explaining causes & effects

Explaining Causes & Effects

Chapter 8

Explaining Causes & Effects

Explaining Causes & Effects

Explaining Causes & Effects

Explaining Causes & Effects

Explaining Causes & Effects

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Explaining Causes and Effects

Understanding the cause effect relationship requires:

Observation SkillsCritical Thinking Skills

Explaining Causes and Effects

We move from asking “What happened?” to . . .

“Why did it happen?” and “What will happen?”

It requires moving from the concrete to the abstract, from specific to general, and moving among levels of abstraction.

Explaining Causes and Effects

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Explaining Causes and Effects

Explaining Causes and Effects

Explaining Causes and Effects

Ockham’s Razor:

“Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate”

Translation: “Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily.”

Explaining Causes and Effects

Ockham’s Razor:

In other words. . .

The explanation requiring the fewest assumptions is most likely to be correct.

Explaining Causes and Effects

One should not make more assumptions than needed. When multiple explanations are available for a phenomenon, the simplest version is preferred.

Explaining Causes and Effects

DEDUCTIVE REASONING AND

INDUCTIVE REASONING

Explaining Causes and Effects

ISHIKAWA FISHBONE DIAGRAM

Effect

Causes

Explaining Causes and Effects

ISHIKAWA FISHBONE DIAGRAMCauses are usually listed in Four major categories:

For Manufacturing:

Manpower

Methods

Materials

Machinery

For Administration/Service:

Equipment

Policy

Procedures

People

Explaining Causes and Effects

Effects: Global WarmingRising Crime rate in MinneapolisBusiness experiencing poor sales

figuresAcademic DishonestyChild-resistant lighters

Explaining Causes and Effects

For Thursday (2/12):

  Read “Invisible Women” (pg. 127-129)

and be prepared to answer the “Questions to Start You Thinking” (pg. 129) at the end of the essay.