for the pmp® exam using pmbok® guide 5th edition
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For the PMP® Exam using PMBOK®
Editionth5Guide
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
PMI®, PMP®, PMBOK® Guide are registered trade marks of Project Management Institute, Inc.
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Contacts
• Name: Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP
• URL: http://www.khaledelnakib.com
• E-mail: elnakib@khaledelnakib.com
• LinkedIn: https://eg.linkedin.com/pub/khaled-el-nakib-msc-pmp-pmi-rmp/16/471/6a8
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Quality Definition
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics
fulfill requirements
American Society for Quality
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Quality Management
• Compatible with:
• ISO
• Deming Approach
• Grospy Approach
• Juran Approach
• Total Quality Management (TQM)
• Six sigma
• Cost of Quality (COQ)
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Deming’s P.D.C.A. cycle
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Quality Vs. GradeQuality Vs. GradeQuality Vs. GradeQuality Vs. Grade
• Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements
• Grade is the category assigned to products or services having the same functional use but different technical characteristics.
�Low quality is always a problem.
�Low grade may not be.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Precision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracy
• “Precision is consistency that the value of repeated
measurements are clustered and have little scatter.”
• “Accuracy is correctness that the measured value is very
close to the true value.”
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Precision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracy (continued)(continued)(continued)(continued)
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Modern quality management and project
management
• Both recognize
• Customer satisfaction
• Conformance requirements
• Fitness to use
• Prevention over inspection
• Quality is planned, designed, and built in
• Continues improvement
• P-D-C-A cycle
• Management responsibility
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Cost of Quality (COQ)
Cost of
Quality
Cost of
Conformance
Prevention
cost
Appraisal
Cost
Cost of non-
conformance
Internal
failure Cost
External
failure Cost
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Cost of conformance
• Training
• Document processes
• Equipment
• Time to do it right
• Testing
• Destructive testing loss
• inspection
Prevention Cost Appraisal Cost
Money spent during the project to avoid failure
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Cost of non-conformance
• rework
• scrap
• Liabilities
• Warranty work
• Lost business
Internal Failure Cost External Failure Cost
Money spent during and after the project because of failure
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Cost Benefit Analysis
• The primary benefit of meeting quality requirements can include less rework, higher productivity, lower cost, and increased stakeholders satisfaction
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Control Chart
USL
LSL
UCL
LCL
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Benchmarking
• Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of comparable projects to identify best practices, generate ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring performance.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Design of Experiments
• Design of Experiments (DOE) – A.K.A. Experimental Design –is a statistical method for identifying which factors may influence specific variable of a product or process under development or in production.
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Statistical Sampling
• Statistical sampling involves choosing part of the population of interest for inspection.
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Probability proportional to size sampling
Cluster sampling
Matched random sampling
Quota sampling
Convenience sampling
Line-intercept sampling
Panel sampling
Event sampling methodology
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Flowchart
• A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process showing the relationships among process steps.
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Cause and Effect Diagrams
• A.K.A Ishikawa diagrams or fishbone diagrams. It illustrates how various factors might be linked to potential problems or effects.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Cause and Effect Diagrams
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Cause and Effect Diagrams
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Histogram
• A histogram is a vertical bar chart showing how often a particular variable state occurred
Fre
qu
en
cy
Weeks
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Pareto Chart
• A specific type of histogram ordered by frequency of occurrence.
• Pareto’s Law holds that a relatively small number of causes will typically produce a majority of problems or defects. It is commonly referred to as the 80/20 principle.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Pareto Chart
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Run Chart
• A line graph the shows data points in the order in which they occur. It shows the trend over time
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Scatter Diagram
• A scatter diagram shows the relationship between two variables, dependent variable and independent variable.
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Scatter Diagram
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Affinity Diagram
Classification of
generated ideas
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC)
Used for contingency planning
since it aids team to predict
intermediate actions that can
derail objectives
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Interrelation Digraph
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Tree Diagram
A.K.A Systematic Diagram,
used to represent
hierarchical
decompositions. Examples
include WBS, RBS and OBS
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Prioritization Matrix
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Matrix Diagrams
The Matrix diagram seeks to show
the strength of relationships between
factors, causes, and objectives that
exists between the rows and columns
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Inspection
• An inspection is the examination of work product to determine whether it conforms to documented standards.
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Quality Audits
• A quality audit is a structured, independent review to determine whether project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
Project Quality Management Project Quality Management Project Quality Management Project Quality Management
ProcessesProcessesProcessesProcesses
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Project Quality Management
Project Quality Management processes includes all the activities of the performing organization that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that, the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Project Quality Management
• Project Quality applies on all Project
• Meeting schedule
• Team satisfaction
• Within budget
• Customer satisfaction
• Product Quality is industry specific
• Bug free
• Meeting requirements
• Meeting performance requirements
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Project Quality Management
Plan
Quality
Perform
Quality
Assurance
Perform
Quality
Control
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Assurance VS Control
• Are we following standards?
• Use measurements from QC
• Perform continuous improvements
• Perform quality audit
• Find good practices
• Share good practices
• Are we meeting standards?
• Measure quality
• Identify quality improvements
• Validate deliverables
• Complete checklists
• Update lessons learned
• Submit change requests
Perform Quality Assurance Perform Quality Control
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Plan Quality
• Plan Quality is the process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and product and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Inputs
1. Project Management Plan• Scope Baseline
• Scope statement• WBS• WBS dictionary
• Cost performance baseline• Schedule baseline• Other management plans
2. Stakeholder register
3. Risk register
4. Requirements Documentation
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Inputs (continued)
5. Enterprise environmental factors
• Standards, rules, regulations, guidelines
6. Organizational process assets
• Quality policy, procedures, historical data, lessons learned,
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Tools and techniques
1. Cost-benefit analysis
2. Cost of quality
3. Seven basic quality tools
4. Benchmarking
5. Design of experiments
6. Statistical sampling
7. Additional quality planning tools
8. Meetings
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-1: Quality Management Plan
• The quality management plan describes how the project management team will implement the performing organization’s quality policy.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-2: Process Improvement Plan
• The process improvement plan details the steps of analyzing processes to identify activities which enhance their value.
• Areas to be considered:
• Process boundaries
• Process Configuration
• Process Metrics
• Target for performance improvements
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-3: Quality Metrics
• A quality metric describes a project deliverable or product attributes and how control quality process will measure it.
• Length : 199.6 – 120.4
• Budget ± 10%
• Duration ± 1 day
• The tolerance defines the allowable variation on the metric.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-4: Quality Checklists
• A checklist is a structured tool, usually component specific, used to verify that a required steps has been performed
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-5: Project Documents Update
• Stakeholder register
• Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM)
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Perform Quality Assurance
• Perform Quality Assurance is the process of auditing the quality requirements and the result from quality control measurements to insure appropriate quality standards and operational definitions are used.
• Quality Assurance seeks to build confidence that work in progress will be completed in a manner that meets the specified requirements and expectations
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
INPUTS
1. Quality management plan
2. Process improvement plan
3. Quality Metrics
4. Quality control measurements
5. Project documents
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Tools and Techniques
1. Quality Management and Control Tools
2. Quality Audits
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
TT-3: Process analysis
• Process analysis follows the steps outlined in the process improvement plan to identify needed improvements.
• Process analysis includes root cause analysis – a specific technique to identify a problem, discover the underlying causes that lead to it, and develop preventive actions
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Outputs
1. Change requests
2. Project management plan updates
3. Project documents updates
4. Organizational process assets updates
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Control Quality
• Control Quality is the process monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommended necessary changes.
• Objectives:
• Identify cause of poor process and product quality
• Validate project deliverables
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Inputs
1. Project management plan
2. Quality metrics
3. Quality checklists
4. Work performance data
5. Approved change requests
6. Deliverables
7. Project documents
8. Organizational process assets
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Tools and techniques
1. Seven Basic Tools
2. Statistical Sampling
3. Inspection
4. Approved Change Requests Review
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-1: Quality Control Measurements
• Quality control measurements are the documented results of quality control activities in the format specified in the quality planning
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-2: Validated Changes
• Any changed or repaired items are inspected and will be either accepted or rejected.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-3: Verified deliverable
• Deliverables that passed quality tests
• Verified deliverables are in input to validate scope for formalized acceptance
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Out-4: Work Performance information
• Performance data collected from various controlling processes, analyzed in context and integrated based on relationships across areas.
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Common outputs
5. Change requests
6. Project management updates
7. Project documents updates
8. Organizational process assets
• Completed checklists
• Lessons learned documentation
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© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
Question & AnswersQuestion & Answers
© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015
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