MSMEs – Challenges and Solutions
71. National Financial Regulatory Authority (NFRA)
72. New IPR Policy, 2016
73. PM Mudra Yojana
74. Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
75. Shell Companies
76. Electronics Industry in India
77. Tourism Sector
78. Pharmaceutical Sector in India
79. Handloom industry (Yojana)
80. Textile industry
81. Footwear industry
82. Defence manufacturing in India
F) Infrastructure – Features, Types,
83. Telecom Sector – issues and challenges ; Draft National Digital Communications Policy – 2018
84. Urban Development, Urbanization 2.0,
85. Smart Cities, “SAHI” approach to urban mobility/ urban transport
86. Rural Infrastructure in India
87. Infrastructure financing
88. Digital India
89. Logistics Sector
90. Minerals licensing and exploration
Railways :
91. Issues in Railway Sector
92. Freight segment : Dedicated Freight Corridor
93. Rail Safety
94. Railway Privatization
95. High Speed Rail Project, National Rail Plan 2030, Various Committees
96. New Metro Policy 2017
Road Sector
97. Road Transport – issues and challenges
98. Bharatmala
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 6 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
99. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020
100. National Auto Policy 2018
Water Transport –
101. Jal Marg Vikas Project (Inland Waterways)
102. Sagar Mala Project
103. Shipping sector
104. Costal shipping
105. Costal employment Zones
106. RO-RO Service
107. Dry ports
Air Transport :
108. Civil Aviation Sector – Issues and Solutions
109. UDAN Scheme 2 & 3
110. Civil aviation Policy 2016
111. Air India issue
112. Multi Modal Logistics Park
Energy Security
113. Status, Policies, Challenges
114. Draft National Energy Policy 2017
115. National Biofuel Policy 2018
116. Energy efficiency (STRATEGY)
Coal & Power Sector
117. Power Sector - issues and Policies
118. DISCOM Reforms – UDAY Scheme
119. Coal Sector – issues and analysis
120. Privatisation of coal mining sector
121. Rural electrification : DDU Gram Jyoti Yojna, Saubhagya Scheme, KUSUM Yojana
122. Nuclear energy programme
Oil and Gas Sector
123. New Hydrocarbon and Exploration Policy 2016
124. Strategic oil reserves
125. Natural Gas – issues and suggestions
126. Affordable Housing for All
127. Real Estate Sector : RERA Act, 2017, Real Estate Investment trust (REIT)
128. Rural Development : Bharat Nirman, Smart Villages, PURA Scheme
Renewable Energy : Policies and Challenges
129. Solar Energy, Solar Parks
130. National Solar Wind Hybrid Policy
131. International Solar Alliance
132. Shale Gas
133. Methanol Economy
G. Money & Banking
134. NPA or Twin Balance Sheet crises – Reasons, Govt initiatives and Suggestions
135. Project SHASHAKT analysis, Willful Defaulters, ICA, PCR, 12 Feb Circular
136. Banks Recapitalization : good or bad
137. Banking Reforms : Mission Indradhanush
138. Banks merger : good or bad
139. RBI vs Government controversy
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 7 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
140. Banks privatization : good or bad
141. Public Sector Asset Rehabilitation Agency (PARA) and Bad Bank
142. The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018
143. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
144. India’s payments banks - Analysis
145. Bitcoins/Cryptocurrency
146. IL&FS Crisis and NBFC Sector
147. PNB Banking Fraud : LOU and SWIFT
148. The Banning of Unregulated Deposit Schemes Bill, 2018
H) External Sector
149. Globalization & associated issues
150. Trade War & Protectionism
151. Currency War
152. Rupee exchange rate fluctuations
153. WTO New issues – Delhi meet
154. India‘s Export Promotion initiative
155. General system of preferences (GPS) issue
156. MFN status analysis
SECTION 2 : AGRICULTURE
1. Agriculture during planning process
2. Role of agriculture in Indian Economy
3. Increasing agriculture productivity & Modernizing Agriculture
4. Doubling Farmer's Income, Ashik Dalwai Committee
5. Farmer's Suicides issue
6. Loan Waivers
7. Toxic Farming
8. Organic Farming and Zero Budget Natural Farming
9. Evergreen Revolution
10. Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country,
11. National Year of Millets 2018
12. Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems;
13. PM Krishi Sinchayi Yojana Analysis
14. PPP in Micro Irrigation , Soil Health Card Scheme
15. Agricultural Credit – Banks/ RRB/ NABARD/ KCC & other angles
16. Agricultural Finance – Features/ Criteria & Need, Sources/ Problems & Measures
17. Agriculture – Crop Insurance in India – Features & Schemes
18. PM Fasal Bima Yojna
19. E-technology in the aid of farmers
20. Storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints
21. APMC and E-NAM,
22. Agri Export Policy 2018
23. Contract farming
24. Sugarcane pricing
25. Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing Act 2017
26. Technology missions
27. Economics of animal-rearing – importance, challenges
28. Dairy Sector
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 8 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
29. Poultry Sector
30. Silk Sector
31. National Policy on Marine Fisheries
32. Fisheries Sector
33. Sweet Revolution
34. Pink revolution
35. Livestock sector and Rastriya Gokul Mission & Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog
36. Agri R&D
37. Agricultural extension (Krishi Vigyan Kendras)
38. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies (Power, Irrigation, Price, Credit subsidies)
39. PM KISAN Scheme – Critical analysis
40. Fertilizer sector reforms : DBT etc
41. Minimum support prices (PM AASHA Yojana & Price deficiency payment system
42. Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping;
43. PDS and Aadhar, National Food Security Act,2013
44. Issues of buffer stocks
45. Global Hunger Index and Nutritional Security; POSHAN Abhiyaan
46. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance
47. Upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
48. PM Kisan Sampada Yojna
49. Land Reforms in India – Objectives, Phases, Success and failures
50. Land leasing law,2016
51. National Land records Modernization Program
52. Land acquisition Act 2013
53. Land Bank
54. Draft Pesticides Management Bill 2017
55. GM Crops and GM Mustard
56. Sustainable Agriculture
57. Operation Greens
58. GOBARDHAN Scheme
59. Agri Future Markets
60. Sugar Industry
61. Farmer Producer organizations
62. Draft Pesticide Management Bill 2017
63. Agriculture Futures
64. National Bamboo Mission
65. Climate Smart Agriculture
66. Feminization of Agriculture
The above list will further be updated with topics emerging between Now onwards till Mains
2020 and Mains 2021
OPICS LIST FOR BELOW GIVEN AREAS WILL ALSO BE GIVEN ONCE
YOU JOIN COURSE
SECTION 3 : ENVIRONMENT
SECTION 4 : INTERNAL SECURITY
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 9 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
SECTION 5 : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
30 SAMPLE PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR MAINS 2020
All such and 200 more questions will be covered in detail in the classroom
MACRO ECONOMY :
1. There is a clear acknowledgement that Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are a tool of industrial
development, manufacturing and exports. Recognizing this potential, the whole instrumentality of
SEZs requires augmentation. Discuss the issues plaguing the success of SEZs with respect to
taxation, governing laws and administration
2. While we found India’s demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of employability. What
are we missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India desperately needs come from?
Explain.
3. Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in
the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of
increasing the industrial growth rate?
4. In a globalised world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of litigation.
Broadly discuss various advantages that National IPR Policy,2016 can offer and what are the major
obstacles that are being faced on the path of its success.
5. ‘Severe underemployment’ and not unemployment is a more serious problem in India. Discuss with
logical arguments
6. Inequality in India poses a multitude of threats. What are the causes of Inequality in India. Explain
various adverse impacts of the inequality. Give some suggestions to overcome this problem.
7. Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted
directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis
industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base?
AGRICULTURE
8. Establish the relationship between land reform, agriculture productivity and elimination of poverty in
Indian Economy. Discussion the difficulty in designing and implementation of the agriculture
friendly land reforms in India.
9. What are the reasons for poor acceptance of Aadhar based PDS System? How the Aadhar based PDS
System will be helpful for effective distribution of cheaper foodgrains?
10. Among several factors for Agriculture sectors’ potential growth, improving agricultural productivity
is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential of
agriculture sector ?
11. “Apart from the agriculture sector, there needs to be increased focus on agriculture-allied sectors to
realize the goal of doubling farmers’ income.” Examine. What steps has the Government taken to
promote allied activities in this sector?
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 10 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
12. ‘The fertilizer industry has been instrumental in making India self-sufficient in food and agricultural
produce but at the same time it is frequently criticized for straining country’s fiscal deficit’. In light
of this statement, do you think that the recent reforms could help in reviving the sector? Examine
with respect to
the stakeholders involved.
13. Food management and distribution includes the entire set of activities from farm to fork. There are a
variety of challenges in this process. Discuss this statement. What are the recent government
initiatives in this context. Discuss.
ENVIRONMENT
1. The Namami Gange and National mission for clean Ganga (NMCG) programmes and causes of
mixed results from the previous schemes. What quantum leaps can help preserve the river Ganga
better than incremental inputs?
2. There is also a point of view that Environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies in India not only
impeded the progress of various development projects but also have been ineffective in achieving its
intended objectives. Critically examine.
3. “When it comes to the debate of economic development versus environment, there is an inherent
tendency among developing countries to tilt towards economic development”. Discuss the statement
in the context of India's ranking in Environmental Performance Index, 2018.
4. India was one of the birthplaces of the Green Revolution that helped to bring food sufficiency, but
now faces a new set of challenges due to climate change. Illustrate with examples the impact of
climate change in Indian agriculture and suggest solutions.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
5. Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing
‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo
Framework for Action, 2005’? (250 Words, 15 Marks)
6. Drought has been recognised as a disaster in view of its party expense, temporal duration, slow onset
and lasting effect on various vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines
from the National disaster management authority, discuss the mechanism for preparedness to deal
with the El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India.
INTERNAL SECURITY
7. The scourge of “Naxalism” is a grave challenge to national security. What are the major reasons
behind its spread in Urban Areas of India? What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing
menace?
8. Data security has assumed significant importance in the digitized world due to rising cyber-crimes.
The Justice B. N. Srikrishna Committee Report addresses issues related to data security. What, in
your view, are the strengths and weaknesses of the Report relating to protection of personal data in
cyber space? (250 Words, 15 Marks
9. India’s proximity to two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal
security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 11 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What countermeasures should be taken to
prevent the same? (250 Words, 15 Marks)
10. Violation of data privacy is emerging as a serious problem in India. Giving suitable examples,
analyse various challenges in ensuring data privacy in India. Describe various available mechanisms
and techniques at present to ensure the data privacy in india.
11. Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some
countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management.
12. BCIM Corridor is a double edged sword and benefits accruing to it could be counter balanced by the
challenges it can pose. Do you agree with the statement? Critically examine
13. Illegal Immigration should be given priority in the foreign policy as it is not only a political issue but
also a security issue. Critically analyse the statement and list out measures to deal with the problem.
14. Coastal security is an indispensable part of our National Security. In light of this statement,
enumerate the steps taken to strengthen coastal security in India. Also examine the shortcomings that
continue to undermine coastal security, and suggest remedial measures. (15 marks)
S&T
15. Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions
including Leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem
cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments?
16. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive
as our business operations, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming
consumer oriented. Critically comment.
17. The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a nation a security concern
in recent years. In light of this statement, discuss the merits and demerits of the use of AI for military
purposes. (10 marks)
SAMPLE PRINTED NOTES
Topics covered below
1) India’s Leapfrog to Methanol Economy (Economic Development)
2) Indian vs Chinese economy (Economic Development)
3) Fertiliser Subsidy reforms (Agriculture)
4) Land reforms in India (Agriculture)
5) Bharat Stage IV to VI (Environment)
6) Money Laundering (Internal Security)
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 12 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
India’s Leapfrog to Methanol Economy
Table 1 Prelims Booster
A) Methanol Economy : means the replacement of fossil fuels
with methanol as means of energy storage, transportation fuels and
feedstocks of chemical products
B) Need for Methanol Economy in India:
• Energy security: India is the 6th highest consumer of
petrol and diesel in the world
• Environmental concern: India is third highest energy
related CO2 emitter country in the world.
• Current Account Deficit: India’s crude import bill stands
at almost 6 lakh crores
• Inflation: The price of fuel has multiplier effect
C) Applications of Methanol in various sectors of Indian
Economy:
1) Transportation: Methanol blended with gasoline and
diesel or complete substitution + railway engines can run
on methanol/DME blends + methanol and DME powered
ships → cost cutting and efficiency increase
2) Energy: India → Huge Coal reserves ; Biomass generated
; Stranded & Flared gases → alternate feedstock and
fuels→ India’s 10% reduction in import dependence of oil and
gas by 2022.
3) Manufacturing: methanol compatible engines under Make in
India → FDI investments → employment
4) Marine sector: liquid form → no SOx or NOx ; cheaper and
cleaner than LNG and Bunker / Heavy Oil. → meeting the
stringent emission regulations by the IMO → reduce the costs.
5) Electricity power generation: as a turbine fuel
6) Agriculture: Biomass like rice straw or Bamboo in North East
→ feedstock → additional income to the farmers
7) Telecom Towers: 2% of diesel consumption → can be replaced
8) Chemicals sector: Methanol → producing various chemicals
like formaldehyde, acetic acid and olefins → can be exported
9) Clean cooking fuels: Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) → LPG connections→ Methanol or DME blending with LPG or the
complete substitution of latter through former can gradually displace LPG imports
10) Swachh Bharat: opportunity for India to use its landfills to convert it into methanol and avoid problems such as toxins
leaching into the soil and release of GHG emissions etc
D) Global Developments
• Methanol is being actively pursued by China, Italy, Sweden, Israel, US, Australia, Japan and many other European
countries.
• 10% of fuel in China in transport Sector is Methanol. China alone produces 65% of world Methanol and it uses its coal to
produce Methanol.
• The Technology has acquired commercial maturity and countries like Iceland are producing in meaningful quantities
already.
• The United States ran several methanol programs, especially in California from 1980 to 1990 for the conversion of
gasoline run cars to methanol blended fuels
• Israel, Italy have adopted the Methanol 15% blending program with Petrol.
Methanol (CH3OH) It is a single carbon compound that can be
produced from coal, natural gas, biomass
DME and bioDME
Primarily produced by converting hydrocarbons via gasification to synthesis gas (syngas). Synthesis gas is then converted into methanol
in the presence of catalyst (usually copper-based), with subsequent
methanol dehydration in the presence of a different catalyst (for example, silica-alumina) resulting in the production of DME
Alternative fuel due to the advantages
• Scalable and sustainable fuel as can be produced from a variety of
feedstocks.
• Efficient and can be cent percent renewable.
• Less Infrastructure costs
• Emits lesser NOx and Particulate matter (PM) than gasoline and
produces no SOx as there is no sulphur in methanol.
• Can be blended (or be completely substituted) with gasoline to use as a
transport fuel
DME and bioDME
• commonly used as a replacement for propane in liquid petroleum gas
(LPG)
• a viable and clean diesel alternative
• can also be blended with LPG
• a non-toxic compound and is safe to handle
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 13 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
• Methanol is seen by the world as the “Enduring Energy Solution known to Mankind”
D) Status of Methanol in India:
• Presently at a nascent stage in production and usage but huge potential in both
• Methanol imports is meeting 90% of India’s methanol requirement → because cheaper for India to import vs domestic
production → considerable forex outgo
• India imports 99% of its methanol from Iran and Saudi Arabia who produce it from natural gas
• India does not have a commercial coal to methanol plant despite having large coal reserves
• India is producing all of its methanol from imported natural gas
• The Government is likely to go ahead with a target of 15% blending by methanol/DME in gasoline/diesel by 2022
• Recently, Coal India Limited (CIL) planned to set up a coal based methanol plant in West Bengal
• The Namrup-based Assam Petrochemicals Limited (APL) rolled out the country’s first methanol- based cooking fuel
project-
• ‘Green and Clean Fuel Pilot Project on Methanol Cooking Stove’. The project has been promoted by NITI Aayog.
E) NITI Aayog's Plan for Methanol Production in India:
• India is producing all of its methanol from imported natural gas since domestic production is not economically viable at
present. → it must use abundant domestic high ash coal to make it economically viable → Commercial coal to methanol
plants need to be set up wherever necessary.
• It is estimated that a 1600 tons per day of methanol plant will require a capital expenditure of ~INR 1200 Cr which
would be able to produce methanol at INR 17- 19 per liter which is comparable with the cost of imported methanol.
Whereas, presently, the per liter cost of methanol production in India is INR 25-27 or even more depending on the
volatility in the price of imported natural gas.
• Biomass/municipal solid waste and flared natural gas can also be used for methanol production, but the continuous
availability of latter would be a challenge.
F) Challenges:
• Water Intensive → 20 cubic meters freshwater for 1 ton coal-based methanol → wastewater.
• leakage and explosion → loss of life and property.
• Vehicle’s damage → rubber or plastic components + corroding metals such as aluminum, magnesium, zinc
• During the process of making methanol from coal, a large amount of CO2 is emitted.
• Technology to co-generate power in methanol plants requires further refinement
• For blending more than 15% of methanol, internal combustion engines changes in the engine design are required.
G) Way Forward:
1. Create an innovation fund → support the R&D activities → a demonstration coal to methanol production plant
2. Have sufficient domestic methanol production capacity so that user industries are assured of supply
3. Simultaneous programs for the development of
• flexi-fuel vehicles to run on methanol/DME fuel blends
• Methanol/DME cookstoves
• Converting diesel powered railway locomotives to methanol/DME based engines.
4. Explore possibility of setting up a manufacturing facility for methanol/DME in Iran or Qatar as these countries can
provide the natural gas at very low prices
5. Import Methanol/DME for its direct application or for further conversion to chemicals like olefins as it is likely to
be economically advantageous rather than importing crude
6. Set up a mega coal based complex for production of power, methanol and fertilizer in an integrated manner
7. Methanol Blending Program with all possible fossil fuels can be implemented on an early basis
MAINS QUESTION :
With growing energy needs should India work on exploring methanol production and application ? Discuss the
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 14 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
facts and fears associated with Methanol economy in India(250 Words, 15 Marks)
India vs China’s Economy
Past to Present
• In 1985, GDP per capital for India and China was around $293 per person.
• In 2017, as a World Bank report, India’s per capita has managed to reach $1,942, while China’s GDP per capita has
expanded to $8,827.
• In 2017, India became the sixth largest economy with a GDP of USD 2.59 trillion while China was the second largest
with a GDP of USD 12.23 trillion, as per World Bank data.
• Presently, India and China on an average have
same population rates
identical levels of unemployment
current GDP rates (highest among the world).
However, China’s economy is five times larger than India’s
Reason /factors for Difference in the Size of two Economies today
China went through Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward thus adopting an authoritarian and capitalistic model,
while India followed a socialist economic model with state control. This model difference is one the key reasons China is in a
better shape than India. In addition to this several other factors are listed below in detail -
Factor China India
Politics
Authoritarian political system with The
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) governs
with minimum barriers → increases ease of
policy implementation → rapid development
on a large scale.
e.g. The Three Gorges Dam, which is the
world’s largest hydropower project has been
building for almost a decade. It has displaced
more than 1.2 million population, and flooded
1,350 villages, 140 towns, and 13 cities in
total. However, dam provides → Job
opportunities → Clean energy
India is governed through a complex
democracy. It has a federal parliament
with regional assemblies. → slows down
the rate of development due to the delay in
decision making process → reducing the
ease of implementation of polices
e.g. It took Indian parliament 16 years, to
pass a GST bill in 2017
High corruption levels and a politically
divided system also adds to delays in
projects.
Industrial
Focus
Backyard industrialization → MSME Focus
→ Labor intensive →Jobs → Balanced
regional development
Mahalanobis & Socialistic Model →Heavy
Industries in Public Sector focused →
Imbalanced regional dev. + Failed PSUs
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 15 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
Economic
Reforms
Started in 1980s → Early mover advantage →
Private investment from west
Started in 1991 as a result of crises
Political and
Governance
Reforms
Great Leap Forward 1958 → Capitalistic
Model
Cultural Revolution 1966
1950 Constitution of India → Socialistic
Pattern
Green and Industrial revolution impacts
remain limited)
Openness of
the economy
SEZ Model → Export orientation → Foreign
exchange earnings
Economic planning → Self-sufficiency
objective → Inward looking strategy → No
exports but high imports → 1991 Crises
Geographical
reasons
Majority land is unproductive →
Industrialization preferred over agriculture →
high economic growth
Instability in focus over Agriculture &
Industry → Neither could develop properly
→ Finally in 1991 onwards Service sector
dominates → Limited jobs
Productivity
• China has a better railways and roads
system which increases speed of
transportation.
• China invested heavily in universities and
skill development programs. The country also
focused on creating jobs in labor-intensive
sectors for its large population such as in
garments, textiles, assembly and light
engineering.
World Economic Forum’s Global
Competitiveness Report → India lags
behind China in almost all infrastructural
category.
Lack of investment in infrastructure is
estimated to reduce India’s GDP growth
annually by 2 percent.
Urbanization A high level of urbanization has occurred in
China as opposed to India. 58 percent of
China resides in the city.
There is a strong evidence for the positive
relationship between urbanization and
growth of a nation.
Today only roughly 37 percent of Indian
live in cities
Both the countries saw a shift of
employment from agricultural sector to
service and other non-farming sectors, as
more people moved to cities in search for a
higher wage. This transition happened
faster in China than in India.
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 16 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
Indian Economy strengths China’s strengths
• Exports and software exports have doubled
in the last couple of years, even though
export-to-GDP ratio is still low.
• India has seen a huge jump in foreign
investment (over $21 billion)
• India’s young population is estimated to
contribute to a high rate of personal savings.
• Today China is a $12.5 trillion economy,
the second largest in the world.
• China’s trade is six times larger than India’s
trade. In 2007 increase in China’s trade
levels were around $433 billion where
greater than India’s total trade.
• China’s trade is the second-third largest in
the world, while India lags behind with only
1 percent of world trade.
• China’s Manufacturing Productivity is
1.6 times than that of India
• Inflation in China is 1/6th times of Inflation
in China
Weaknesses of Chinese Economy
• Moving in the direction of a more reliable
growth strategy which relies less on exports
and majorly on domestic demand
• Regarding Entrepreneurship : China →
communist country → State run enterprises
are not efficient & not innovative. The
Indian industry is based on innovative
enterprises. Given the competitive nature of
the world economy, the Indian industry
stands a better chance at success in the
future
• One Child Policy in China → a
demographic time bomb → there are more
people out of the workforce than in it. On an
average, every Chinese worker is expected
to pay for the costs of at least two Chinese
retirees. (India, on the other hand, is facing
a demographic dividend)
Brightful future for India
• Today India is the fastest growing economy in G 20. Based on OECD report of 2019, India’s GDP is said to be around
7.5 percent by 2020, versus being 7.25 percent in 2019
• China’s economy is estimated to witness a cool down due to global trade
tensions. China’s economy is estimated to be around 6 percent by the year
2020, according to a Paris based think tank.
• India’s economy clocked at a low of 6.6 percent in October-December
period in 2018. While China according to Global Economics Prospects
report 2019, is projected to witness a growth of 6.2 in the years 2019 and
2020, and a 6 percent growth in 2021.
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 17 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
• Based on the assumption that rapid growth eventually slows down, China’s time span of high growth may soon run its
course, while India’s experience if more recent.
• As per former RBI Governor, India will become bigger than China eventually as China would slow down and India
would continue to grow. So India will be in a better position to create the infrastructure in the region which China is
promising today.
Growth lessons India can learn from China
• An increased investments and incentives in labor-intensive industries to create more job opportunities. In the past 25
years, labor-intensive industries have suffered in the form of excessive regulations and tax. → In order to increase job-
creating, removal of restrictive labor regulations → India Brought Shramev Jayate Reforms
• Increase investment in infrastructure to account for 6.5 percent of the total GDP and release investment tools by
divesting in infrastructure assets which are state owned.
• Enhance productivity of ports, improve conditions of railways and highways, and reduce power theft
• Allow private sector to investment in education in order to improve skills and human resources.
• Invest in new cities, to promote urbanization which will ease the delivery of civil services to raise the standard to living
for the population.
• De-reserving goods for medium and small enterprises to make them grow bigger and faster
The Way Forward
India India’s economy will continue to grow if economic reforms continue to grow and are stretched to large-scale structures.
Factors that will help in India’s potential growth
High domestic demand
India’s demographic dividend is considerably larger than China’s
India’s 60-year-old history of democracy provided it a solid foundation for adaptability and stability.
New income support measures for framers
fiscal and quasi-fiscal stimulus
Structural reforms like GST, Demo, IBC
India vs. China: Is There Even a Comparison ?
China’s Economy is Four Times Larger Than India’s Economy : The GDP of India is close to $1.5 trillion. At the same time, the
GDP of China is close $7 trillion. The economy of China is at least 4 times as big as the economy of India. This means that even if
China grows at the rate of a meagre 1.5% and India grows at a rate of 7%, the Chinese economy would have added the same
amount in output as the Indian economy would have!
Comparing the GDP growth rates of India and China is therefore a pointless exercise. China’s growth rate has been consistently
higher than India’s growth rate over the past three decades or so. India has barely overtaken the Chinese growth rate for a couple
of quarters. Only if India can continue to beat the Chinese growth rate by a huge margin for the next two to three decades, does
India stand a chance of overtaking the Chinese economy.
RECENT NEWS AND ITS ANALYSIS
In 2016, NITI Aayog Chairman Amitabh Kant projected that India would become a $10-trillion economy by 2032.
‘The World in 2030’ report by HSBC has stated India’s economy would grow to $5.9 trillion by 2030 from an estimated $2.8
trillion at present.
Firstly, Despite India clocking a higher economic growth rate than China, the gap between the size of the two economies will
further increase by 2030. China will overtake the US as the world’s largest economy, and India will jump four notches to become
the world’s third-largest.
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 18 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
Secondly, India will be outperformed by neighbor Bangladesh, which is expected to be the top-performing economy in terms of
growth rate by 2030.
Thirdly, despite decent economic growth, India’s citizens will not get rich at the same pace as those of some neighbouring and
other lower-middle-income countries. (At present, an average Chinese citizen earns almost $7,900 more than an Indian. But by
2030, the per-capita income gap between the two nations could widen to $13,000)
Fertilizer Subsidy – Issues & Refroms
Introduction
Fertiliser use has seen rapid expansion and intensification in India and in other parts of the world with the
spread of the Green Revolution technology. With the scope for raising production through the expansion of
cultivable land exhausted, fertiliser will continue to play a key role in meeting the future requirement of
food, feed and fibre. Therefore it is important that fertiliser is used judiciously and optimally
What is fertiliser subsidy?
• Fertilizer subsidy is the difference between the holding price of fertilisers and the price at which
fertilisers are made available to consumers.
• For sustained agricultural growth and to promote balanced nutrient application, the fertilisers are
made available to farmers at affordable prices.
• Financial support is also given on both indigenous and imported urea.
Need
• In India per hectare Consumption around (around 146 Kg) is far lower than developed countries.
• Indian Soils are deficient in Nitrogen and Phosphorus
• Fertilizer can most effectively be used with ample water. So rainfed areas (deprived of
irrigation) constitute 70 % of agricultural land and still they use only 20% of national Fertilizers
consumption. On other hand Rabi crops are dominantly produced in Irrigated areas, so they
consume about 66% of fertilizers while their share of total agri output is 33%
• India meets its 80 % requirement of Urea (N), while it is heavily dependent on Imports for its
potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer requirements
• As per Eco Survey 2019 → For the small and marginal farmers, the costs of fertilisers are
key determinants of profitability of farming.
Present status
• Fertiliser accounts for large fiscal subsidies (about 0.73 lakh crore
or 0.5 % of GDP), the second-highest after food, according to
Budget 2019-20.
• There are 3 basic types of fertiliser used- Urea, Diammonium
Phosphate (DAP), and Muriate of Potash (MOP).
• Of all the fertilisers, urea is the most produced (86%), the most
consumed (74%), and the most imported (52 %).
• Urea is the most physically controlled fertiliser, with 50% under
the Fertiliser Ministry’s movement control order compared with
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 19 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
20% for DAP and MOP.
• Urea also receives the largest subsidies, in outlay terms (accounting for nearly 70% of total fertilisers
subsidy)
• Per kg subsidies on DAP and MOP fertiliser are fixed- they do not vary with market prices.
• Imports of DAP and MOP are also not controlled.
How fertiliser subsidy is followed in India
• A PoS machine is installed in every fertiliser godowns. It capture the buyer’s identity based on
Aadhaar biometric authentication, with the quantities purchased.
TWO PROPOSED MODELS Two models of DBT are being considered to make fertiliser subsidy disbursal more
targeted.
• Under the first, a ‘wallet’ will be created for each farmer where the subsidy amount will be deposited for
release to the manufacturer or trader (in case of imported fertilisers) at the time of actual purchase.
• The other option is the farmer will pay the market price upfront and promptly receive the subsidy amount in
his/her Aadhaar-linked bank account.
Govt policies
• Nutrient Based Subsidy scheme 2010: applicable to 22 fertilisers (other than Urea) for which MRP
will be decided taking into account the international and domestic prices of P&K fertilisers, exchange
rate, and inventory level in the country. It aims to
◦ ensure that adequate quantity of P&K is made available to the farmers at statutory controlled
price.
◦ ensure balanced use of fertilisers, improve agriculture productivity, promote growth of
indigenous fertiliser industry and to reduce the burden of subsidy.
• New Urea Policy 2015: focusses on making the domestic urea energy efficient and reducing the
subsidy burden.
• Neem Coated Urea (NCU): mandatory 100% production of NCU. Benefit includes-
◦ Slow down the dissolution of Urea into soil, resulting into less urea requirement.
◦ Stop the illegal diversion of urea for non-agricultural usages such as ingredients in chemical
industry, explosives, etc.
• Gas Pooling: pooling of Domestic Gas with Re-Gasified LNG which is imported. This would help
provide natural gas at uniform delivered price to all natural gas grid connected Urea manufacturing
plants.
• Removal of minimum production criteria for manufacturers of Single Super Phosphate (SSP)
making them eligible for subsidy irrespective of quantity of SSP produced and selling for agriculture
purposes.
• Soil Health Card: Farmers can get their own customised requirement of fertiliser in order to avoid
irrational use of it.
RECENT REFORM - Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has raised the subsidised prices of
sulphur-based fertilizers.
The move is aimed at discouraging rampant use of NPK fertilisers, which impacts soil quality
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 20 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
Issues and challenges
• Subsidy is paid to the companies only after the purchase of fertiliser by the farmer. In other words,
the subsidy is still getting credited to the company and not the farmer. In that sense, it isn’t direct
benefit transfer (DBT)
• Fertiliser subsidy has become a game of only three chemicals- NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium).
• There are huge discrepancies in the usage of fertiliser. In states like Punjab, the ratio of NPK usage
is 61:19:1 against ideal 4:2:1
• In 1950, with the use of less NPK, the yield was more. Now, with the use of more NPK, lesser yield
is being produced.
• Government is selling compost at a particular price and same is the rate for urea so this would not
push the farmers towards organic farming.
• These subsidies will only help fertiliser companies to sustain their business but in the long run farmer
input costs will continuously increase with inversely proportional output rates.
• Different inputs – urea, phosphatic and potassic fertilisers – have different rates of subsidies.
• It would be premature to accept that all the farmers would be able to buy their requirements of
fertilisers at market rate and wait for 15 days or a month to get the subsidies.
• Fertilisers encourage urea overuse, which damages the soil, undermining rural incomes,
agricultural productivity, and thereby economic growth.
• Fertiliser subsidies are generally criticised because they are perceived to be far from universally
distributed and concentrated on relatively few producers, mainly large farmers.
• As per Economic Survey 2015-16: Distortions in urea are the result of multiple regulations. These
distortions feed upon each other, and together create an environment that leads to a series of
adverse outcomes.
◦ Firstly, urea is only subsidised for agricultural uses. Subsidies like this violate the One
Product- One Price principle. Black market effects are aggravated by further regulation-
canalisation.
◦ Secondly, the black market hurts small and marginal farmers more than large farmers since a
higher percentage of them are forced to buy urea from the black market.
◦ Thirdly, some of the urea subsidy goes to sustaining inefficient domestic production instead
of going to the small farmer.
As per Economic Survey 2018-19 Fertiliser response
ratio is showing a declining trend.
• This is an indicator of declining responsiveness of soil fertility
to fertiliser application.
• Declining Response Ratio is due to,
◦ Inadequacy and imbalance in fertiliser use
◦ Increasing multi-nutrient deficiency
◦ Lack of farmers awareness
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 21 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
◦ Balanced plant nutrition and poor crop management
Way Forward & Suggestions
• Subsidy should be linked to productivity which will remove fertilizer companies from the game.
• The momentum for these changes has to be created through robust policies.
• State Governments and Central Government need to work in tandem to encourage farmers for
ecological farming.
Particularly in western UP and Punjab, the farmers need to move away from wheat and rice
because the ground water has depleted.
• Farmers have to be educated and taught to change their cropping pattern and move to multiple
cropping.
• To secure long term fertiliser supplies from locations where energy prices are cheap, it might be
worth encouraging Indian firms to locate plants in countries such as Iran, following the example of
the Fertiliser Ministry’s joint venture in Oman, which allowed India to import fertiliser at prices
almost 50% cheaper than the world price.
• Fertiliser is a good sector to pursue JAM because of a key similarity with the successful LPG
experience: the centre controls the fertiliser supply chain.
• In order to address the distortions in urea-
◦ Decanilising Urea imports which would increase the number of importers and allow greater
freedom in import decision- would allow fertiliser supply to respond flexibly and quickly to
changes in demand.
◦ Bringing urea under the Nutrient Based Subsidy program currently in place for DAP and
MOP would allow domestic producers to continue receiving fixed subsidies based on the
nutritional content of their fertiliser.
Suggestions-based on NITI Aayog Strategy
• Strengthen the SHC scheme to ensure SHC based fertiliser distribution at the ground level.
• Seed SHCs with the integrated fertiliser management system.
• Ensure proper functioning of the SHC labs.
• Link SHCs with Kisan credit cards and make SHCs mandatory for subsidies.
• Reorient fertiliser subsidy policy to bring secondary and micronutrients on the same nutrient based subsidy
(NBS) platform as phosphorus (P) and potash (K)
• Subsidies on liquid fertilisers to encourage fertigation with micro-irrigation
• Fertiliser sector should procure compost produced out of organic waste.
• Upfront subsidy per acre of land through Direct Benefit Transfer instead of providing separate subsidies for
fertilisers, electricity, crop insurance etc.
As per Economic Survey 2019 Suggested Measures are,
◦ Use of optimal dose based on soil health status
◦ Promotion of neem-coated urea
◦ Promotion of micronutrients
◦ Promotion of organic fertilizers
◦ Promotion of water-soluble fertilizer
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 22 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
◦ Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) scheme
◦ Models like Natural Farming, Vedic Farming, Cow Farming, Homa Farming, Zero Budget Natural
Farming (ZBNF)
LAND REFORMS IN INDIA – Complete Analysis
What is Land Reform?
● Land reform is a broad term. It refers to an institutional measure directed towards altering the
existing pattern of ownership, tenancy and management of land.
● Land reforms in India usually refer to redistribution of land from the rich to the poor.
● Land reforms are often connected with re-distribution of agricultural land and hence it is related to
agrarian reforms too.
Objectives of Land Reform
1. Distributive Justice
2. To create a system of peasantry proprietorship (land to the tiller)
3. Enhance land productivity
4. Transfer the income of few to many so that the demand for consumer goods is created
Tenancy Land Systems – BRITISH ERA
At the time of independence, four land tenures existed in India
Ryotwari ● Under this system, the responsibility of paying land revenue to the
Government was of the cultivator himself and there was no intermediary
between him and the state.
● The Ryot had full right regarding sale, transfer and leasing of land and
could not be evicted from the land as long as he pays the land revenue.
Mahalwari ● Under this system, the village communities held the village lands
commonly and it was joint responsibility of these communities to make
payments of the land revenue.
● The land ownership is held as joint ownership with the village body.
The land can be cultivated by tenants who can pay cash/kind/share.
Zamindari ● Under this system the whole village was under one landlord who was
responsible for the payment of land revenue.
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 23 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
● The persons interested can work in the Zamindar's land as
tenant/labourer based on the agreement with the zamindar.
Jagirdari ● It is similar to Zamindari system.
● The jagirdar is powered to control the unproductive masses of village by
engaging them in agricultural activities
Need for Land Reforms
● Presence of multiplicity of intermediaries between the Government and cultivator
● Lack of adequate security of tenure,
● Fixation of high rent and lack of incentive
● Large scale sub-division and fragmentation of holdings
● Unequal distribution of land
● Low productivity per hectare of land
4 phases of Land Reform Measures
1) 1950-72 : Land re-distribution
2) 1972-85 Bring uncultivated land under cultivation
3) 1985-19995 Water & Soil conservation
4) 1995-Till Now
LAND POLICY FORMULATION THROUGH PLANNING PERIOD had been determined to
redistribute land and to bring equity in rural population. This land policy was set through a number of five-
year plans by the Government after independence for proper land management.
Several Five-Year Plans:
Through the first five-year plan (1951-1956) the Government decided that The Community Development
Network will be looking after the common peasants. More areas will be taken for cultivation.
The second plan focused on land productivity which was very low in the British period.
The third five-year plan focussed on the problem of food security. Many land had been abandoned at that
time which was cultivable. Those lands were taken under the scope of cultivation again. This attention on
food security had been continued in the fourth five-year plan as well.
In the fifth five-year plan more focus was given on the drought prone areas.
In the sixth five-year plan extra attention had been given on the utilization of the agricultural resources,
mainly land. According to this plan more neglected lands were taken under cultivation.
Land degradation and soil erosion were the two main issues in the seventh five-year plan. So this plan
attempted to stop this by the introduction of "Evergreeen Green Revolution".
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 24 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
Eighth five-year plan focused on the rain affected areas whereas in the
Ninth five-year plan several watershed development program had been forecasted for proper water
management.
Land Reform Measures in Phase 1 :
Abolition of intermediaries
between the State and tenants
Pros- (i) eliminated the middlemen and bought the cultivator into
direct relationship with the government.
(ii) improvement in the administrative machinery and social
services.
Cons- (i) It led to large-scale ejectment of poor tenants from land.
(ii) Landlordism was abolished, absentee landlordism flourished.
Tenancy reforms that provide
(a) security to tenants
(b) rationalisation and regulation
of rent
(c) conferment of ownership rights
on tenants
Pros- It gave security about the source of livelihood and tenure
from eviction
Cons- (i) Large inter-state variations in the fixation of land rent
rates
(ii) Tenancy reforms undertaken varied from state to state.
(iii) Escape clauses misused against the interest of tenants.
Fixation of ceiling on
landholdings
Pros- (i) helped remove inequalities in land ownership
(ii) redistribution of this surplus land
Cons- (i) Manipulation of land records to circumvent the law
Consolidation of holdings Pros- (i) Reduced fragemenation led to increase productivity
(ii) Helped during the period of Green Revolution
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 25 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
Critical Analysis
Reasons of success
1. Freedom struggle leaders- High political will
2. Demand from low levels also
3. Democratic structure
4. Constitutional obligation
5. Necessities of Green revolution
6. Planned development
Positive Impact of Land Reforms
● The inverse relationship between land size and efficiency – the smaller the land, the better will be
the productivity and efficiency.
● Owner-cultivation more efficient than share-cropping.
● Abolition of the exploitative land tenure system
● Land was redistributed among the landless and the weaker sections of the society
● Provided security of tenure to the tenants
● Investments in agriculture became more common because tiller was now the owner
● Land reforms made a big dent on poverty
● Lower castes and classes got greater rights and were able to mobilise themselves
Negatives
● Fragmentation of land increased as a result of land ceilings and reforms.
● Evidence suggests that land reforms had a negative effect on poverty
● Many of the steps taken under land reforms such as land ceilings, tenancy reforms, land
consolidation etc. were not implemented properly due to legal loopholes.
Reasons for failure
● State subject
● Advanced publicity and delayed implementation
● Loose definition of personal cultivation
● Ownership transfer was not automatic
● Lack of social consciousness among tenants and unorganized tenants
● Green revolution favored big farmers
● Lack of political will.
● Apathetic attitude of the bureaucracy.
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 26 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
● Absence of up-to-date land records.
● Legal hurdles in the way of implementation of land reforms.
● Transfer of lands to family members to avoid tenancy reforms.
● Lack of uniformity in Land Reform Laws.
● Limits for retention of land for personal cultivation.
SUGGESTIONS
• Wasteland revival
• Residential qualification for land holding
• Easier loans for buying lands
• Legal aid
• Peasant organisation
• Forest rights Act 2006
• Seriously implement RECENT REFORMS
1) Farmer Producer organizations (FPOs)
2) Computerization of land records
3) Cooperative farming
4) Land bank
5) Land leasing law
6) Land title reforms
7) Land acquisition law
IMPORTANT FACTS FROM ECONOMIC SURVEY 2019
Pattern of Agricultural Land Holdings In India
• Agriculture Census 2015-16 show that the number of operational holdings, has increased to 14.6
crore in 2015-16 from 13.8 crore in 2010-11. (Increase of 5.3%).
• Share of marginal holdings (less than 1 ha) in total operational holdings increased.
• Share of small holdings (1 ha to 2 ha) decreased.
• Large holdings (above 4 ha) decreased from 6.5% to 4.3%.
• Area operated by the marginal and small holdings increased from 38.9% in 2000-01 to 47.4% in
2015-16 while areas that of the large holdings decreased from 37.2% to 20 %
• Operational Holdings- Land put to agricultural use
Previous Year Questions
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 27 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for
the success of land reforms in India. (2016)
Establish the relationship between land reform, agriculture productivity and elimination of poverty in Indian
Economy. Discussion the difficulty in designing and implementation of the agriculture friendly land reforms
in India. (2013)
Bharat IV to VI
What are Bharat Stage emissions standards?
• These are norms instituted by the government to regulate the output of air pollutants from
internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles.
• To bring them into force, the Central Pollution Control Board sets timelines and standards which
have to be followed by automakers.
• BS norms are based on European emission norms which are referred to in a similar manner like
‘Euro 4’ and ‘Euro 6’.
• Implementation of the intermediate BS-V standard was originally scheduled for 2019. But Centre
announced that the country would skip the BS-V norms altogether and adopt BS-VI norms by 2020.
What is the difference between BS-IV and BS-VI standards?
• The main difference between the existing BS-IV and the upcoming BS-VI auto fuel norms is
the presence of sulphur. The BS-VI fuel is estimated to bring around an 80% reduction of sulphur,
from 50 parts per million to 10 ppm.
• Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology- It reduces oxides of nitrogen by injecting an aqueous
urea solution into the system. Hence, NOx from diesel cars can be brought down by nearly 70%. In
the petrol cars, they can be reduced by 25%.
• Mandatory on-board diagnostics (OBD) which inform the vehicle owner or the repair technician
about how efficient the systems in the vehicles are.
• RDE (Real Driving Emission) will be introduced for the first time that will measure the emission
in real-world conditions and not just under test conditions.
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 28 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
Significance/Benefits
• This would mean a lower level of harmful emissions and reduced incidence of lung diseases.
• Vehicular emission is a major contributor to the worsening air quality of Indian cities. This would
significantly bring down share of vehicular pollution by reducing concentration of carbon
monoxide, un-burnt hydrocarbons, nitrous oxide and particulate matter from emissions.
• At the BS-VI level, the gap maintained between emissions from diesel and petrol are narrowed.
Challenges
• Huge Cost for automakers-
Moving to BS-VI directly will require significant technological upgrades for which auto
companies may have to invest heavily.
• Automakers were supposed to make their models BS IV compliant by April 1, 2017. While some
automakers have met the targets and updated their products, there is a huge stock of vehicles left to
be sold into the market. As per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), the
companies were holding stock of around 8.24 lakh such vehicles.
• Timeframe- Normally it takes 4 years to upgrade and here the companies have to skip the BS V
altogether and upgrade directly to BS VI.
• Smaller bonnet cars of India may not be able to imbibe Diesel Particulate Filter in them which
was supposed to be a part of BS-V upgrade.
• Impact on buyers- This can have the effect of making cars and other vehicles more expensive.
• Directly aping the Euro norms is problematic, considering that driving conditions in India are
different from Europe.
• Further, improving the emission will not alone solve the problem of vehicular pollution as the
number of vehicles is disproportionately high in Indian cities.
GS -3 Mains 2019-20 WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 29 Online Classes for GS 3 Mains 2020-2021
• Also, there is also the requirement of cleaner fuel to run these vehicles that comply with a stricter
emission regulation as it is not feasible to make internal combustion engines pollute less while using
poor quality of fuel.
Way Forward
• A successful transition to BS-VI norms will be a landmark event for the country and it must be
taken in a mission mode approach by all the stakeholders.
• Governments should incentivise the automobile manufacturers and partner the oil companies to
manage this transition.
• Government should make the emission standards transition gradual along with searching for
alternative fuels like ethanol and methanol blending.
• Apart from that the government should focus on lowering the demand of fuels on the first place by
promoting more physical mobility rather than vehicular mobility by following Transit Oriented
Development policy.
MONEY LAUNDERING
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 30 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
INDEX
• Basics of Money Laundering
• Process of Money Laundering
• Vulnerability of India
• Why it still persists
• Adverse consequences
• GOI Steps & Laws
• Global Efforts
• Previous Year Questions
• PMLA Amendment 2018
Meaning
• Money Laundering refers to the conversion or "Laundering" of money which is illegally obtained,
so as to make it appear to originate from a legitimate source
Illegal Activities
• Illegal arms sales,
• smuggling, and the
• activities of organised crime, including for example drug trafficking and prostitution rings
• Embezzlement,
• insider trading,
• bribery and
• computer fraud schemes
Two Myths
Myth 1: Converting black money into white is money laundering.
Reality: If the launderer simply conceals income and violates I-T Act, he will not necessarily be booked for
money laundering. He or she can be booked only if one of the 30 acts (statutes) which are included in the
Prevention of Money Laundering Act is violated.
Myth 2: Money launderers indulge in big-ticket scams
Reality: If someone makes a gain of Rs 30 lakh or above by violating any of the 24 acts, like Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, SEBI Act, Prevention of Corruption Act, it will be considered a
case of money laundering.
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 31 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
Round Tripping
In the context of black money, it leaves the country through various channels such as inflated invoices,
payments to shell companies overseas, the hawala route and so on.
After cooling its heels overseas for a while, this money returns in a freshly laundered form; thus completing
a round-trip.
How is money laundered?
• Placement the launderer introduces his illegal profits into the financial system. This might be done
by breaking up large amounts of cash into less conspicuous smaller sums that are then deposited
directly into a bank account
• Layering a series of conversions or movements of the funds to distance them from their source. - use
of widely scattered accounts for laundering is especially prevalent in those jurisdictions that do not
co-operate in anti-money laundering investigations.
• Integration – in which the funds re-enter the legitimate economy. The launderer might choose to
invest the funds into real estate, luxury assets, or business ventures.
Vulnerability of India (International Narcotics Control Strategy Report)
- India’s emerging status as a regional financial center
- Weak laws & willful defaulters
- its large system of informal cross-border money flows (Hawala)
- its widely perceived tax avoidance problems
- Poor GAAR Implementation
- Unholy nexus
- narcotics trafficking
- illegal trade in endangered wildlife, trade in illegal gems (particularly diamonds), smuggling,
- trafficking in persons,
- India’s geographical location between the heroin-producing countries of the Golden Triangle and
Golden Crescent
Reasons for Persisting Money Laundering
• Absence of deals for sharing tax information with other countries.
• Corporate Secrecy Laws – as the corporate law of certain countries enables launderers to hide behind
shell companies.
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 32 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
• Tight Bank Secrecy Laws.
• A high degree of Economic Dependence on the Financial Services Sector.
• A Geographical Location that Facilitates Business Travel to and from rich neighbours
Consequences/Impacts
1. Naxalism, Extremism, Terrorism, Communalism
2. Weakens Political System (Unfair elections)
3. Undermining of the legitimate private sector
4. Undermining of the integrity of financial markets
5. Loss of control of economic policy
6. Economic distortion and instability
7. Loss of revenue: decreases the tax funds
8. Security threats to privatisation efforts
9. Reputation risk to the countries
Institutional Measures taken by Government
• The financial intelligence unit-India (FIU-India) which is the nodal agency in India for managing the
anti-MONEY LAUNDERING ecosystem. It helps in co-coordinating and strengthening efforts to
reduce MONEY LAUNDERING and related crimes in India.
• Prevention of MONEY LAUNDERING Act, 2002 has been the core framework for combating it.
and subsequent amendments to strengthen the act Prevention of MONEY LAUNDERING
(Amendment) Bill, 2012
• The Enforcement directorate carries out investigations. The ED is also empowered to attach property
entities involved in money laundering.
• A special cell called Combating Financing of Terrorism (CFT) Cell was created in the Internal
Security Division of MHA in 2011 to coordinate with Central Intelligence Enforcement Agencies
and the State Law Enforcement Agencies to develop an integrated approach to tackle the problem of
terror funding
Legal Measures taken by Government
1. The Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976
2. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.
3. Benami Transactions Prohibition Act
4. COFEPOSA or the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities
Act,1974
5. Demonetization
6. UAPA, 1967
7. Foreign income & assets discloser Act
8. Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) through Finance Act 2018.
Global Efforts
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 33 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
Global steps to counter money laundering problem:
• G 20 : Information Exchange Agreements
• DTAA Amended (Mauritius, Cyprus, Singapore)
• UN Office on Drugs & Crime
• FATCA by USA
• Revised BITs
• GAAR implementation
• SEBI Stringent rules regarding P-Notes
• CCIT
• United Nations Convention against illicit traffic in Narcotic Drugs and psychotropic substances:
India’s urgent need to control drug trafficking reflects growing awareness within the international
community that drug trafficking and money laundering must be suppressed. The United has played
an integral role in the global community’s fight against illicit drug trafficking and money laundering.
• Financial Action Task force on money laundering: Intergovernmental groups have also taken
action against the rising levels of global money laundering. The task force was created by G-7
countries to curb the occurrence of money laundering.
• Basle Committee Minimum standards
UPSC Questions
• 2013 - Money laundering poses a serious threat to country’s economic sovereignty. What is its
significance for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace?
• 2018 - India’s proximity to two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her
internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities
such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be
taken to prevent the same?
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 34 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
Sample of GS 3 Exam Time Synopsis
1. Infra Financing Issues
Need Need to finance the burgeoning infrastructure sector, upgrading old and new
infrastructure projects, long-gestation periods, IL&FS mess, boost to economic
prospects and employment
Reasons Cost and time overruns, Inappropriate risks sharing, Uncertainty in policy and
regulatory frameworks, Prolonged disputes, Poor financial health, high capital cost,
rising NPAs,Non-deepening of bond market
Government and
RBI initiatives
India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL), National Investment and
Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) , tax-free infrastructure bonds, masala bonds, 100% FDI
under automatic route, Liberalised ECB, RBI categorised infrastructure lending NBFCs,
FIIs allowed to invest in infrastructure debt funds, Green bond scheme, Infrastructure
Investment Trusts (InvITs), Credit Guarantee Enhancement Corporation
Way Forward stipulated time frame for clearances, specialised rating agency, full Capital account
convertibility, tap into long term investment funds, attract sovereign funds and green
bonds, explore foreign markets, Municipal bonds, Tax breaks for Infra bonds, effective
bankruptcy regime, Tobin-tax like alternatives
2. Logistics Sector
Objectives multi-modal movement of cargo on par with global logistics standards, Reduce the
logistics cost, Expand the logistics market, Improve logistics skilling and increase jobs,
reduce border compliance
Status According to Economic Survey 2018-19, the logistics sector can be the largest job
creator by 2022. Currently provides employment to more than 72 crore. Logistics costs
in India are high relative to other countries. In WEF Global Competitiveness Index
India was ranked 66th.
Government
Initiatives
Logistics included in the harmonised master list of the infrastructure sub-sector, New
Logistics Division in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Logistic Hub in Assam,
Logistic Efficiency Enhancement programme, GST, draft National Logistics Policy,
Infrastructure status has been given to select logistics activities. Subsidy to develop
cold chains and pack houses.
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 35 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
Constraints Cost of logistics, Lack of Coordination due to multiple stakeholders’ involvement, low
value addition in warehousing, fragmented structure, lack of interoperable technology
and last mile connectivity, High Border compliance and document processing time
Way Forward- NITI
recommendations
Rationalise tariffs, Create an overarching body that maintains all transport data, Enhance
efficiency of warehouses, Create vertical silos, Setting up multimodal logistics parks,
Allow private players in CONCOR, develop an integrated IT platform, shift towards
international standards
3. Oil and Natural Gas
Objectives Reduce imports of oil and gas by 10% by 2022-23.
Status World’s third largest energy consumer, its per capita energy consumption lower the
world average, heavily dependent on petroleum imports, 16000 km of gas pipeline
networks exists. According to Economic Survey 2018-19, India’s primary energy
demand is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.21% during 2017-2040, much faster than
any major economy in the world.
Government
Initiatives
Complete mapping of 26 sedimentary basin, National Gas Grid, Pradhan Mantri Urja
Ganga, Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh (PAHAL), Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, LPG
Panchayat, Start-up Sangam initiative, Saksham-2018, Gas4India Campaign, Sustainable
Alternative towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT), City Gas Distribution (CGD)
Network
Policies New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP), Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy
(HELP), Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP), Discovered Small Field Policy, Coal bed
Methane Policy, 1997
Constraints Reliance on Imports for Gas Supply, Pricing and Affordability, Not yet liberalised
completely, Lack in transmission infrastructure, Poor Quality and availability of field
data, Lack of progress of international gas pipelines, need to augment refining
capacity, Discriminatory access, Lack of market-driven gas prices
Way Forward- NITI
recommendations
integrated national-level energy policy, mechanism to protect from higher gas prices,
Development of gas infrastructure, Dismantling of Administered Price Mechanism,
common carrier and open access to gas pipelines, Separate developmental and
regulatory functions of PNGRB, establish the National Gas Grid, use of cutting-edge
technology, market pricing, shared infrastructure, viability gap funding, strategic
reserves
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 36 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
4. RERA Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
Provisions Establishment of Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) and Real Estate Appellate
Tribunal (REAT), Registration of real estate project with RERA, Definition of carpet
area, Cap on advance payment, Adherence to sanctioned plans, Compensation to the
allottees, Penal provisions for promoters
Significance increasing transparency and accountability, forums for grievance redressal, lower
litigation, greater flow of investment
Hurdles Escrow account, onus on builder can be manipulated, delays and disputes lead to
litigations, fails to address problem of black money, cost of construction might be
higher than 70% of total cost, difficult to sell units based on carpet area, ’net usable
floor area’ not defined, delays due to governmental approvals, time limit for the
adjudication process might not work, lack of political will in states, upgradation of land
records, land laws under state list.
Recommendations
of Standing
Committee
Exclusion of certain projects, Registration of all real estate agents, Single window
system for project approvals, define ‘Net usable floor area’
5. Railway Sector
Objectives Augment capacity infrastructure., Increase the speed of infrastructure creation, 100%
electrification of broad gauge, Increase the average speed of freight and mail/express
trains,
Improve the safety, Enhance service delivery, Increase freight load and improved
modal share, Increase the share of non-fare revenues
Status According to Economic Survey 2018-19, Rail freight and passenger traffic grew,
Indian Railways is the fourth largest network globally, Modal share of railways freight
has declined, Expenditure on the railways declined
Government
Initiatives
National High Speed Corporation’, Vandhe Bharat Express, Mission 41K, Rail Wire Sathi,
Rail Wire Sathi, independent regulator-Rail Development Authority, Merger of Rail
Budget and Finance Budget, Railway Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF),Six
Dedicated freight corridor (DFC), Infrastructure Status to Station Redevelopment,
Railway University to at Vadodara, Shrestha, Sutra, ‘Rail Saarthi’ app, Eliminated All
Unmanned Level Crossing, RailCloud, NIVARAN, CCTV cameras under Nirbhaya Fund,
Railway Protection Force helpline 182
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 37 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
Challenges Misplaced Focus, Infrastructure not augmented to match the increase in number of
trains, Failure of private participation, Financing issues, outdated accounting
system,lack of empowerment, RDSO highly constrained
Way Forward-
Recommendations
of CAG, Bibek
Debroy Committee,
Anil Kakodkar
Committee, Sam
Pitroda Committee
Master Plans for stations, Increase the length of platforms, Restructuring of zones,
reduce costs on non-core activities, switch to double entry accounting system,
restructuring of RDSO, adoption of an Advanced Signalling System, switch from ICF
coaches to LHB coaches, Attract private investment, Computerise Railway Human
Resource Management System, Establish Indian Institute of Railway Research,
reorganise the Railway Board, Railways Tariff Regulatory Authority, optimal utilisation
of existing infrastructure, Ease organisational rigidity, Rationalise fare structures and
subsidies, Switch to common transport documents.
6. Road Sector
Objectives Complete Phase-I of Bharatmala and PMGSY, double length of NH, Improve regulatory
framework, commitment to Brasilia Declaration
Government
Initiatives
National Highway Development Plan, PMGSY, IBMS, Bhoomi Rashi, Bharatmala, Setu
Bharatam, Green Highways, Road corridors, FASTag, 100% FDI, Register of Motor
Vehicles
Challenges Overstrained highways, Maintenance of existing infrastructure, Accidents and safety
concerns, Cost escalation due to delays, Lack of availability of funds, Environmental
concerns
Way Forward Improve the implementation capacity, Maintenance of NH, Penalise poor quality
maintenance, National Safety Board, Implement 2017 guidelines by MoRTH, Training
at ITIs, R&D, Multi-modal solutions
10. Bharatmala
Features umbrella programme on optimising efficiency. Components- Economic corridors,
Inter-corridor roads & feeder roads, National Corridors Efficiency improvements, Border
& International connectivity roads, Coastal & port connectivity roads, Green Field
Expressways
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 38 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
Impact employment, increase in GDP, attract investment, enhance economic activity, Increase
in vehicle speed, decrease supply chain costs, makes other schemes attractive to
investors, boost tourism, boost the associated industries, upliftment of the
underdeveloped regions
Challenges problems of funding and delays, operational issues, no clarity on private sector
investments, Big construction companies missing from auctions
Way Forward EPC projects, rope private sector, road map for timely completion, working with state
government, include backward areas
7. Agriculture Subsidies
What is it? governmental financial support to farmers and agribusinesses. Different Types are
Input subsidy, Price subsidy, Infrastructural subsidy, Export subsidy
Various Forms,
Government
Initiatives, Issues,
Solution
Fertiliser- New Pricing Scheme. Issue- indiscriminate use—> loss of soil fertility.
Solution- awareness, SHC, neem coated urea, organic farming
Credit- NABARD, loans at 4% interest
Debt Waiver- Government takes over liability
Power- subsidised rate to farmer, Issue- overuse —> groundwater depletion. Solution-
Separate agriculture feeder network
Seeds- High yielding variety seeds at subsidised prices, promotion of R&D
Price (MSP) Issue- cereal centric, biased to rich farmers and rich states. Solution- Crop
diversification
Need for
rationalisation
poor targeting, Diversion of limited monetary resources, Inefficient subsidy system,
Detrimental impact on environment, free commodity promotes inefficient use
Way Forward Targeting the right segments, Optimization of the subsidy, Use of JAM trinity, subsidies
to high-value commodity sectors like poultry and dairying, Resolving marketing and
logistics constraints, interest subvention scheme, strengthening formal baking in rural
areas
NITI Aayog Recommendations-
Link SHCs with Kisan Credit Cards, Reorient fertiliser subsidy policy, Align pesticide
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 39 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
framework with food safety laws, Targeted subsidy on liquid fertilizers, Financial
inclusion, Use of technology
8. Model Agriculture Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation) Act,
2017
Objectives create a single agriculture market with a single license, wholesale agri-market every
80km, no separate fees for individual markets.
Features recognition of a State/UT as a single market, restriction-free trade,
Disintermediation of food supply chain, conducive environment for private
wholesale market yards and farmer-consumer market yards, direct interface between
farmer and buyer, warehouses/silos/cold storages and other structures/space as
market sub-yard, Freedom to the farmers to sell their produce, Promotion of e-
trading, single point levy of market fee, national market, Rationalisation of
charges, Special Commodity Market-yard and Market-yard of National Importance
(MNI), democratisation of Market Committee and State/UT Marketing Board.
Benefits better price realisation, increased avenues to sell their produce, multiple fees
eliminated, access to national markets, doubling farm income, for food processing
industries raw material would be made available at lower prices, maintain healthy
food inflation, direct interaction between farmers and end-users
9. Fisheries
Status As per Eco survey 2019
Fisheries sector has shown a rapid growth, India is the second largest fish producer,
50% of inland fish production is from culture fisheries, Fish and fish product exports
emerged as the largest group in agricultural exports.
Challenges over exploited, low productivity, loss of habitat, high cost, Low investment,
Inadequate supply of resources, Slow adoption of new technologies, deep-sea fishing,
Inadequate cold chain infrastructure, Loss of biodiversity, Security of fishermen,
Lack of a reliable database, Water pollution, Lack of fiscal and policy support
Government
Initiatives
In Budget 2019-20, new fisheries department, Blue Revolution – Neel Kranti Mission,
National Policy on Marine Fishery, 2017, PM Kisan Matsya Sampada Yojana
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 40 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
Way Forward inland fisheries, Investment in hatcheries, cage culture, fill large infrastructure gaps,
R&D
NITI Aayog Suggestion- Integration Blue Revolution with MGNREGA, fish
cooperatives
10. Micro-Irrigation
What is it? focused application of water to achieve higher cropping and irrigation intensity
Benfits Increase in water use efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Fertilizer Use Efficiency,
Productivity increase, Irrigation cost saving, New crop introduction, Increase in
farmer’s income
Reasons for low
penetration
Initial high costs, limited knowledge, poor implementation of government policies,
lack of Regular monitoring, energy crisis
Challenges policy concerns, Delays in subsidy disbursement, Lack of private financing, farm-
sizes diminishing, Lack in support for maintenance, schemes yet to be operational
Way Forward make micro-irrigation core scheme, other alternatives for saving water, re-appraisal
of farmers’ subsidy/credit schemes, encourage private financing, increase support
staff
GS -3 Mains 2020-21
Course Broucher
WriteToBeIAS.com CA RAHUL KUMAR
9045716803
www.writetobeias.com Email : contact@writetobeias.com 011-41561002 Page 41 Course Broucher for GS 3 Mains 2020-21
top related