exploration technologies workshop introduction & brief classification of geothermal resources...
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EXPLORATIONEXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES WORKSHOPTECHNOLOGIES WORKSHOP
Introduction & Brief Introduction & Brief Classification of Geothermal Classification of Geothermal
ResourcesResources GRC Annual Meeting 2006GRC Annual Meeting 2006
San Diego, CaliforniaSan Diego, CaliforniaPaul Brophy, EGS Inc.Paul Brophy, EGS Inc.
Workshop AgendaWorkshop Agenda
►Session 1 - Exploration MethodsSession 1 - Exploration Methods
►Session 2. - Exploration Case HistoriesSession 2. - Exploration Case Histories►CosoCoso►RooseveltRoosevelt►Karaha Bodas (Indonesia)Karaha Bodas (Indonesia)
►Session 3. - Panel DiscussionSession 3. - Panel Discussion►What Works- What doesn’t WorkWhat Works- What doesn’t Work
ExplorationExploration SettingsSettingsType A - Magma-heated, dry steam resources
(The Geysers)Type B - Andesitic volcanic resources
(Philippines, Indonesia, Central & South America)
Type C - Caldera resources ( Medicine Lake, Valles Caldera, Los Humeros, Yellowstone)
Type D - Sedimentary–hosted, volcanic-related resources (Imperial Valley)
Type E - Extensional tectonic, fault-controlled resources (Great Basin)
Type F - Oceanic-ridge, basaltic resources( Hawaii, Iceland, Azores)
Type AType A Magma-related, Dry Steam ResourcesMagma-related, Dry Steam Resources
(Example – The Geysers, CA)(Example – The Geysers, CA)
Type A - Magma-related, Dry Type A - Magma-related, Dry Steam ResourcesSteam Resources
Topography: Topography: Rugged? mountainous?Rugged? mountainous?
Climate: Climate: Variable?Variable?
Depth to Resource: Depth to Resource: Usually deep ( 2500 – 4000 Usually deep ( 2500 – 4000 meters)meters)
Surface Manifestations: Surface Manifestations: RestrictedRestricted
Permeability:Permeability: Low to moderate fracture Low to moderate fracture permeabilitypermeability
Environmental/Political: Environmental/Political: NoneNone
Type B Andesitic - Volcanic Resources
(Example – Systems of the Circum-Pacific)(Example – Systems of the Circum-Pacific)
Type B – Andesitic-Volcanic Type B – Andesitic-Volcanic ResourcesResources
Topography: Topography: Usually mountainous Usually mountainous
Climate: Climate: Variable – usually high Variable – usually high precipitationprecipitation
Depth to Resource: Depth to Resource: Deep to moderate Deep to moderate
Surface Manifestations: Surface Manifestations: Restricted – depending on Restricted – depending on depth depth and shallow ground and shallow ground waterwater
Permeability:Permeability: Low to moderate fracture Low to moderate fracture permeability – often permeability – often
highly variablehighly variable
Environmental/Political: Environmental/Political: Some countries with Some countries with political unrestpolitical unrest
Type C - Caldera ResourcesType C - Caldera Resources (Example – Medicine Lake, CA)(Example – Medicine Lake, CA)
Type C – Caldera ResourcesType C – Caldera Resources Topography: Topography: Ring fractures often rugged, Ring fractures often rugged,
caldera caldera floor gentle floor gentle topgraphytopgraphy
Climate: Climate: Variable?Variable?
Depth to Resource: Depth to Resource: Moderate to shallow (- 2500 Moderate to shallow (- 2500 meters)meters)
Surface Manifestations: Surface Manifestations: Common Common
Permeability:Permeability: Low fracture permeability – Low fracture permeability – often often with thick tuff unitswith thick tuff units
Environmental/Political: Environmental/Political: Often very scenic –Often very scenic –environmentally environmentally sensitivesensitive
Type D – Sedimentary-hosted, Volcanic Resources
(Example – East Mesa, CA, Cerro Prieto, Mexico)(Example – East Mesa, CA, Cerro Prieto, Mexico)
Type D – Sedimentary-hosted, Type D – Sedimentary-hosted, Volcanic Resources Volcanic Resources
Topography: Topography: Usually low topographic Usually low topographic reliefrelief
Climate: Climate: Arid, low precipitationArid, low precipitation
Depth to Resource: Depth to Resource: Intermediate ( 2000 – Intermediate ( 2000 – 3500 3500 meters)meters)
Surface Manifestations: Surface Manifestations: Very restrictedVery restricted
Permeability:Permeability: Variable?Variable?
Environmental/Political: Environmental/Political: Usually limited?Usually limited?
Type E – Extensional, Fault-controlled, Resources(Examples – Dixie Valley, Desert Peak)(Examples – Dixie Valley, Desert Peak)
Type E – Extensional, Fault-Type E – Extensional, Fault-controlledcontrolled
ResourcesResources Topography: Topography: Rugged on upthrow, low on Rugged on upthrow, low on
valley valley floor floor
Climate: Climate: Usually dry with low precipitationUsually dry with low precipitation
Depth to Resource: Depth to Resource: Usually deep ( 2500 – 3500 Usually deep ( 2500 – 3500 meters)meters)
Surface Manifestations: Surface Manifestations: Usually restricted to fault Usually restricted to fault traces traces
Permeability:Permeability: Donimantly fault controlledDonimantly fault controlled
Environmental/Political: Environmental/Political: NoneNone
Type F – Oceanic, Basalt-hosted Type F – Oceanic, Basalt-hosted ResourcesResources
Topography: Topography: Rugged to flat? Rugged to flat?
Climate: Climate: Islands – high precipitationIslands – high precipitation
Depth to Resource: Depth to Resource: Shallow ( 1000 – 2000 Shallow ( 1000 – 2000 meters)meters)
Surface Manifestations: Surface Manifestations: CommonCommon
Permeability:Permeability: High horizontal High horizontal permeability, permeability, variable variable vertical permeabilityvertical permeability
Environmental/Political: Environmental/Political: Environmental sensitive Environmental sensitive
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