explaining causes & effects
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Explaining Causes & Effects
Chapter 8
Explaining Causes & Effects
Explaining Causes & Effects
Explaining Causes & Effects
Explaining Causes & Effects
Explaining Causes & Effects
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Explaining Causes and Effects
Understanding the cause effect relationship requires:
Observation SkillsCritical Thinking Skills
Explaining Causes and Effects
We move from asking “What happened?” to . . .
“Why did it happen?” and “What will happen?”
It requires moving from the concrete to the abstract, from specific to general, and moving among levels of abstraction.
Explaining Causes and Effects
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Explaining Causes and Effects
Explaining Causes and Effects
Explaining Causes and Effects
Ockham’s Razor:
“Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate”
Translation: “Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily.”
Explaining Causes and Effects
Ockham’s Razor:
In other words. . .
The explanation requiring the fewest assumptions is most likely to be correct.
Explaining Causes and Effects
One should not make more assumptions than needed. When multiple explanations are available for a phenomenon, the simplest version is preferred.
Explaining Causes and Effects
DEDUCTIVE REASONING AND
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Explaining Causes and Effects
ISHIKAWA FISHBONE DIAGRAM
Effect
Causes
Explaining Causes and Effects
ISHIKAWA FISHBONE DIAGRAMCauses are usually listed in Four major categories:
For Manufacturing:
Manpower
Methods
Materials
Machinery
For Administration/Service:
Equipment
Policy
Procedures
People
Explaining Causes and Effects
Effects: Global WarmingRising Crime rate in MinneapolisBusiness experiencing poor sales
figuresAcademic DishonestyChild-resistant lighters
Explaining Causes and Effects
For Thursday (2/12):
Read “Invisible Women” (pg. 127-129)
and be prepared to answer the “Questions to Start You Thinking” (pg. 129) at the end of the essay.