examples of modular growth in (a) aspen trees, in which root buds give rise to clones, and (b)...
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Examples of modular growth in (a) aspen trees, in which root buds give rise to clones, and (b) seagrass, in which new shoots form from rhizomes
Hypothetical population; red dots represent individuals and blue line defines the population distribution
Distribution of moss Tetraphis pellucida at a number of different spatial scales; from its global geographic range to the location of individual colonies on a tree stump.
Abundance: total number of individuals (red dots)Population density: number of individuals per unit area
(a) Cross-section of a tree trunk showing annual growth rings;(b) Time series of radial increments for an American beech tree
average number of female offspring produced by a female of age x
Gross reproductive rate = average number of female offspring born to a female over her lifetime
mean number of females born in each age group adjusted for survivorship
R0 = net reproductive rate; average number of females that will be left during a lifetime by a newborn female
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