gc #1: cognates

GC #1: cognates

• Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language.

• However, there are false cognates:• Examples of cognates– La clase, febrero

• Examples of false cognates– Embarazada, sopa

GC #2: pronouns

Yo-I

Tú-youÉl-he Ella-sheUsted (Ud.)-you formal

NosotrosweVosotrosYou (Spain)Ellos (as)-theyUstedes (Uds.)You

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 3: ser (to be)

Yo soy

Tú eresÉl esEllas esUsted (Ud.) es

Nosotros somosOs sois

Ellos sonEllas sonUstedes son

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #4: question formationPreguntas (con letra) ECDL

• To ask a question that may be answered yes or no, simply raise your voice at the end of the question.

• You may answer a question with the word no twice: once to mean no and again to mean not.

• Notice that all question words are written with an accent mark.

• Also all questions start with an upside question mark

¿ then close up the questions with ?

GC # 4: question formation¿Qué dice el Wordle?

¿Qué?

¿Cómo?¿Cuándo?

What?What? How?

When?

GC # 4: question formation

¿Quién?¿Quiénes?

¿Cuánto?

Who?Who all?Who are?How much?

GC # 4: question formation

¿Por qué?

¿De dónde?

¿Cuál?

Why?

Where from?Which?What?

GC #5: gender and adjective agreement

• Adj. describe nouns and must therefore match the gender and number of the noun.

• The masculine forms of most adj. end in –o.• The feminine forms of most adj. End in –a.• Adj. ending in consonants or “e” have the

same masc. and fem. Forms and do not add an “a”.

GC #5: gender and adjective agreement

• One exception: Adj. ending in letters “or” or are adj. of nationality form the fem. By adding an “a”

• To make an adj. plural, add –s to the singular form.

• If it ends in a consonant, add –es.• To describe a mixed group of men and

women, use the masc. Plural form of the adj.

GC #5: gender and adjective agreement

• To describe a mixed group of men and women, use the masc. plural form of the adj.

• Examples:

–El libro bueno–La comida buena–Los libros buenos–Las comidas buenas

GC #6: nouns and definite articles

• Definite articles are used to say “the”. • They have different forms and

must agree with the noun in gender and number.

GC # 6: definite articles (the)

Masculino

ellos

femenino

lalas

singular

plural

GC #7: gustar (to like)Use the verb gustar to say what people like. If the thing they like is singular, use gusta. If it's plural, use gustan. Use ¿qué? with gusta to ask what someone likes.

Ejemplos:

¿Te gusta la pizza? Do you like pizza?

--Sí, y me gustan las verduras.--Yes, and I like vegetables.

¿Qué te gusta? What do you like?Me gustan los carros. I like cars.

GC # 7: gustar (to like)

Me gusta

Te gusta

Le gusta

Nos gusta

Os gusta

Les gusta

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

1. Notice that le can stand for you (usted), he, she or it;

2. and les can stand for you (ustedes) or they.

3. To ask who is being talked about, use a quién or a quiénes.

4. To clarify who is being talked about, use a + name(s).

Ejemplos:

—¿A quién le gusta la pizza? —Who likes pizza?—A Juan le gusta la pizza.

—¿A quiénes les gusta la pizza? —Who likes pizza?—A Juan y a Sara les gusta.

• Put the word no before the pronoun to say don't or doesn't.

—¿Te gusta la fruta? —No, no me gusta la fruta.

• To ask why, use ¿Por qué? Answer with porque (because).

—¿Por qué te gusta el helado? —Me gusta porque es delicioso.

GC #8: Preposition “de”1) De is used to show possession or relationship.

Es el carro de Ernesto. It’s Ernesto’s car.

Son los amigos de la profesora. They’re the teacher’s friends.

GC #8: Preposition “de”2) In addition, de can be used to indicate what type of thing you’re describing.

los libros de aventuras adventure books

las películas de misterio mystery movies

GC #8: Preposition “de”3) The word de is also used to say where someone is from. Julio es de Costa Rica. Julio is from Costa Rica.

4) The preposition de followed by el makes the contraction del. el correo electrónico del profesorthe teacher’s e-mail address

GC #9: Gustar + infinitives1) Infinitive – to + a verb, tells what’s

happening without telling who performs the action or when the action takes place:

2) There are 3 types of infinitives in Spanish

-ar -er -ir Hablar comer escribir

3) Use an infinitive after the verb “gustar” to say what people like to do.

Me gusta patinar. I like to skate.

¿Te gusta cantar? Do you like to sing?Cantaris a verb written in the infinitive.

4) Always use gusta with an infinitive never gustan.

GC #10: Querer (to want)

1. Use a noun after querer to say what you want.

2. Use an infinitive after querer to say what you want to do.

Examples:Quiero Taco Bell. I want Taco Bell.

Quiero comer Taco Bell. I want to eat…

GC #10: Querer to want

quieroquieres

Quiere

queremos

queréis

quieren

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #11: Pronouns after prepositions1. Pronouns can have different forms even

if they refer to the same person.Example: Yo soy Andrea.

Me gusta el helado.2 After preposition like a (to, at), de (of, from, about), and en (in, on, at), the subject pronouns yo and tú change to mí and ti. All other subject pronouns stay the same.

3. Con + the pronoun mí and ti make conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).

4. To add people to the sentence, use the word a before the name.

Example:A Lisa y a Teo les gusta cantar. A mí me gusta patinar.

GC #12: Present tense of regular –ar verbs1. Every verb has a stem followed by an

ending. The stem tells the verb’s meaning. An infinitive ending doesn’t name a subject.

Stem Hablar endingStem Comer endingStem Vivir ending

2. To give the verb a subject, you conjugate it. To conjugate a

regular -ar verb in the present tense, drop the -ar ending of the infinitive and add these endings. Each ending goes with a particular subject.

Cantar: to sing

Yo canto

Tú cantasÉl cantaElla cantaUd. Canta

Nosotros cantamosvosotros/ascantáisEllos/as cantanUds. cantan

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Examples:

--¿Cantan ustedes mucho?Do you sing a lot?

--No, casi nunca cantamos.No, we hardly ever sing.

3. Since most of the time the ending of the verb tells the subject, the subject pronoun is normally left out. Use subject pronouns to add emphasis, or when it wouldn’t otherwise be clear who the subject is.

Examples:

--¿Patinan ustedes mucho?Do you skate a lot?

--Ellos patinan. Yo nunca pantino.They skate. I never skate.

GC #13: irregular verb irThe -ar verbs you have learned are called regular verbs because their conjugations all follow a predictable pattern. Some verbs such as ir (to go) are called irregular, because they do not follow a clear pattern.

GC #13: Ir to go

VoyVasVa

VamosvaisVan

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #13: jugar U UE

The verb jugar (to play a sport or game) has regular -ar endings, but the vowel u in the stem changes to ue in all but the nosotros and vosotros forms.

GC #13: Jugar: to play

JuegoJuegasJuega

Jugamos

JugáisJuegan

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

The preposition a is used after ir to mean to. A is also used after jugar with a sport. When a is followed by el, the two words combine to form the contraction al. Use ¿adónde? to ask where to.Al to the—¿Adónde van los domingos?

CONTRACTION: al = a + el1. Juego al (a el) ajedrez.2. Jugamos al béisbol.3. Juegas al básquetbol.4. Voy al (a el ) mercado.5. Vamos al (a el ) cine.6. Van al (a el) colegio.

GC #14: Weather Expressions¿Qué tiempo hace? How is the weather?Hace mal tiempo. The weather is bad.Hace buen tiempo.The weather is good.

Hace fresco. It is cool.Hace calor.It is hot.Hacer frío. It is cold.Hace sol. It is sunny.Hace viento. It is windy.Llueve. It rains.Nieva. It snows.

GC #15: Indefinite Articles.1. Indefinite articles are used to

say “a”, “an”, and “some”.2. Indefinite articles have four

forms and must agree with the noun in gender and number.

GC #15: indefinite articles

masculine

ununos

feminine

unaunas

Sing.

Plu.

GC #16: Present Tense -er verbs

-o-es-e

-emos

-en

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #16: P T -ir verbs

-o-es-e

-imos

-en

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #17: tener (to have)

TengoTienesTiene

Tenemos

Tienen

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Tener idiomsTengo que + infinitive-to have to do something.Tener ganas de + inf. –to feel like doing something.Tener prisa– to be in a hurryTener (mucha) hambre– to be very hungry

Tener mucha sed—to be very thirsty.Tener sueño– to be sleepyTener miedo– to be afraidTener calor– to be hotTener frío– to be cold

GC #18: venir (to come)

VengoVienesViene

Venimos

Vienen

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #19: hacer (do)

HagoHacesHace

Hacemos

Hacen

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #19: poner (to put)

PongoPonesPone

Ponemos

Ponen

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #19: traer (to bring)

TraigoTraesTrae

Traemos

Traen

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #19: salir (to go out)

SalgoSalesSale

Salimos

Salen

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #19: Saber (to know something)

SéSabesSabe

Sabemos

Saben

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #19: Ver (to see)

VeoVesVe

Vemos

Ven

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs e ieDespertarse To wake upSentirse To feelMantenerse To maintain/To stay in formCerrar To closeComenzar To startSentarse To sit down

GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs e ie

QuererTo wantEmpezar To beginEntender To understandPreferir To preferCalentar To heat upPerder To lose

GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs e i

Servir To servePedir To ask forVestirse To get dressedSeguir To followConseguir To obtain

GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs O ue

Dormir To sleepVolver To returnAlmorzar To have lunchProbar To try (food)Acostarse To go to bed

GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs O ue

Encontrarse To find oneself withDoler To feel painCostar To costDevolver To return (something)Colgar To hang (something)Contar To count

GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs

U ue

Jugar to play

GC #20: possessive adj.

MyYour(s)His/her(s)

Our(s)

Their(s)

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #20: possessive adj.

Mi (s)Tu (s)Su (s)

Nuestra(s)Nuestro(s)

su(s)

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #21: Estar + prepositions

EstoyEstásEstá

Estamos

Están

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

PrepositionsThe verb estar is also used with some prepositions to say where someone or something is in relation to someone or something else. Here are some prepositions made up of more than one word:

PrepositionsDetrás de behindCerca de close to, nearDebajo de underneathAl lado de next to

PrepositionsDelante de in front ofLejos de far fromEncima de on top, above

Ejemplo¿En dónde esta tu departamento?Está detrás de un edificio grande.

TocarTocar is used to say what you have to do, what your duties are, or whose turn it is.

GC #23: tocar (to play/to touch)

Me toca(n)Te toca(n)

Le toca(n)

Nos toca (n)

Les toca(n)

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

ejemplos¿Qué quehaceres te tocan en tu casa?

¿Qué te toca hacer hoy?

ParecerParecer means to seem. It is used to give your opinion about something.

GC #23: Parecer

Me parece(n)Te parece(n)Le parece(n)

Nos parece(n)

Les parece(n)

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

ejemplos¿Qué te parecen tus clases?

¿Qué te parece hacer tarea?

GC # 24: Ser vs. Estar

Ser and estar both mean to be.

Ser 1. Permanent characteristics.2. Physical descriptions3. Origin/natinality4. Time expressions5. Professions (jobs)

GC #24: Ser

Soy-I am

Eres- you areEs-he is, she is, you are -formal

Somos-we are

Son-they are; you all are

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Estar 1. Estar2. Location3. Feelings

4. Weather expressions

GC #24: estar

Estoy-I amestás- you areEstá, he is, she is, you are -formal

Estamos-we are

Estás-they are; you all are

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Pedir and servir

1. Pedir to ask for; to order2. Servir to serve

Pedir and servir 1. Pedir i2. Servir i

Pedir to ask for; to order

Pidopides

Pide

pedimos

Piden

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Servir to serve

sirvosirves

sirve

servimos

sirven

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #25: direct object pronouns• Verbs can be followed by direct objects, the

person or thing receiving the action of the verb.

Rafaela pone la mesa. Siempre pido la sopa.

A direct object can be a noun or a pronoun. Use direct object pronouns to avoid repeating nouns that have already been mentioned. These pronouns must agree with the nouns they stand for.

Direct object pronouns

Servir to serve

Singular

Lo-it, him

La-it, her

Plural

Las

Los-them

-them

GC #25: direct object pronouns• Direct object pronouns go before the

conjugated verb. If there is an infinitive in the sentence, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb or are attached to the end of the infinitive.

—¿Quién prepara los sándwiches?—Yo los preparo.—¿Quién va a preparar la cena?—Mi padre la va a preparar.—Mi padre va a prepararla.

GC #26: affirmative informal commands

• To tell someone you address as tú to do something, use an affirmative informal command.

• To form the affirmative informal command of regular or stem-changing verb, just drop the final s off the end of the tú form of the verb.

(tú) hablas habla you speak speak(tú) comescome you eateat(tú) pides pideyou ask (for) ask (for)

GC #26: affirmative informal commands

Pide un sandwich de pollo.Order a chicken sandwich.

Lava los platos.Wash the dishes.

GC #26: affirmative informal commands

Some verbs have irregular affirmative informal command forms.

Tener Ten haveVenir Ven comeHacer Haz do; makePoner Pon putSalir Sal go out; leaveIr Ve goSer Sé be

GC #26: affirmative informal commands

Here are some verbs you might use to ask someone to help you in the kitchen. They all have regular command forms. Note that calentar is an e→ ie stem-changing verb.

Abrir abre open upCortar corta cutMezclar mezcla mixCalentar calienta heat upSacar saca take outAñadir añade add

GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns

• A reflexive verb shows that the subject acts upon itself. In Spanish, reflexive verbs have -se attached to the verb. (lavarse, bañarse, ponerse, quitarse, etc.). Some verbs can be both regular and reflexive.

Lavo los platos. I wash the dishes.Me lavo la cara. I wash my face.

GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns• When you conjugate the reflexive verb,

include the reflexive pronoun that agrees with the subject.

Example: lavarse

Yo me lavo nosotros nos lavamosTú te lavasUd. Él, ella se lava Uds. , ellos se lavan

GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns• A reflexive pronouns can go before a conjugated

verb or can be attached to the end of an infinitive:

Example:

Me voy a lavar la cara == voy a lavarme la cara.

Both sentences mean: I am going to wash my face.

GC #27: Reflexive pronouns

Me -I

Te - you

se –he, she, it, you formal

Nos-we

se- theyYou all

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Reflexive pronouns

Me despiertoTe despiertasSe despierta

Nos despertamos

Se despiertan

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Reflexive pronouns

Me acuestoTe acuestasSe acuesta

Nos acostamos

Se acuestan

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Reflexive pronouns: vestir

Me visto

Te vistes

Se viste

Nos vestimos

Se visten

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Reflexive pronouns

Me mantengoTe mantienesSe mantiene

Nos mantenemos

Se mantienen

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC #28: Negative affirmative commands• A negative command tells someone not to do

something. To form the negative informal command of most -ar verbs, drop the final o of the yo form and add es.

Yo fumo No fumes Don’t smokeYo trabajo No trabajes Don’t workYo hablo no hables Don’t talk

GC #28: Negative affirmative commands• To form the negative informal command of most

-er and -ir verbs, drop the final o of the yo form and add as.

Yo form n.i. command translation

Vengo No vengas don’t comeComo No comas don’t eatDuermo No duermas don’t sleepPongo no pongas don’t put

GC #28: Negative affirmative commandsThese verbs have irregular negative informal commands.

Dar no des Don’t give Ir no vayas Don’t go

Ser no seas Don’t be

GC # 29: Demonstrative adj. and Comparatives.

This, these: este, esta, estos, estasThat, those: ese, esa, esos, esas

Estos pantalones estan pasados de moda.

GC # 29: Comparatives.

Más + adj.: more…thanMenos + adj.: less…thanTan + adj. + como: as…as

GC # 29: Irregular Comparatives.

Mejor(es): betterPeor(es): worseMenor(es): youngerMayor(es): older

GC # 29: Irregular Comparatives.

Mejor(es): betterPeor(es): worseMenor(es): youngerMayor(es): older

GC # 30-Preterite of –ar verbs

-é

-aste

-ó

-amos

-aron

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 31-Preterite of “ir” to go

FuiI went

FuisteYou wentFueHe,she, itwent

FuimosWe went

FueronThey, you all went

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 32-Preterite of –er/-ir verbs

-í

-iste

-ió

-imos

-ieron

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 33: conocer-to know someone

Conozco

conoces

conoce

conocemos

conocen

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Yo conozco a Laura.

I know laura.

GC # 33: saber-to know-something

Sé

sabes

sabe

sabemos

saben

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

Yo sé hablar dos idomas.

I know how to speak two languages.

GC # 34: present progressive –ar verbs

Estoy cantando

Estás cantandoEstá cantando

Estamos cantando

Están cantando

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 34: present progressive of –er verbs

Estoy comiendo

Estás comiendoEstá comiendo

Estamos comiendo

Están comiendo

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 34: present progressive of –ir verbs

Estoy viviendo

Estás viviendoEstá viviendo

Estamos viviendo

Están viviendo

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 34: present progressive of leer

Estoy Leyendo

Estás LeyendoEstá Leyendo

Estamos Leyendo

Están leyendo

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 34: present progressive of dormir

Estoy DurmiendoEstás DurmiendoEstá Durmiendo

Estamos durmiendo

Están durmiendo

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

GC # 34: present progressive of servir

Estoy Sirviendo

Estás sirviendoEstá sirviendo

Estamos sirviendo

Están sirviendo

First person

Second Person

Third Person

Singular Plural

La estoy haciendo

Estoy haciendola