fig. 15-0a. fig. 15-0b fig. 15-0c fig. 15-1 fig. 15-2

Fig. 15-0a

Fig. 15-0b

Fig. 15-0c

Fig. 15-1

Fig. 15-2

Fig. 15-3a

Fig. 15-3b-1

Monomers Formation of short RNApolymers: simple “genes”

1

Fig. 15-3b-2

Monomers Formation of short RNApolymers: simple “genes”

1

Assembly of acomplementary RNAchain, the first step inreplication of the original “gene”

2

Fig. 15-4

Phanerozoic eon

Colonizationof land

Paleozoic

Animals

Meso-

zoic

Cenozoic

Origin of solarsystem andEarth

Humans

Single-celledeukaryotes Atmospheric

oxygen

Multicellulareukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Proterozoiceon

Archaeaneon

1

2 3

4

Billions of years ago

Fig. 15-5

Time (thousands of years)

1––16

11.4 17.1 22.8

1–8 1

––32

1–2

1–4

0 5.7 28.5

Fra

ctio

n o

f C

arb

on

-14

rem

ain

ing

Fig. 15-6

Fig. 15-6a

Fig. 15-6b

Fig. 15-7a

NorthAmericanPlate

Juan de FucaPlate

PhilippinePlate

IndianPlate

AntarcticPlate

AustralianPlate

Eurasian Plate

AfricanPlate

SouthAmericanPlateNazca

Plate

PacificPlate

ArabianPlate

CaribbeanPlate

Scotia Plate

Cocos Plate

Fig. 15-7b

Present

Eurasia

Mill

ion

s o

f ye

ars

ago

65.5

135

251

Mes

ozo

icC

eno

zoic

Pa

leo

zoic

Madagascar

India

Australia

Africa

Antarctica

SouthAmerica

North Americ

a

Laurasia

Gondwana

Pangaea

Fig. 15-7c

Fig. 15-7d

NorthAmerica

= Living lungfishes

Australia

Africa

AsiaEurope

SouthAmerica

= Fossilized lungfishes

Fig. 15-8

San Andreas Fault

NorthAmericanPlate

Santa Cruz

San Francisco

PacificPlate

Los Angeles

California

Fig. 15-8a

Fig. 15-9

NorthAmerica

Chicxulubcrater

YucatánPeninsula

YucatánPeninsula

•

Fig. 15-9a

YucatánPeninsula

Fig. 15-9b

Fig. 15-10

Ancestralmammal

ReptilianAncestor

250Millions of years ago

Eutherians(placentalmammals;5,010 species)

Marsupials(324 species)

Monotremes(5 species)

150200 50100 0

Fig. 15-11a

Gills

Fig. 15-11b

Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult

Human fetus Human adult

Fig. 15-11c

Missing pelvic spine

Fig. 15-12

Light-sensitivecells Fluid-filled cavity

Opticnerve

Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)

Light-sensitivecells

Eye cup

Nervefibers

Nervefibers

Opticnerve

Lens

Transparent protectivetissue (cornea)

Simple pinholecamera-type eye

Eye withprimitive lens

Opticnerve

Complexcamera-type eye

Cornea

Retina

Eye cupPatch of light-sensitive cells

Limpet Abalone Nautilus Marine snail Squid

Fig. 15-12aLight-sensitive

cells

Nervefibers

Patch of light-sensitive cells

Limpet

Fig. 15-12bLight-sensitive

cells

Eye cup

Nervefibers

Eye cup

Abalone

Fig. 15-12cFluid-filled cavity

Opticnerve

Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)

Simple pinholecamera-type eye

Nautilus

Fig. 15-12d

Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)

Opticnerve

Lens

Transparent protectivetissue (cornea)

Eye withprimitive lens

Marine snail

Fig. 15-12e

Lens

Opticnerve

Complexcamera-type eye

Cornea

Retina

Squid

Fig. 15-13

RECENT

Hippidion and other generaPLEISTOCENE

MIOCENE

PLIOCENE

OLIGOCENE

EOCENE

Equus

Nannippus

Pliohippus

Neohipparion

MegahippusCallippus

Hipparion

Sinohippus

Anchitherium

Archaeohippus

Hypohippus

Merychippus

Parahippus

Miohippus

Mesohippus

Orohippus

EpihippusPaleotherium

Propalaeotherium

Pachynolophus

HyracotheriumGrazersBrowsers

Fig. 15-14

Fig. 15-15aSpecies:Felis catus

Genus: Felis

Family: Felidae

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Phylum: Chordata

Kingdom: Animalia

Bacteria Domain: Eukarya Archaea

Fig. 15-15b

Order GenusFamily

Fe

lis

Fe

lida

e

Me

ph

itis

Mu

ste

lida

e Lu

tra

Ca

rniv

ora

Ca

nid

ae

Ca

nis

Species

Feliscatus

(domesticcat)

Mephitismephitis

(striped skunk)

Lutralutra

(Europeanotter)

Canislatrans

(coyote)

Canislupus(wolf)

Fig. 15-16a

Igu

ana

TAXA

Longgestation

Du

ck-b

illed

pla

typ

us

Kan

gar

oo

Bea

ver

CH

AR

AC

TE

RS

Character Table

0 00 1

0 10 1Gestation

Hair, mammaryglands 0 11 1

Long gestation

Gestation

Hair, mammary glands

Iguana

Duck-billedplatypus

Kangaroo

Beaver

Phylogenetic Tree

Fig. 15-16aa

Igu

ana

TAXA

Longgestation

Du

ck-b

illed

pla

typ

us

Kan

gar

oo

Bea

ver

CH

AR

AC

TE

RS

Character Table

0 00 1

0 10 1Gestation

Hair, mammaryglands 0 11 1

Fig. 15-16ab

Long gestation

Gestation

Hair, mammary glands

Iguana

Duck-billedplatypus

Kangaroo

Beaver

Phylogenetic Tree

Fig. 15-16b

Birds

Ornithischiandinosaurs

Pterosaurs

Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds

Lizardsand snakes

Crocodilians

Saurischiandinosaurs

Fig. 15-16c

Eggs

Front limb

Hind limb

Fig. 15-17

Procyonidae

Ursidae

Americanblack bear

Spectacled bear

Asian black bear

Raccoon

Lesserpanda

Brown bear

Pleistocene

Pliocene

35Oligocene

Millions of years ago

Miocene

Polar bear

Giantpanda

Sloth bear

Sun bear

30 25 20 15 10

Fig. 15-18

Computer modelof HIV

0.20

1900

Dif

fere

nce

s b

etw

een

HIV

seq

uen

ces

1920

0.15

1940

0.10

1960

0.05

19800

2000

Year

Fig. 15-19a

Most recent common ancestor of all living things

Gene transfer between mitochondrial ancestorand ancestor of eukaryotes

Gene transfer between chloroplast ancestorand ancestor of green plants

Billions of years ago

Archaea

Eukarya

Bacteria

4 3 2 1 0

23

1

2

3

1

Fig. 15-19b

Bacteria Archaea

Eukarya

Fig. 15-UN1

2.1 bya:First eukaryotes (single-celled)

1.2 bya:First multicellular eukaryotes

3.5 bya:First prokaryotes (single-celled)

3.5

Billions of years ago (bya)

500 mya:Colonizationof land byfungi, plants,and animals

1.53

2.54 2 .51 0

Fig. 15-UN2

Fig. 15-UN3

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 15-UN4

evolutionaryrelationships

Systematics

traces generateshypotheses for

constructingshown

in(a)

sharedancestral

characters

cladistics

sequence ofbranch points

(f)

nucleotidesequences

(b)

(c) (d) (e)

analysis identifiesmust

distinguishfrom

seen in

using

based on

using determine

Fig. 15-UN5

Outgroup