evidenced-based practices in juvenile corrections
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Evidenced-Based Practices in
Juvenile Corrections
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Clarifying Terms
• Best Practices are often based on collective experience and wisdom of the field rather than scientifically tested knowledge
• What Works implies linkage to general outcomes but does not specify the kind of outcomes desired
• Evidenced-Based Practice implies definable outcomes, is measurable and is defined by practical realities
What Are Evidenced Based Practices (EBP)?
EBP focuses on two main questions:
What “works”?• Which types of programming, policies and practices
have been effective in producing positive outcomes (recidivism, post-release employment, cost-benefit)?
For whom does it “work”?• Are there certain types of offenders for whom a
certain type of program or practice is more or less effective?
What Are Evidenced Based Practices?
In corrections: Practices in which an agency systematically finds, appraises, and applies the most current and valid research findings as the basis for developing and implementing targeted interventions and programming proven to reduce recidivism.
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Historical Perspective
Rehabilitation1960s
Just DessertsSentencing Guidelines
1970s
Utilitarian: Mandatory Minimums
1980s
Politicization: Three Strikes
1990s
What Works2000
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Research Foundation for Evidenced Based Practices
In the 1980’s research began to appear supporting the notion that treatment works to reduce recidivism
30+ years of over 500 quality research studies
Many sophisticated meta-analyses
Canada, Europe, and United States
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What Works
Deliver services to higher-risk offenders
Target criminogenic needs – those factors that can change over time
Cognitive-behavioral interventions work best with appropriate offenders
Treatment programs are matched to responsivity
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What Does Not Work with Offenders
Targeting low-risk offenders Deterrence alone without treatment Targeting non-criminogenic needs; i.e., anxiety,
depression, self-esteem Scared straight approaches Insight oriented, psychodynamic, non-directive, or client-
centered therapies Lack of direct training procedures with an absence of
modeling and role-playing
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Essentials of EBP
Measure Outcomes
Engage Ongoing Support
Increase Positive Reinforcement
Cognitive Behavioral Interventions
Target Intervention
Enhance Intrinsic Motivation
Assess Offender Risk/Needs
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I. Assess Offender Risk/Needs
Assess Offender Risk/Needs
I. Assess Offender Risk & Need
Dynamic risk factors are linked to criminal behavior and can be changed
• Improved self-control• Increased positive support networks• Engagement in pro-social values• Increased pro-social behaviors• Substance abuse treatment• Reconnection with primary/healthy relationships
I. Assess Offender Risk & Need
Static risk factors that do not predict criminal behavior
• Age• Criminal or delinquent history• Offense
I. Assess Offender Risks and Needs
How do we identity Risk predictors?
Youth Level-of-Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI)
Juvenile Detention Risk Management
Juvenile Sex offender assessments
Chemical assessments
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I. Assess Offender Risk & Need
How do we identify these Need predictors?
Massachusetts Youth Screening Inventory (MAYSI-2 for mental health)
Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT)
Substance Use ScreeningsGambling Screen Personal Experience Screening
Questionnaire (PESQ)
I. Assess Offender Risks and Needs
Actuarial risk to reoffend
Identifies criminogenic needs
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I. Risk Assessment Implementation
Offenders under supervision are assessed to determine their likelihood to reoffend
Determine level of supervision by setting cut off scores
Targets appropriate interventionsDrives the case plan
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II. Enhance Intrinsic Motivation
Enhance Intrinsic Motivation
Assess Offender Risk/Need
II. Enhance Intrinsic Motivation
“The only people who truly welcome change are wet babies”
- Harvey Skinner
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II. Enhance Intrinsic Motivation
Motivational Interviewing
Based on Prochaska’s stages of change: Establishes rapport Assesses readiness to change Centers on engagement and
empowerment Utilizes the change process
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II. Stages of Change
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II. Enhance Offender Motivation
For lasting change to occur, there needs to be a level of intrinsic motivation
Research strongly suggest that motivational interviewing (MI) effectively enhances motivation for initiating and maintaining change behavior.
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III. Target Interventions
Target Interventions
Enhance Intrinsic Motivation
Assess Offender Risk Need
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III. Target Interventions
Responsivity
Need
Risk
III. Target InterventionsRisk
Determine the risk to re-offend through use of validated, reliable “risk assessment” tools
Work with moderate to high risk offenders; leave low risk offenders alone
Use interventions that directly address offender characteristics associated with criminal behavior
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III. Target InterventionsNeed
Criminogenic needs can change over time
Anti-social attitudes, anti-social associates, anti-social thinking patterns, anti-social behaviors i.e., substance abuse
Criminogenic needs are identified through assessment tools and targeted through interventions
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III. Target InterventionsResponsivity
Responsive to temperament, learning style, gender, culture when assigning programs
Matching offender to the appropriate interventions given their risk level and crimnogenic needs
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III. Target Interventions
Relies on motivational interviewing
Targets risk factors that lead to recidivism
SMART case plan goals are:Small, measureable, attainable, realistic, timely
Strength-based
Gender, culturally, developmentally responsive
Follows offender through the system
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IV. Use Cognitive Behavioral Interventions
Use Cognitive Behavioral Interventions
Target Interventions
Enhance Intrinsic Motivation
Assess Offender Risk/Needs
IV. Use Cognitive Behavioral Interventions
Treatment Principles:• Treatment, particularly cognitive-behavioral
(CBT) is most effective with offenders
• Proactive and strategic case planning
• Targeted, timely treatment provides the greatest long term benefit
• Applying treatment to lower risk offenders can have detrimental effects
IV. Use Cognitive Behavioral Interventions
Target criminal thinking Use cognitive-behavioral learning approaches
• Modeling• Reinforcement• Role play• Coaching• Structured curricula
Targeted treatment• Sex offender treatment• Chemical dependency treatment
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V. Measure Outcomes
Measure Outcomes
Provide Ongoing Support
Increase Positive Reinforcement
Cognitive Behavioral Interventions
Target Interventions
Enhance Intrinsic Motivation
Assess Offender Risk/Needs
V. Measurement
Are there more effective ways to use taxpayer $ to achieve particular public outcomes
Recidivism is the gold standard for better and for worse
All the EBPs are shown toreduce recidivism
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V. Measures are Tied to Mission
Protect the public by:
Providing for core correctional care Holding offenders accountable Changing offender behavior Restoring justice to victims
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V. Examples of Corrections Outcome Measures
Recidivism while under supervision
Reduction in risk assessment score
Restitution ordered and collected
Recidivism three years post release
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V. Types of MeasurementProgram Evaluation
– Outcome Measures– Performance Measures
Research using quasi or experimental design
Cost Analysis– Cost Utility Analysis– Cost Effectiveness Analysis– Cost/Benefit Analysis
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V. Cost/Benefit Analysis
Evaluation of alternatives according to a comparison of both their costs and benefits when each is measured in monetary terms.
Rigorous economic methodology using compounding and discounting
Alternatives must show benefits in excess of costsUseful when benefits can be readily converted
into monetary values
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Keys to Successful Implementation of EBP’s
Outside In Approach
Adopting research-supported program models
Minimizes “re-inventing the wheel”
Must Implement with fidelity
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Keys to Successful Implementation of EBP’s
Inside Out ApproachDevelop and maintain internal information
controls when implementing new practices
Offender measures
Operational measures
Staff measures
Washington Institute of Public Policywww.wsipp.wa.gov
2006 Washington State faced need to construct several new prisons
Legislature directed Institute to explore the use of evidenced-based options to reduce future need & crime rates
Systematic review of 545 comparison group evaluations of adult, juvenile, prevention programs to reduce crime
Estimated costs and benefits and developed portfolios
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Evidenced Based Programs in Juvenile Cognitive-Behavioral Curricula
Coordination of Services
Functional Family Therapy
Family Integrated Transitions
Multi-Systemic Therapy
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care 40
Cognitive Behavioral InterventionsAggression Replacement Training (ART)
An example of cognitive-behavioral curriculum
10 weeks, 30 hours
Groups of 10 moderate to high risk youth
3 times/week
Instructor and co-instructor/session
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Cognitive Behavioral Interventions (ART)
Improved attendance with transportation incentives and community locations
Provided by probation officers or private contractors
Anger control, life skills, moral reasoning
Best used when all staff are trained
Program Cost: $785/youth Benefits Minus Costs: $14,660
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Coordination of Services (COS)
13 hours of educational classes
Groups of 10 low risk juvenile offenders and parents
Community outreach component to enable coordination
Delivered by probation officers
Program Cost: $229/youth Benefits minus Cost: $5493
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Functional Family Therapy (FFT)
Structured home-based family intervention for high risk youth
Trained FFT therapists with caseloads of 10 to 12 families
12 visits during a 12 week period
FFT will reduce recidivism if properly implemented
Program Cost: $2,609 Benefits Minus Costs: $33,632
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Family Integrated Transitions (FIT)
Structured home-based family intervention
High-risk youth with the co-occurring mental illness and CD disorders
Integrates Multi-Systemic Therapy, Motivational Enhancement Therapy, Relapse Prevention, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Caseloads of 4 to 6 families for a 20 week period
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Family Integrated Transitions (FIT)
24/7 availability by therapist
FIT therapist participates on a team with clinicians, psychiatrist
Program Cost: $9,938 Benefits Minus Costs: $36,117
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Multi-Systemic Therapy (MST)
Structured home-based family intervention for high-risk youth
Trained MST therapists with caseload of 4 to 6 families for 16 week period
24/7 availability by therapist
Therapist participates on team of clinicians
Program Cost: $6,416 Benefits Minus Costs: $17,440
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Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC)
Delinquents with chronic disruptive behavior
Used as an alternative to placement
Foster parents - highly trained, ongoing support,
$43.70 savings for every dollar spend
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Victim Offender Mediation (VOM)
Both offender and the victim agree to a face-to-face meeting with a trained, neutral, mediator
Purpose is to discuss the effects of the crime, and to determine what can be done to make amends to the victim and the community
Program Cost: $880 Benefits Minus Costs: $7,067
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Cost shifting
Fidelity
Training, training, and re-training
Organizational reinforcement
Keys to Successful Implementation of EBP’s
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Presented byDeputy Commissioner Chris Bray, Ph.D., LP
Community Services DivisionOctober 2010
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