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1
GOA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
Ela, Old Goa
EVALUATION OF SHG PERFORMANCE UNDER
SGSY: A CASE STUDY OF GOA
MRS. ASHWINI A. ACHARYA
Core Faculty in Decentralized Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation
SUBMITTED TO
National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
Hyderabad
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Ela Farm, Old Goa, Goa – 403402 Email: gird.goa@nic.in. Website: www.sirdoldgoa.gov.in. Tel. Nos. 0832-2285755, 2285985
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Acknowledgement
I wish to sincerely thank National Institute of Rural Development for sponsoring
this research study, “Evaluation of SHG Performance under SGSY: A case study of Goa”.
I express my sincere thanks to the Director General & Member secretary sports
Shri P. Mathew Samuel IAS, Assistant Director Ms. Seema Fernandes, colleagues, staff
members of GIPARD for their encouragement and support during the execution of the
research work.
I am thankful to the Project Directors Mr. Vasudev N. Shetye and Mr. Velip
Kankar of North Goa and South Goa respectively, APO’s and other staff of DRDA
North Goa and South Goa for providing constant support and help.
A special thanks to the T.A’s Mrs. Vandana Bhandary, Mrs. Sheela Majik, and
Mrs. Manju Vernekar who constantly guided the field work and coordinated with the
research team.
I am also grateful to the BDOs, V.P secretary, Gram Sevaks and PRI members of
Quepem, Cancona, Bardez and Sattari block for their cooperation. And I am obliged by
the cooperation provided by the Bank Managers of the nationalized, non-nationalized
and co-operative banks while providing information during the course of the field work.
My sincere thanks to the research team, Research Assistant Ms. Priyanka V.
Chandelkar, the Field Investigators Ms. Sailaxmi Pednekar, Ms. Pushpa Aivale, Ms.
Umita Naik and Ms. Neeta Naik for their effective coordination and fruitful practical
orientation of data collection procedure followed.
I really cannot thank enough to all the SHG members for providing necessary
information and sharing their experiences as a group member which acted as the key
point in research analysis.
I express my gratitude towards Sangath institute for assisting in data analysis. I
express my gratitude to all who have been directly and indirectly associated with this
study.
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CONTENT
Chapter Topic Page No.
I Introduction to SGSY and Concept of SHG
1-35
II
Data Analysis-SHG Members
36-63
III
Data Analysis-Government and Bank Officials
64-67
IV Focus Group Discussion
68-76
V Conclusion
77-79
References
80-82
Annexure- I (Questionnaire Schedule)
Annexure – II (Interview Schedule)
Annexure – III (Focus Group Discussion)
Annexure- IV (Core Functions of SHG)
Annexure –V (Block wise no. of sampled beneficiaries, social &
educational status)
List of Tables
5
Table No. 1.1
Physical Progress of SGSY in India
24 -26
Table No. 1.2
Number of SHGs formed under SGSY (Year
wise)
29
Table No. 1.3
Number of SHGs formed under SGSY (Block-
wise)
30
Table No. 1.4
Number of Awareness and Training
Programmes provided (Year wise)
30
Table No. 1.5
Central Funds and State funds (Year wise)
30-31
Table No. 2.1& 2.2
Village and SHG Profile of Bardez Block
33-35
Table No. 2.3 & 2.4
Village and SHG Profile of Sattari Block
36-38
Table No. 2.5 & 2.6
Village and SHG Profile of Quepem Block
39-41
Table No. 2.7 & 2.8
Village and SHG Profile of Canacona Block
42-44
Table No. 2.9
Reasons highlighted by group members to form
SHG
46
Table No. 2.10
Block-wise awareness on functions of Office
Bearers
47
Table No. 2.11
Block-wise data on Total Savings and Monthly
Deposits of SHG
48
Table No.2.12
Maintenance of Books and Records
50
Table No.2.13
Type of Economic Activities
53
Table No. 2.14
Percentage of income earned by SHGs annually
from IGA
55
Table No. 2.15
Impact of Training on SHG Performance
56
Table No. 2.16
Impact of Capacity Building and Training on
Skill Development
57
List of Abbreviations
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APL- Above Poverty Line
APO- Assistant Project Officer
BDO- Block Development Officer
BLSC- Block Level SGSY Committee
BPL- Below Poverty Line
CLCC- Central Level Coordination Committee
DRDA- District Rural Development Agency
DDM- District Development Manager
DLSC- District Level SGSY Committee
DWCRA- Development of Women & Child in Rural Areas
GIPARD- Goa Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development
GKY- Ganga Kalyan Yojana
GO- Government Organization
GOI- Government of India
IGA- Income Generating Activity
IRDP- Integrated Rural Development Programme
LDM- Lead District Manager
MLA- Member of Legislative Assembly
MoRD- Ministry of Rural Development
NABARD- National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NGO- Non-Governmental Organization
NIRD- National Institute of Rural Development
NRLM- National Rural Livelihood Mission
NSS- National Sample Survey
PD- Project Director
PRI- Panchayati Raj Institutions
RDA- Rural Development Agency
SC- Scheduled Caste
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SHG- Self Help Groups
SITRA- Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans
SGSY- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
SLCC- State Level Coordination Committee
SLSC- State Level SGSY Committee
ST- Scheduled Tribe
TA- Technical Assistant
UT- Union Territory
VP- Village Panchayat
VLW- Village Level Workers
Chapter I
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INTRODUCTION TO SGSY AND CONCEPT OF SHG
Concept of Poverty
Poverty is an obstruction for a dignified and better life for any individual
and thus in any society where poverty is prevailing, the main aim of the
government is poverty alleviation. Reduction of poverty becomes primary
concern of the society as well as the government. Such is the case of India.
Poverty Line in India
India has 41.6% of its population living below the New International
Poverty Line according to the 2005 data of the New World Bank. The World
Bank estimates that 33% of the global poor are now residing in India. But with
the recent study under the Planning Commission of India it has estimated that
27.5% of the population living below the poverty line. The source was the 61st
round of NSS and criteria used was monthly per capita consumption
expenditure below Rs. 356.35 in rural areas and Rs. 538.60 for urban areas.
Almost 77% of the poor are living in rural areas who most of them are daily
wagers, self employed householders and landless labourers.
Wealth distribution in India is fairly uneven where the 10% of the income
groups’ income is 33% of the total national income. With the growing
population the gaps have been widened over the years.
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
Programme for self employment for the poor has been an important
component of the anti poverty mission. To be more precise one of the most
vulnerable and under-privileged section in the rural society are the economically
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weaker section i.e. scheduled caste/ scheduled tribes and women. Therefore the
government takes utmost care in empowering this section of the society along
with the rest of the country. There are number of schemes which are
implemented in rural areas which primarily focus on the scheduled caste/
scheduled tribes and women and one such scheme is SWARNAJAYANTI
GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJANA (SGSY) which gave focus on self
employment and Self Help Groups (SHGs). It was operative from 1st April 1999
replacing the existing schemes like Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP), Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM),
Development of Women & Child in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Supply of
Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA), Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY).
Self employment has been recognized as an essential force of
development in rural areas. It has emerged as a strategy designed to improve
socio-economic life and improving the standard of living and self realization.
Thus installation of income generating activities and micro enterprises in the
rural areas help to promote first generation micro entrepreneurs with resource
mobilization on their own through their SHGs. SHGs are integrating low
income segments with rest of the rural community by ensuring them a better
participation in a more equitable share in the benefits of the development. These
groups are not only speeding up economic growth but also providing jobs and
improving the quality of rural life towards self reliance.
India had experimented with numerous self-employment programmes.
These were modified, consolidated and integrated into Swarnajayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) in April 1999. SGSY was put in place to cover 30%
of the rural poor living BPL in five years. Covering them under this scheme
meant investing a total of Rs. 25,000 per family (household unit).
The scheme is covering all aspects of self employment such as
organization of BPL families into Self Help Groups, Training, Credit,
Technology and Marketing. The SGSY guidelines also emphasize that the
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programme should adopt a process oriented approach and support the self help
group concept as it helps the poor to build their confidence through community
action. It is expected that the process would help in strengthening the socio-
economic empowerment of rural poor and improve their collective bargaining
power.
In order to eradicate the deficiencies of the earlier self employment
programmes, an inbuilt strategy is to be adopted through integration of various
agencies. To happen this in implementation, SGSY visualize a close
coordination among the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), line
departments of the state government, banks, NGOs and Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs) within a district. In nutshell, SGSY is a major poverty
alleviation programme. It was expected to implement the scheme in a holistic
way by incorporating the key elements of social mobilization with emphasis on
capacity building, integrated support through credit, infrastructure, technology
and marketing so as to ensure the poor an appreciable sustained level of income
over a period of time, and building the self-confidence of the participants
through community action. Therefore, for better approach, SGSY deviates from
IRDP by emphasizing on the issue of social mobilization of the poor, trying to
bring in integration providing various backward and forward linkages and in the
functioning of various agencies involved in its implementation.
The SHG method is used by the government, NGOs and others
worldwide. Thousands of the poor and the marginalized population in India are
building their lives, their families and their society through Self help groups.
Self Help Groups have been playing considerable role in training of
Swarozgaris, infrastructure development, marketing and technology support,
communication level of members, self confidence among members, change in
family violence, frequency of interaction with outsiders, change in the saving
pattern of SHG members, change in the cumulative saving pattern of SHG
members per month, involvement in politics, achieving social harmony,
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achieving social justice, involvement in community action, sustainable quality
and accountability, equity within SHGs, defaults and recoveries, and
sustainability - financial value.
The SGSY has been described as a process-oriented and not a target-
oriented scheme. The formation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) for the creation of
micro enterprises to generate self employment has been given top priority. The
main tenets of the SGSY are: (a) key activities, (b) cluster approach, and (c)
group method. The first reduces the number of activities; the second shrinks the
geographical spread to fewer contiguous or selected villages; and the third
reduces the number of clients from a large number of individuals to a small
number of groups and enables peer group monitoring associated with self-
governing institutions. All these are expected to reduce the burden of follow-up
and the extension inputs for providing backward and forward linkages.
Objectives of SGSY
The objective of the SGSY scheme was to bring the assisted BPL families
to above poverty level within the period of three years and emphasized on the
group approach whereby the rural poor organized into SHG through a process
of self mobilization, training, capacity building, marketing etc. and provision of
income generating assets through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.
Efforts were made to involve women members in each SHG as well as
formation of exclusive SHG for women.
It is a package of financial assistance to the people in below poverty line
category and women in specific. The financial assistance included grant from
central and state government and loans from the bank. Whereas the credit
component is directly used for private investment, the grant credit component is
used to supplement the credit as capital subsidy and other investment,
development, capacity building, revolving fund and other miscellaneous uses.
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The persons taking up self employment through this scheme are called
swarozgaris. The assistance (loan cum subsidy) may be extended to individuals
in a group or to all members in the group for taking up Income Generating
Activities. Group activities were given more preference rather than individual
activity.
Salient Features
The salient features of the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) are
given below:
The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana aims at establishing a large
number of micro enterprises in the rural areas, building upon the potential
of the rural poor.
The SGSY emphasis on the cluster approach for establishing the micro-
enterprises. For this, 4-5 key activities have to be identified in each block.
The major share of the SGSY assistance has to be in activity clusters.
The SGSY adopts a project approach for each key activity. Project reports
are to be prepared in respect of each of the identified key activities. The
banks and other financial institutions have to be closely associated and
involved in preparing these project reports, so as to avoid delays in
sanctioning of loans and to ensure adequacy of financing.
The existing infrastructure for the cluster of activities should be reviewed
and gaps identified. Critical gaps in investments have to be made up
under the SGSY, subject to a ceiling of 20% (25% in the case of North
Eastern States) of the total allocation made under the SGSY for each
district. This amount is maintained by the DRDAs as 'SGSY -
Infrastructure Fund'.
In planning of the key activities, care has to be taken to ensure that the
maximum numbers of Panchayats are covered without jeopardizing the
quality of the programme.
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The assisted families may be individuals or groups (Self-Help Groups).
The SGSY, however, favours the group approach.
The Gram Sabha authenticates the list of Below Poverty Line families
identified in the BPL Census. Identification of individual families suitable
for each key activity is to be made through a participatory process.
The group approach involves organization of the poor into Self Help
Groups (SHGs) and their capacity building. Efforts have to be made to
involve women members in each SHG. Besides, exclusive women groups
are also to be formed. At block level, at least half of the groups should be
exclusively women groups. Group activities are given preference and
progressively, majority of the funding should be for Self Help Groups.
The SGSY is a credit-cum-subsidy programme. However, credit is the
critical component of the SGSY, subsidy being a minor and enabling
element. Accordingly, the SGSY envisages greater involvement of the
banks. They are to be involved closely in the planning and preparation of
project reports, identification of activity clusters, infrastructure planning
as well as capacity building and choice of activity of the SHGs, selection
of individual swarozgaris, pre-credit activities and post-credit monitoring
including loan recovery.
The SGSY seeks to promote multiple credits rather than a one-time credit
'injection'. The credit requirements of the swarozgaris need to be carefully
assessed; the swarozgaris are allowed and, in fact, encouraged to increase
credit intake, over the years.
The SGSY seeks to lay emphasis on skill development through well-
designed training courses. Those, who have been sanctioned loans, are to
be assessed and given necessary training. The design, duration of training
and the training curriculum is tailored to meet the needs of the identified
key activities. DRDAs are allowed to set apart up to 10% of the SGSY
allocation on training. This may be maintained as 'SGSY Training Fund'.
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The SGSY attempts to ensure up-gradation of technology in the identified
activity clusters. The technology intervention seeks to add value to the
local resources, including processing of the locally available material
from natural and other resources for local and nonlocal market.
The SGSY provides for promotion of marketing of the goods produced
by the SGSY swarozgaris, which involves provision of market
intelligence, development of markets and consultancy services, as well as
institutional arrangements for marketing of the goods including exports.
The SGSY is implemented by the DRDAs through the Panchayat
Samithis. The process of planning, implementation and monitoring
integrate the banks and other financial institutions, the Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs), Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), as well as
Technical Institutions in the district.
15% of the funds under the SGSY are set apart at the national level to try
new initiatives for self-employment of the rural poor through "Special
Projects", in conjunction with other Departments or Semi-Government/
International Organizations, which includes initiatives to be taken in
individual districts or across the districts.
Self Help Groups
Self-help Groups (SHGs) are playing a major role in removing poverty in
the rural India today. The group-based model of self-help is widely practiced for
rural development, poverty alleviation and empowerment of women. Self-help
as a strategy for social development places emphasis on self-reliance, human
agency and action. It aims to mobilize people, to give them voice and build
people’s organisations that will overcome barriers to participation and
empowerment. Central to the idea of self-help is the formation of groups,
concept of a community and the development of egalitarian relationships that
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will promote people’s well being. Self Help Groups serve as a medium of
delivering micro credit to the members.
As SHG is an institutional group it is expected to have rules of self
governance which is based on the principle of direct democracy. This is one of
the reasons why the size of the SHG is small so that all the members can
effectively take part in the decision making process.
The groups are expected to meet regularly; all the members are expected to
attend the meetings; thrift collection should be regular. There are three main
financial benefits for being a part of the SHG: (a) accumulation of savings for
the future (b) access to credit at affordable price (c) earning income because of
financial transactions within the group.
The SHGs must have well defined rules whether written or unwritten
mainly because the groups are engaged with financial transaction and act as
custodians of members savings. There are various rules with regard to the
management viz. (1) criteria of membership (2) joining groups (3) leaving
groups (4) attendance (5) fine (6) rate of interest (7) thrift rate (8) calculations
of profit and loss (9) balance of profit and loss (10) nomination (11) selection of
office bearer (12) tenure of the office bearer (13) loan sanctioning process.
Why Self-Help Group Is So Important In India?
To alleviate poverty
To increase employment opportunity
To accelerate economic growth
To raise status in society is the prime reason for respondents joining the
SHG
To promote income generating activities
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Impact of Self-Help Group in India
Saving and Financial Decision Making
One of the primary benefits of participation in a SHG is the opportunity
to save regularly, access formal savings institutions and participate in the
management of these savings. They save regularly, have their own bank
accounts and make deposits into these accounts. SHG is having a good impact
on members, in their ability to save their hard earned money.
Access to credit
A corollary of participation in SHGs is an improvement in a woman’s
access to credit. Since the project is perhaps too early in its implementation to
directly improve women’s access to credit. The financial mobility due to
participation in the SHG has led to an improvement in the quality of life,
according to some of the successful groups. Overall, many families were able to
address their basic needs better than before. Some of NGOs report has shown
that the record on the repayment of loans by women was often better than that
of men, and that women were also more likely to spend the income earned, on
their families, leading to improved health and nutrition of the poor population
and for improving the quality of their lives.
Employment
The implementation of SHG has generated Self-employment
opportunities for the rural poor. The progress of the program since inception
assisted in formation of 35.7 lakh SHGs; assisted 1.24 Cr. Swarozgaris in
establishing their own micro-enterprises. The Government of India released
Rs.11, 486 Crore under the program; bank credit mobilization is Rs.19, 017;
Total subsidy provided is Rs.9, 318 Cr. The program helped many participants
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in improving their economic conditions. Another good accomplishment of the
program is that it has adopted the SHG strategy.
Decision-making within the household
The social impact of the SHG program increased involvement in
Decision-making, awareness about various programs and organizations,
increased access to such organizations, increased expenditure on health and
marriage events, there is a change in the attitude of male members of the
families, now they are convinced about the concept of SHG and encourage
women to participate in the meetings and women reported that they have
savings in their name and it gives them confidence and increased self respect.
Within family the respect and status of women has increased. Children
education has been improved significantly. Especially girl education was very
low but now SHG members are sending their children including girls to school.
The sanitation in member’s households has improved and it has led to better
health in member’s families. Now women are taking treatment from qualified
doctors, even if they have to travel to nearby towns. Members are now
confident enough to raise social status.
Participation in local government
Because of SHG, women know about their local political institutions such
as the Gram Panchayats and have better knowledge of where to report certain
types of grievances. As part of the political empowerment process, it is a
pertinent fact that many women have not only been elected to the Gram
Panchayats but have become the role holders too. In majority of the cases, the
women perceived themselves as now having some influence over decisions in
the political life of village, and in a smaller number of cases, the women named
their participation and influence in village political life as an important and
note-worthy change.
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However, in general, the opportunities available to the women to
participate in village life were limited, as most of the village processes were still
being male-dominated and patriarchal. Though the SHGs generate positive
impact on the rural economy through empowering women and enhancing the
rural income of those participant households, the issue of group size has been of
long standing concern.
Self- employment is a significant step to have sustained incomes and
remove the shackles of poverty. During the study, adequate attention was given
to cover various aspects of the program and understand the impact of the
support on the slated objectives.
Cluster Approach
The emphasis under SGSY is on the cluster approach. For this, 4-5 key
activities are identified for each block based on the resources, occupational
skills of the people and availability of markets. Selection of the key activities is
with the approval of the Panchayat Samithis at the block level and the DRDA/
Zilla Panchayat (ZP) at the district level. The major share of SGSY assistance is
in activity clusters.
Project Approach
SGSY adopts a project approach for each key activity. Project reports are
prepared in respect of identifies key activities. The banks and other financial
institutions are closely associated and involved in preparing these project
reports, so as to avoid delays in the sanctioning of loans and to ensure adequacy
of financing.
Group Approach
SGSY also focus on the Group approach which involves organization of
the poor into Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their capacity building. Efforts are
made to involve women members in each SHG. Besides, exclusive women
19
groups continue to be formed. At the block level, at least half of the groups are
exclusively women groups. SGSY particularly focus on the vulnerable groups
among the rural poor. Accordingly, it has been decided that the SC/STs should
account for at least 50% of the Swarozgaris, women for 40% and the disabled
for 3%.
Financing
The scheme is sponsored by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
of the Union Government; it determines the amount of funds that each district in
each state is to receive every year on the basis of its assessment of the
dimensions of poverty as well as its capacity to utilize the funds.
It undertakes to provide 75 % of those funds into a pool of resources
earmarked for the scheme. State governments are to contribute the remaining
25% on a matching basis to make up the total allocated amount for each district.
Central funds for the scheme are to be released directly to the DRDAs in two
installments during each year, one at the beginning of the financial year and the
other after 60 % of the initial funds are utilized. As soon as central funds are
released, the state government has to send to the DRDAs its 25 %.
The funds from this pool are for all expenses for organizing and
facilitating the SHG formation and running of the SHGs, to supplement its core
revolving fund through a subsidy of Rs. 10,000 per group as well as to provide
them with other stipulated subsidies. 30% of the pooled resources are meant for
expenses of the organizing department and of the organizations (GOs as well as
NGOs) who act as facilitators of each group. A part of the pool is to be set aside
in a fund for training the beneficiaries in all the skills required for organizing,
operating and managing the activities of the SHGs. SGSY funds are not meant
for infrastructure building for which the DRDAs are to seek help from other line
departments; but they can be used for some small but crucial investments of that
kind.
20
Revolving Fund
A new addition to the SGSY has been the concept of ‘revolving funds’. A
SHG has 6 months to prove its eligibility for a revolving fund. The SHG should
form a ‘group corpus’ with contributions from the members of the group and
demonstrate its competence in lending money to the members as well as making
sure loans are repaid at appropriate rates of interest. The group corpus is to be
deposited in a savings account of a local bank. The group corpus may include
cash, deposits in savings accounts in banks or even money from loans belonging
to the members of the SHG. At the end of the 6-month period, a subsidy ranging
from Rs. 5000/- to Rs. 10,000/- equaling the group corpus is released from the
SGSY accounts held by the DRDAs. Such a SHG will then be eligible for
credits from the bank in multiples of the ‘group corpus’ and it can be as high as
4 times the group corpus. The subsidy and the bank credit constitute the
revolving fund and are credited to the SHG’s saving account in the bank. This is
how the financial assistance under SGSY begins. The SHG may be considered
for a maximum subsidy of up to Rs. 20,000/- depending on its performance.
SHGs can avail of loans and subsidies once they assume the form of income-
generating micro enterprises, given the bank is satisfied with repayment of the
loan that formed part of the revolving fund. Revolving funds are meant to
‘impart credit discipline and financial management skills to the members of the
SHG. The SHG can enhance its own financial capacity by giving out loans to its
members, who then will be charged an interest on the loans.
Credit
Credit was a crucial input in the SGSY assistance, and subsidy was
viewed only as an enabling component. The loan applications were normally
processed within a month and the decision regarding the loan sanction or
otherwise were conveyed to the swarozgaris within a quarter. The banks
21
received more than 50% of the applications for loan assistance under the
programme in quarterly frequency. As much as 60% of the allocated SGSY
funds can be used for subsidies to finance SHGs and other beneficiaries once
they are capable of income generation. The direct financial assistance from the
government under SGSY is purely in the form of subsidies.
Subsidies are released to facilitate availing of credit from the banks by the
beneficiaries. The government effectively purchases loans for the beneficiaries
from the banks. These subsidies are not to be released to the beneficiaries and
are deposited in the subsidy reserve fund accounts of the beneficiaries.
Eventually the repayment of the loan is adjusted against the subsidy provided.
Training of Swarozgaris
The SGSY seeks to lay emphasis on skill development through well-
designed training courses. Those, who have been sanctioned loans, are to be
assessed and given necessary training. The design, duration and the training
curriculum is tailored to meet the needs of the identified key activities. DRDAs
are allowed to set apart up to 10% of the SGSY allocation on training. This may
be maintained as ‘SGSY – Training Fund’.
Infrastructure Development
SGSY provides for review of existing infrastructure for the cluster of
activities and identification of gaps. Under SGSY, critical gaps in investments
have to be made up, subject to a ceiling of 20% (25% in the case of North
Eastern States) of the total allocation made under the SGSY for each district.
This amount is maintained by the DRDAs as ‘SGSY–Infrastructure Fund’.
Marketing and Technology Support
SGSY attempts to ensure up-gradation of technology in the identified key
activity. The technology intervention seeks to add value to the local resources,
22
including processing of the locally available material from natural and other
resources for the local and non-local market. SGSY also provides for promotion
of marketing of the goods produced by the swarozgaris, which involves
organization and participation in exhibitions/melas at District/State/National/
International levels to display and sell goods produced by the swarozgaris,
provision of market intelligence, development of markets and consultancy
services, as well as institutional arrangements for marketing of the goods
including exports.
Special Projects
SGSY has a provision of special projects to facilitate development of
enterprises set up from the assistance under the scheme. The projects envisaged
here, go beyond the purview of a single district and they benefit swarozgaris
from more than one district. As per the SGSY guidelines, ‘maximum
investment, inclusive of central and state share, under each special project
should not exceed Rs. 15 crores and the minimum project cost should not be
ordinarily below Rs. 1 crore. The decisions regarding these projects are taken at
a national level. The state governments or semi-government organizations at the
national level or international organizations may submit proposals for these
special projects to the MoRD. The appropriate committees constituted by
MoRD will look into these proposals and their approval is necessary for the
projects to be taken up. 15% of the funds allocated at the national level are set
aside for such projects by the MoRD. This will go towards funding 75% of the
cost of the project while the remaining cost has to borne by the state treasury.
Only one project shall be approved for a district at a time and the period of
implementation of the project must not exceed 3 years.
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Monitoring
A comprehensive system of monitoring has been adopted under SGSY.
The programme is monitored from the Central level down to the grass root
level. At the Central level, the Central Level Co-ordination Committee (CLCC)
monitors and reviews the implementation of the programme and lays down
policy guidelines for all aspects related to credit linkages for the SGSY. The
Performance Review Committee of the Department of Rural Development also
reviews the implementation of SGSY. At the State level, a State Level
Coordination Committee (SLCC) monitors the programme.
For smooth and effective implementation of SGSY different forums have
been created at different levels:
(1) Block Level SGSY Committee (BLSC)
(2) District Level SGSY Committee (DLSC)
(3) State Level SGSY Committee (SLSC)
(4) Central Level Coordination Committee (CLCC).
Both bankers and government officials are the members of these forums and
jointly implement the scheme.
The processes of functioning, implementation, monitoring & problem
solving have been examined by coordinating feedback from:
(A) Coordinating and controlling functionaries like:
(a) Project Director (PD)
(b) Lead District Manager (LDM)
(c) Block Development Officer (BDO)
(d) District Development Manager (DDM).
(B) Implementing functionaries like:
(a) Branch Managers
(b) Grass root workers viz. Village Level Workers(VLW), Anganwadi
Workers and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
24
Project Director and Block Development Officer are controlling officers
from government, LDM and DDM are coordinating officers from banks and
NABARD.
Diagram:
The Administrative structure and the flow of funds in SGSY
ded
State share Central share
Department of Rural
Development, State
Government
Ministry of Rural
Development, Central
Government
District Rural Development
Agency (DRDA)
REVOLVING FUND
in branches of
commercial, co-
operative and regional
bank.
SUBSIDIES
on loans; provided
by the banks to the
beneficiaries.
INFRASTRUCTURE
develops in the local areas
of transport, marketing
facilities to facilitate the
growth of micro
enterprise.
TRAINING
of beneficiaries for
running of various
enterprises they intend
to set up. They also
need advice on
maintaining the crucial
bank beneficiary link.
25
Table No. 1.1 Physical Progress of SGSY in India
Sr.
No
Head 1999-
2000
2000-
2001
2001-
2002
2002-
2003
2003-
2004
2004-2005 2005-
2006
2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-
2009
Total
1 SHGs
formed
292426 223265 434387 398873 392136 266230 276414 246309 306688 563530 3400258
2 Women
SHGs
formed
176263 153285 296175 221085 233136 191666 213213 176712 231670 404972 229817 7
3 Percentage
of women
SHGs
60.28 68.66 68 .18 55 .43 59.45 71 .99 77.14 71.74 75 .54 71.86 67.59
4 No. of
SHGs
passed
Grade I
125402 21401 1 176002 189634 204987 219604 210639 222029 251163 322322 2135793
5 No. of
SHGs
passed
Grade II
74234 101291 54040 94754 90673 105839 91920 156353 116878 138641 1024623
6 SHGs taken
up economic
activities
2901 7 26317 30576 35525 50717 68102 80130 137931 181386 114452 754153
7 SHGs
swarozgaris
assisted
347912 318803 364676 414419 577532 788573 873485 1472066 1154269 1470032 7781767
8 Individual
swarozgaris
assisted
58595 6687349 572792 411848 319363 327355 277631 219860 253503 291392 3947049
9 Total
swarozgaris
assisted
933868 1006152 937468 826267 896895 1115928 115111 6 1691926 1699295 1861875 12120790
26
Sr.
No
Head 1999-
2000
2000-
2001
2001-
2002
2002-
2003
2003-
2004
2004-2005 2005-
2006
2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-
2009
Total
10 Percentage
of
swarozgaris
assisted
37.25 31.69 38.9 50 .16 6 4.39 70 .67 75.8 8 87.01 67 .93 78.95 64 .2
11 SC
swarozgaris
assisted
278938 310886 284040 249556 274893 352864 383124 600364 561052 601299 3897016
12 ST
swarozgaris
assisted
134944 137850 143619 130260 138909 149115 165407 241291 251783 274530 1767708
13 Total SC/ST
swarozgaris
assisted
413882 448736 427659 379816 413802 501979 548531 841655 812835 875829 566472 4
14 Minorities
swarozgaris
assisted
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60494 142399 275121 478014
15 Women
swarozgaris
assisted
416690 409842 385891 382613 470740 606141 662764 1247132 1083905 1206513 6872231
16 Disabled
swarozgaris
assisted
8529 6737 6059 6118 8504 12680 14793 31864 36113 42315 173712
17 Percentage
of SC/ST
swarozgaris
assisted
44.32 44 .6 45 .62 45 .97 6.14 44 .98 47.65 49.75 47 .83 47.04 46.74
27
Sr.
No
Head 1999-
2000
2000-
2001
2001-
2002
2002-
2003
2003-
2004
2004-2005 2005-
2006
2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-
2009
Total
18 Percentage of
minorities
swarozgaris
assisted
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.58 8 .38 14.78 3.94
19 Percentage of
women
swarozgaris
assisted
44.62 40.73 41 .16 46 .31 52.49 54 .32 57.58 73.71 63 .79 64 .8 56 .7
20 Percentage of
disabled
swarozgaris
assisted
0.91 0.67 0.65 0.74 0.95 1.14 1.29 1.88 2.13 2.27 1.43
Source: Ministry of Rural Development
28
SGSY performance across India
The centre allocated 100 crores to all the states and union territories
according to the distribution of the BPL population in the respective states/ UT.
This constituted only 75% of the total grant from centre rest 25% being provided
by the respective state/ UT governments. Under the scheme the states have been
divided into two categories- General and Special. The central government share of
SGSY fund is meant to be higher in special categorized states than the stipulated
75% in case of general category. General categorized states: Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, Jharkhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Special categorized
states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Puducherry, Sikkim and Tripura.
With regard to the performance of SGSY scheme some states had
exceptionally well report cards. For instance, in the state of Andhra Pradesh there
is 90% of the total population of SC/ST assisted under the scheme followed by
Punjab with 75%, and Rajasthan with 63%, Jharkhand with 58% and Chhattisgarh
with 57%.
With regard to the participation and assistance to women under the scheme,
Goa has attained 100% participation, followed by Tamil Nadu 98%, Orissa 96%,
West Bengal 94% and Karnataka 89%.
Since its inception in 1999, SGSY has provided assistance to over one crore
swarozgaris, of which 77 lakhs, or 64.2%, were SHG swarozgaris (from both
SGSY and previous schemes) and approximately 39 lakhs were individual
swarozgaris. Of the total swarozgaris assisted, 38 lakhs were SCs and 17 lakhs
29
were STs together constituting 46% of the beneficiaries, while women accounted
for 57%. Despite the scheme having a separate component targeting the disabled
poor disabled swarozgaris constituted only 1.5% of the total swarozgaris assisted.
SHGs may be an informal group or registered group under the societies act,
state co-operative act or as a partnership firm. The group may not have more than
twenty members for better coordination and functioning.
Review of Literature
In this section an effort has been made to review research studies concerning
issues in relation to socio-economic status, sustainability, various qualities,
performance and impact assessment of SHGs functioning in India.
As regards to SHG functioning a study on SGSY/SHG by National Institute
of Bank Management (NIBM), MORD (GOI),(R. Dasgupta,2007;145) reveals:
(i) Planning and implementation of SGSY are not satisfactory.
(ii) SHGs are weak; formation and nurturing process are not satisfactory.
(iii) Subsidy seems to be a major motivation factor for SGSY-SHGs.
(iv)Recovery rate at all India level is 42 per cent only.
(v) Accounting practice of SHGs needs to be made simple and systematic.
(vi) Majority of the Swarozgaris/SHG have not generated economic surplus from
their credit led assets; skill based training seems to be weak; marketing channel has
not been created.
(vii) Grading process is not at all scientific; neither itis taken seriously.
(viii) Release of subsidy fund is delayed; this affects implementation schedule.
30
Following are some of the recommendations of the study:
1. Since SHG is in the core of SGSY model, philosophy of SHG must be
respected. SHG is a slow process. Lot of time needs to be spent on formation,
nurturing and mentoring of the SHGs.
2. SHGs must be allowed to mature first with (i) thrift collection, (ii) internal
lending, (iii) record maintenance, (iv)fund management, and (v) problem solving.
3. Target must not be ‘number of groups’ formed or ‘amount of credit disbursed’
or ‘amount of subsidy released’ but ‘number of groups matured’. Credit is
expected to follow as a natural process.
4. Branch Managers to take interest in lending to poor, the corporate office should
come with appropriate performance appraisal and reward policy.
3. The findings about SHGs need to be thoroughly discussed in each Block Level
SGSY Committee (BLSC) and District Level SGSY Committee (DLSC) meetings.
4. Besides credit, infrastructure and training issues must be given equal emphasis,
if not more.
The study has also given a re-look on the implementation process:
(i) While forming SHGs, subsidy or SGSY should not be brought into the picture
at all. Thrift, inter lending, normal bank loan and empowerment must be the focus
during both formation and nurturing period. Facilitators must visit and train them
on regular basis. There should be networking of SHGs regularly. Initially, where
there is not much development of SHG, focus must be on generation of good
SHGs, not on utilization of subsidy.
31
(ii) Planning process must be strengthened for (a) forming SHGs, (b) selecting
activities considering the local skill, resources and market potential (c) providing
training and infrastructural gap.
(iii) For strengthening SHGs, accounts sheet must be used for updating records
regularly.
Reddy (2005) observes that the state of SHGs identifies key areas of
weakness which undermine the sustainability of SHG movement. He identifies the
major areas such as financial management, governance and human resource ranges
from weak to average quality for a majority of SHGs.
APMAS (2006) addressed a wide range of issues including cases of dropouts
from SHGs and internal politics, and issues of social harmony and social justice,
community actions, book-keepings, equity, defaults and recoveries and
sustainability of SHGs.
Singh (2006) also studied SHGs programme of Peoples Education and
Development Organisation and makes an attempt to evaluate social and economic
impact on households of SHGs members. They observed that members involved in
SHGs programme have increased involvement in decision making, awareness
about various programmes and organisations. Moreover, the members get
information about the different sources of credit and also reported that there are the
evidences of household income, food security and increased standard of living.
EDA Rural Systems and APMAS (2006) observed that 30 per cent of SHGs
in the sample were involved in community actions. He accesses the quality of
SHGs on different parameters like involvement in social harmony, social justices,
community action etc. He further observes that only 15% of SHGs have good
quality of records that are maintained by the group members.
32
Kumar (2010) while comparing the differences in quality of SHGs between
SHGs under the umbrella of federations and other SHGs which are not part of
federation observes that federation type SHGs are functioning well. Roy (2007)
undertaken quality assessment of SHGs in West Bengal and this was done by using
twenty indicators like group meeting, members’ participation, group discipline,
savings, micro-credit, financial management, economic and social initiatives and
linkages with institutions. Thus, in group formation, homogeneity in economic
status should be given weightage. Continuity in the perusal of social causes and
issues, group processes, and other social parameters should be considered while
fixing determinants of group quality.
(S.Bhavani, 2009) During the survey, it was found that the knowledge about
the SGSY scheme and its various aspects of the scheme was vague and limited.
Very small proportion of beneficiaries could tell the different components of
scheme. Even some of the officials of the Rural Development Department and
financial institutions in the state (J&K) were not fully aware about various
components of the scheme and their responsibilities for implementing the scheme.
Lack of commitment of officials, their inability to mobilize the Self Help Groups
and illiteracy of rural women were some of the reasons for poor performance of
SGSY in the state.
Sa-Dhan has developed a SHG Performance Measurement Tool (Sa-Dhan
2005) based on its applied research with an objective of helping the SHPIs and
Banks to understand the SHGs in required detail to assess its performance,
including decision making for credit linkage. This tool helps the SHPIs to measure
the quality of SHGs and to identify the areas of strengths and weaknesses of SHGs
33
that would in turn help them to design their capacity building initiatives for SHGs
in a more focused and cost effective manner. This tool also helps banks to
understand and assess SHGs performance in the required detail for credit linkage.
(Ajay Tankha, 2007) field reports of the study suggest that SHGs are
generally not composed of mainly the poorest families; there is greater evidence of
social empowerment rather than significant and consistent economic impact; and
financial skills of group members have not developed as planned.
The present study differs from earlier studies as it focuses on assessing the
performance of SHGs functioning under SGSY scheme in Goa.
Overview of SGSY in Goa
In 1999, SGSY had been launched in Goa through the Rural Development
Agency by the Chief Secretary Shri. Ashoke Nath (I.A.S). During the initial year
the scheme was introduced by R.D.A which was then composed of North and
South District. In the very debut year the agency achieved as much as 51% of the
total target set under the scheme for the year 1999-2000.
Goa had a well spread network of various bank branches. There were as
many as 300 bank branches both commercial and co-operative sector. All the
banks were located in rural areas were involved in SGSY. Thus any beneficiary of
SGSY was not required to move beyond 3km to avail the credit facilities. The
agency acted as the liaison agency with the financial institutions.
The central share for the year 1999-2000 was Rs.29,89000 and state share
was Rs. 11,58000. Under the scheme, the families were identified whose annual
34
income from all the sources was Rs.11000 or below. The loan amount was
sanctioned by the financial institutions whereas the subsidy amount was borne by
the agency. As many as 565 families were assisted against the target of 1100. The
implementation of SGSY scheme has certainly helped in raising agricultural
production as also dairy and fisheries products. It has also helped in providing
gainful employment to the rural people specially unemployed youths, artisans and
women folks.
From the year 2001-02 the R.D.A was divided into two North Goa R.D.A
and South Goa R.D.A respectively. In the same year as many as 454 families were
assisted as against the target of 700 in North Goa. The swarozgaris participated and
placed their stalls in century old Gwalior Trade Fair in Madhya Pradesh with the
assistance of NIC Panjim. In the same year a website has been launched
www.ruralbazargoa.nic.in to provide the marketing support through the internet to
the swarozgaris and give a global market for their product.
In the year 2002-03, 528 families were assisted through individual and group
as against the target of 650. Out of which 65 families belonged from the scheduled
caste. The RDA also organized 4 state level exhibition and the members also
participated in three of the National level exhibitions.
One of the remarkable events in this year was the opening of the permanent outlet
at Old Goa and Calangute beach. A mobile van was also provided to sale their
products.
In the year 2003-04, 570 beneficiaries were identified of which 256 families
were assisted through the individual and group as target of 650 of which 38
families belonged to the Scheduled Caste.
35
One national level exhibition was organized by the agency and two state
level exhibitions were organized. The members participated in 12 National level
exhibitions and 6 state level exhibitions.
To involve maximum households in SHG on pilot basis one project was
started in which Anganwadi workers were involved.
The state of Goa was ranked 3rd (in other state category) in the same year by
the Centre of Management for Development Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram which
had done concurrent evaluation of SGSY in the entire country.
In 2004-05, 490 families were assisted as against the target of 400 of which
41 families were from Scheduled Caste and one from Scheduled Tribes. The
members participated in 14 National Level Exhibitions and 6 different State level
Exhibitions. A permanent stall in MMC under SGSY infrastructure was installed.
In 2005-06, 428 families were assisted as against the target of 400. The
members participated in 13 National level exhibitions and 6 state level exhibitions.
The agency had also organized 5 exhibitions cum sale with the name GOA
SARAS.
Special Project: Goa Bazar:
Special Project under SGSY to provide marketing support to the
swarozgaris was launched. The cost of the project was 9.83 crores which was
approved by the Government of India. This would create permanent structure in
the form of marketing centre, Goa Bazar for sale of products of the swarozgaris
and training centre at Goa Bazar was established to upgrade the skills of the rural
micro enterprises to achieve high productivity and capacity building of
swarozgaris.
36
In 2006-07, 428 families were assisted as against the target of 400. The members
participated in 9 National level Exhibition and 3 state level exhibitions. Almost 18
training courses were provided which were participated by 857participants.
In 2007-08, 470 families were assisted as against the target of 400. The members
participated in 21 National level exhibitions and 3 state level exhibitions.
In 2008-09, 632 families were assisted as against the target of 400. The members
participated in 13 national level exhibitions.
In 2009-10, 629 families were assisted as against the target of 400. The members
participated in 7 National Level Exhibition.
Since the data is available till 2010 information for the year 2010-11 and 2011-12
is not provided.
Following tables shall elucidate about the SGSY in Goa in various context;
Table No. 1.2 Number of SHGs formed under SGSY (Year wise)
1999-
2000
2000-
01
2001-
02
2002-
03
2003-
04
2004
-05
2005-
06
2006-
07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009-
10
565
244 454 106 113 319 57 123 41 - -
The above table indicates the number of SHGs formed under the SGSY over the
years:
In the year 1999-2000, 565 SHGs were formed, in 2000-01 244 SHGs were
mobilized, 2001-02 454 more SHGs were involved under SGSY scheme , while in
2002-03 106 SHGs, 2003-04 113 SHGs, 2004-05 319 SHGs, 2005-06 57 SHGs,
2006-07 123 SHGs and 2007-08 41 SHGs were formed respectively in North and
South Goa respectively.
37
Table No. 1.3 Number of SHGs formed under SGSY (Block-wise) B
ard
ez
Tis
wad
i
Bic
holi
m
Satt
ari
Per
nem
Pon
da
Salc
ete
Dh
arb
an
dora
Qu
epem
Can
aco
na
Morm
ugao
San
geu
m
448 43 155 112 152 88 61 67 119 148 15 65
The above table indicates the number of SHGs formed under SGSY in the
12 blocks. The Bardez taluka has 448 SHGs, Tiswadi has 43 SHGs, Bicholim has
155 SHGs, Sattari has 112 SHGs, Pernem has 152 SHGs, Ponda has 88 SHGs,
Salcete has 61 SHGs, Dharbandora 67 SHGs, Quepem has 119 SHGs, Cancona has
148 SHGs, Mormugao has 15 SHGs and Sanguem has 65 SHGs respectively. It
has been observed that Bardez taluka has the maximum SHGs over the years.
Table No. 1.4 Number of Awareness and Training Programmes provided (Year wise)
Districts 1999-
2000
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002-
03
2003-
04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009-
10
North Goa - - 54 9 7 6 13 18 - - -
South Goa - - 10 44 3 2 16 4 10 3 2
The above table indicates the number of awareness and training programmes
organized by DRDA of North and South Goa over the years.
Table No. 1.5 Central Funds and State funds (Year wise)
Sr.
no
Year North Goa
South Goa
Central Fund
State Fund Central Fund State Fund
1. 1999-2000
29,89,000 11,58,000 - -
2. 2000-2001
25,00,000 16,67,000 54,89,000 16,67,000
3. 2001-2002
17,65,000 5,88,000 7,35,000 24,5000
4. 2002-2003
17,65,000 5,88,000 14,70,000 4,90,000
5. 2003-2004
17,65,000 5,88,000 14,70,000 4,90,000
38
Sr.
no
Year North Goa
South Goa
Central Fund
State Fund Central Fund State Fund
6. 2004-2005
25,47,000 6,82,000 14,70,000 4,90,000
7. 2005-2006
17,65,000 5,88,000 14,70,000 4,90,000
8. 2006-2007
45,99,000 8,82,000 14,70,000 4,90,000
9. 2007-2008
35,30,000 11,76,000 14,70,000 4,90,000
10. 2008-2009
- - 36,75,000 18,38,000
11. 2009-2010
- - 44,10,000 11,02,000
Sources: Annual Reports, DRDA, North and South Goa. (1999-2010)
The above table indicates the centre and state share in North and South Goa
respectively.
Economic Activities
Different SHGs and swarozgaris have their own area of expertise and have
been choosing economic activities of their interests. In this regard the agency has
given them a scope to carry out whatever economic activities which would benefit
them. And accordingly the members have chosen their economic activities.
Over the years different kinds of Income Generating Activities were supported
under the SGSY and they are as follows;
Sweets and Eatables
Embroidery and crochets
Leather bags
Soft toys
Imitation jewellery
Sea shell items
Sale of readymade garments
Clay products
Bamboo crafts
Sale of coconuts
Selling of fish and vegetables
Tailoring
Catering
Masala
Pickle
Agarbatti
SGSY has been successfully implemented in Goa from 1990 to 2010 and
was also carried forward until 2014 with available funds under the scheme. The
39
target group in all rural area back in 1999 was those whose annual income from all
sources is Rs. 11,000 or below. The agency achieved as much as 51% of the total
target set under the scheme.
The implementation of SGSY scheme has certainly helped in raising
agricultural production as also dairy and fisheries products. It has also helped in
providing gainful employment to the rural people specially unemployed youth,
artisans and women folk in the initial phase of the scheme.
The ministry treats evaluation of its policies, programmes and schemes as an
instrument of accountability. As a result, concurrent evaluation studies are under
taken from time to time, through reputed and independent Research institutions/
organizations. The objective is to evaluate the performance of the scheme at the
field level, to assess the impact of the programmes and to identify the bottlenecks
in the implementation process, wherever necessary.
In order to study the best practices and to use the findings of the study for
better programme formulation in future, it is necessary to assess the performance
of SHGs formed under SGSY and overall functioning of SGSY at the state level.
With this objective an ‘Evaluation of SHG performance under SGSY scheme in
Goa’ has been undertaken.
Presently the SGSY scheme has been defunct and a new scheme National
Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) has been implemented in the country but the
state of Goa has not yet implemented the mission and is presently working on the
layout of the mission.
40
Objectives of the Research Study
The study is undertaken with the following objectives:
1. To evaluate the functioning of SHGs formed under SGSY with special
reference to Income Generating Activities.
2. To assess the socio-economic status of SHG members through Income
Generating Activities.
3. To study the impact of training and capacity building on performance of
SHG members under SGSY.
4. To list out problems faced by SHG members in study area.
5. To observe SHG performance under SGSY in study area.
Research Design and Methodology
The research design and methodology is being devised keeping in
consideration the focussed objectives. The study is based on primary and
secondary data. The primary data was collected from the field through a sample
survey, interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. The questionnaires
and interview schedules were prepared keeping in view the objectives of the
proposed study. The interview schedule was used to collect data from DRDA
officials, Bankers and BDOs from the selected talukas as mentioned above.
Questionnaire schedule & Focus Group Discussion were used for collecting
information from the Individual and Group beneficiaries, PRI members, Village
Panchayat Secretaries, Gram Sevaks, Villagers and Anganwadi Workers of the
above mentioned talukas/blocks. Secondary data collection was undertaken
through Government Sources, Journals, Articles, Papers, and other Research
Studies, etc.
41
For the purpose of study only 4 blocks (2 Blocks each from North & South Goa
Districts) out of 12 blocks of state of Goa is selected which is based on two
criteria’s namely: blocks having more number of BPL population and higher
individual & group beneficiaries under the scheme. To simplify the process,
selected individual and SHG beneficiaries of SGSY scheme were chosen through
Purposive Random Sampling Method. For assessing the performance and impact
of SHG formation under SGSY in Goa, SHGs formed majority from the year
2000-2009 were chosen under the sample study.
The primary data was collected from DRDA officials, Bankers and BDOs of
the 4 selected blocks through interview schedule while questionnaires were
conducted for 20 SHG members each from the 4 randomly selected villages of the
4 identified blocks based on the criteria mentioned above.
One Focus Group Discussion with each identified village Panchayat of
selected block was held with PRI members, Village Panchayat Secretaries, Gram
Sevaks, Anganwadi Workers along with the SHG members other than those
identified for discussion in structured schedules.
In all, 30 officials were interviewed from selected blocks of the two districts;
questionnaires were conducted with 20 SHG members each from 4 villages
identified from 4 selected blocks i.e. total 320 respondents (SHG members) filled
questionnaires and 16 focus group discussions were undertaken for research
purpose which has formed the sample size of the research study.
A set of questionnaires are prepared for assessing the functioning, socio-
economic status, impact of training & capacity building and outline constraints
faced by SHG members in the study area. The questionnaires are framed
42
considering literature on functioning of scheme and SHG in particular in different
states. The following variables are identified for the purpose of study:
Sr.
No.
Selected indicators for assessing SHG performance in identified study
area
I. Profile & functioning of
group
1. Profile of SHG members in study area.
2. Role of stakeholders in SHG
promotion/functioning.
3. Reasons for group formation stated by
SHG members.
4. Functions of the office bearers.
5. Members participation in group
functioning.
6. Awareness on functions of office
bearers.
7. Regularity in savings & monthly
deposits.
8. Attendance in group meetings.
9. Maintenance of books & records.
10. Awareness on scheme particulars.
11. Initiation of individual/group
activities.
12. Market support for SHG produce.
II. Socio-economic
empowerment
1. Income generation through micro-
economic development.
2. Enhancement of social status through
SHG formation.
III. Training & capacity building Impact of training & capacity building on
SHG performance.
IV. Constraints Problems faced by SHG members. Source: Compiled from field survey
43
Hypothesis
1. Additional income through Income Generating Activities (IGA) helps to
enhance the socio-economic status of group members.
2. The continuous training and capacity building increases the scope of Income
Generating Activities and nurturing the beneficiaries under SGSY scheme.
Research Questions
The following research questions are framed to assess the SHG performance in the
identified blocks for the purpose of study:
1. Whether an additional income earned through IGA helps to increase the
socio-economic status of group members identified in the study area.
2. Whether imparting continuous doses of training and capacity building will
increase the scope of IGA and nurture the SHG member.
The following research questions are designed to get the required information from
the identified SHG members:
1. Does the participation in SHG helped to enhance the level of decision-
making (social & economic aspects) at home?
2. Does the SHG involvement in training & capacity building encouraged to
increase entrepreneurial skills and growth of SHG members?
Significance of the Study
The assessment of SHGs performance is one of the challenging issues and
the present study area also indicates the same. Various rating tools devised to
understand micro-finance development and SHGs empowerment; however social,
economic and training aspects of SHG functioning rarely seen in the rating system.
44
Here, an effort is made to assess the performance of the SHG member in the area
of study with respect to participation and level of empowerment in social &
economic fronts and enhancing entrepreneurial traits.
Limitation of the Study
The research study is conducted in only four identified blocks/talukas and
not covered all blocks/talukas of two districts of the state.
SHG members who are functioning at identified villages from the selected
blocks were chosen for the purpose of study while groups which are dormant
in the identified villages of the selected blocks could not be examined.
45
Chapter II
DATA ANALYSIS- SHG Members
This chapter is based on field survey. As mentioned in chapter I, for the
purpose of research study 2 blocks each from North & South Goa Districts were
selected based on criteria’s: more number of BPL population and higher number of
beneficiaries under SGSY.
Ones the blocks were identified from both districts 16 villages i.e. 4 villages
from each block were randomly selected. From each village a total of 20 SHG
members under SGSY were selected randomly to conduct interview which were
formed majority from the year 2000-2009. Interviews were also conducted with the
government officials and bank officials, which is elaborated in the chapter IV. The
research study also conducted Focus Group Discussions in the villages, whose
participants comprised not only the SHGs members but also PRI members, staff
and the locals, which is more elaborated in the chapter V which completely focuses
and deals with it.
From Bardez block the villages which were identified were Bastora, Verla-
Canca, Arpora-Nagoa and Sucorro. From Sattari block the villages which were
identified were Thane, Keri, Paryem and Bhirondem. From Quepem block the
villages which were identified were Balli, Barcem, Cauvrempirla and Morpirla.
From Cancona block the villages which were identified were Khotigao, Cola,
Gaondongrem and Shristhal.
A total of 320 interviews were conducted across the selected blocks and the
data has been formulated completely based on the information provided by the
members.
46
BARDEZ BLOCK
Table No. 2. 1. Village Profile:
Village
Panchayat
Male
population
Female
population
BPL(Household)
Population
Total
Population
Literacy
Rate
Bastora 1918 2025 141 3943 91.65%
Verla-Canca 1890 1795 351 3685 90.80%
Sucorro 6634 6274 6000 12908 10725
(in numbers)
Arpora-Nagoa 2092 2188 65 4280 90.81%
Source: DRDA & Panchayats
47
Table No. 2.2 SHG Profile:
Name of
the
Block
Name of the
Village
Panchayat
Name of SHG No. of
Respondents
interviewed
per group
Year of SHG
Formation
Bank Name & Year of
opening Bank Account
Name of the
SHG
Facilitation/
Promoter
Bardez 1) Bastora a) Utkarsh SHG
05 2005 Corporation Bank, 2005
DRDA
Official b) Shri Shantadurga
SHG
04 2009 Corporation Bank, 2009
c) Shri Ganesh
SHG
05 2009 Corporation Bank, 2009
d) Laxmi SHG
03 2009 Corporation Bank, 2009
e) Shri Mangesh
SHG
03 2009 Corporation Bank, 2009
2) Verla- Canca a) Shri Ganesh
SHG
03 2006 Dena Bank, 2006 SHG
Member b) Shri Ganesh
SHG
02 2007 Dena Bank, 2007
c) Om Namah
Shivay SHG
02 2006 Dena Bank, 2006
d) Navjivan SHG
03 2009 Bank of India, 2009 DRDA
Official e) Mahalaxmi SHG
01 2006 Dena Bank, 2006
f) Jai Santoshi Maa
SHG
01 2007 Dena Bank, 2007
g) Sai baba SHG
04 2006 Dena Bank, 2006
h) Dhanlaxmi SHG
04 2006 Dena Bank, 2006
48
Bardez 3) Sucorro a) Vetal Rashtroli
Prasanna SHG
05 2007 Corporation Bank, 2007 DRDA Official
b) Swami Samarth
SHG
02 2007 Union Bank, 2007
c) Khajreshwar
SHG
03 2007 Corporation Bank, 2007
d) Bodgeshwar
SHG
01 2008 Corporation Bank, 2008
f) Bhagirathi SHG
03 2007 Corporation Bank, 2007
g) Shri Vetal
Prasanna SHG
02 2007 Bank of India, 2007 SHG Member
h) Siddhi Vinayak
SHG
04 2007 Corporation Bank, 2007 DRDA Official
4) Arpora a) Shri Arvaishwar
Prasanna SHG
04 2007 Dena Bank, 2007 DRDA Official
b) Sharvani SHG
05 2007 Corporation Bank, 2007
c) Nagnath SHG
04 2006 Corporation Bank, 2006
d) Rashtroli
Prasanna SHG
07 2007 Dena Bank, 2007
Source: Primary data.
Table no.2.2 gives a proforma of the SHGs identified randomly from selected villages of Bardez Block.
49
SATTARI BLOCK
Table No. 2.3 Village Profile:
Village
Panchayat
Male
population
Female
population
BPL(Household)
Population
Total
Population
Literacy Rate
Paryem 2651 2505 732 5156 83.81%
Bhirondem 1822 1776 604 3698 89.20%
Thane 2774 2461 399 5235 70%
Keri 3012 3031 451 6043 80%
Source: DRDA & Panchayats
50
Table No. 2.4 SHG Profile:
Name of the Block Name of the
Village Panchayat
Name of SHG No. of
Respondents
interviewed per
group
Year of SHG
Formation
Bank Name & Year of
opening Bank Account
Name of the SHG
Facilitation/Promoter
Sattari 1) Thane 1) Lahirai SHG
07 2007 State Bank of India, 2007
SHG Member
2) Adarsh Mahila
SHG
10 2003 State Bank of India, 2003
3) Savitri bai
Phule SHG
01 2005 State Bank of India, 2005
4) Jai Santoshi
SHG
01 2012 State Bank of India, 2012
5) Mahalaxmi
SHG
01 2011 State Bank of India, 2011
2) Bhirondem 1) Gadvansh SHG
04
2004 State Bank of India, 2004 DRDA Officials
2) Saraswati SHG 05
2008 Goa State Cooperative
Bank, 2009
3) Yashdevi SHG 05 2004 State Bank of India, 2004
SHG Member
4) Mahalasa Sateri
SHG
06 2007 State Bank of India, 2007
3) Poryem 1) Sateri Devi
SHG
05 2004 State Bank of India, 2004 SHG Member
2) Ravalnath SHG 05 2009 Goa State Cooperative
Bank, 2009
Anganwadi worker
3) Sanskruti SHG 04 2006 State Bank of India, 2006
DRDA Official
4) Vatareshwar
SHG
06 2007 Goa State Cooperative
Bank, 2007
SHG Member
51
Name of the Block Name of the
Village Panchayat
Name of SHG No. of
Respondents
interviewed per
group
Year of SHG
Formation
Bank Name & Year of
opening Bank Account
Name of the SHG
Facilitation/Promoter
Sattari 4) Keri 1) Gadvansh SHG
01 2003 State Bank of India, 2003 DRDA Official
2) Shubhlaxmi
SHG
02 2008 State Bank of India, 2008 SHG Member
3) Gajantlaxmi
SHG
05 2009 State Bank of India, 2009 DRDA Official
4) Siddhi SHG
04 2009 State Bank of India, 2009 SHG Member
5) Siddeshwar
SHG
04 2007 State Bank of India, 2007 DRDA Official
6) Saraswati SHG
02 2009 Goa State Co-operative
Bank, 2009
DRDA Official
7) Bhavani mata
SHG
01 2007 State Bank of India, 2007 SHG Member
8) Sateri Ajoba
SHG
01 2003 State Bank of India, 2003 DRDA Official
Source: Primary data.
Table no. 2.4 gives a proforma of the SHGs identified randomly from selected villages of Sattari Block.
52
QUEPEM BLOCK
Table No. 2.5 Village Profile:
Village
Panchayat
Male
population
Female
population
BPL(Household)
Population
Total
Population
Literacy Rate
Morpirla 1480 1377 3222 3222 75.93%
Cauvrempirla 486 434 2369 3513 79.44%
Barcem 1413 1272 5125 5406 69.33%
Balli 1458 1486 970 7377 86.91%
Source: DRDA & Panchayats
53
Table No. 2.6 SHG Profile:
Name of the Block Name of the
Village Panchayat
Name of SHG No. of
Respondents
interviewed per
group
Year of SHG
Formation
Bank Name & Year of
opening Bank Account
Name of the SHG
Facilitation/Promoter
Quepem 1) Morpirla 1) Mallikarjun
Mahila Mandal
SHG
03 2002 State Bank of India, 2002 SHG Member
2) Sunraj SHG 02 2006 Central Bank of India,
2006
3) Saptakoteshwar
SHG
03 2008 State Bank of India, 2009
4) Nirakar SHG 03 2009 Central Bank of India,
2009
5) Mallikarjun
SHG
05 2006 State Bank of India, 2006
6) Tulshi devi
SHG
04 2009 Goa State Co-operative
Bank 2010
2) Barcem 1) Mahadev SHG
11 2000 State Bank of India, 2000 DRDA Official
2) Durga
Siddheshwar
SHG
08 2002 Central Bank of India,
2002
DRDA Official
3) Sidhanath SHG 01 2008 Dena Bank, 2008 SHG Member
3) Caurem –Pirla 1)Mahamaya SHG
06 2002 State Bank of India, 2002 DRDA Official
2) Kulgadevi SHG 06 2002 State Bank of India, 2002 DRDA Official
3) Jalmi SHG 02 2002 State Bank of India, 2002 DRDA Official
4) Siddheshwar
SHG
03 2002 State Bank of India, 2002 SHG Member
54
Quepem 3) Caurem –Pirla 5) Datta Prasad
SHG
01 2006 State Bank of India, 2006 SHG Member
6) Paikdevi Sateri
SHG
02 2003 State Bank of India, 2003 DRDA Official
4) Balli 1) Bhumi Purush
SHG
07 2004 Goa State Co-operative
Bank 2004
DRDA Official
2) Bhramdev SHG 06 2007 Dena Bank, 2007
DRDA Official
3) PanchPurush
SHG
04
2007 Dena Bank, 2007 SHG Member
4) Shantadurga
SHG
03
2006 Dena Bank, 2006 DRDA Official
Source: Primary data.
Table no.2.6 gives a proforma of the SHGs identified randomly from selected villages of Quepem Block.
55
CANACONA BLOCK
Table No. 2.7 Village Profile:
Village
Panchayat
Male
population
Female
population
BPL(Household)
Population
Total
Population
Literacy Rate
Khola 3826 3758 631 7584 80.26%
Cotigao 1982 1587 513 3569 71.43%
Shristhal 2621 2300 627 4921 80%
Gaondongrem 2561 2385 556 5413 74.57%
Source: DRDA & Panchayats
56
Table No. 2.8 SHG Profile:
Name of the Block Name of the
Village Panchayat
Name of SHG No. of
Respondents
interviewed per
group
Year of SHG
Formation
Bank Name & Year of
opening Bank Account
Name of the SHG
Facilitation/Promoter
Canacona 1) Cotigao 1) Sanjeevani
SHG
01 2008 State Bank of India, 2008
DRDA Official
2) Nirankal SHG 01 2002 State Bank of India, 2002
DRDA Official
3) Shivani SHG 02 2008 State Bank of India, 2008
DRDA Official
4) Bhumi purush
SHG
06 2002 State Bank of India, 2002
DRDA Official
5) Mahadevi SHG 05 2002 State Bank of India, 2002
DRDA Official
6) Kumkum SHG 05 2007 State Bank of India, 2007
SHG Member
2) Shristhal 1) Mallikarjun
SHG
02 2006 Bank of India, 2006
SHG Member
2) Jalmi purush
SHG
01 2009 State Bank of India, 2009
SHG Member
3) Avtarpurush
SHG
03 2009 Corporation Bank, 2009
DRDA Official
4) Sasandev SHG 05 2009 Canara Bank, 2009
SHG Member
5) Garvaipursh
SHG
09 2008 Canara Bank, 2008
DRDA Official
3) Cola 1) Vaibhav laxmi
SHG
02 2009 State Bank of India, 2009 SHG Member
2) Laxmi SHG 02 2009 State Bank of India, 2009
SHG Member
3) Shri Renuka
SHG
04 2008 State Bank of India, 2008
DRDA Official
57
4) Santoshi Maa
SHG
06 2008 State Bank of India, 2008
SHG Member
5) Om Sai SHG 02 2007 State Bank of India, 2007
DRDA Official
6) Aadinath SHG 01 2008 State Bank of India, 2008
SHG Member
7) Jalmi SHG 01 2009 Canara Bank, 2009
DRDA Official
8) Bramhadev
SHG
01 2008 State Bank of India, 2009
DRDA Official
9) Vithal Rakumai
SHG
01 2009 State Bank of India, 2009
DRDA Official
4) Gaodongrem 1) Laxmi SHG 01 2008 State Bank of India, 2008
DRDA Official
2) Mallika SHG
04 2004 State Bank of India, 2004
DRDA Official
3) Khutipurush
SHG
04 2008 State Bank of India, 2008
DRDA Official
4) Parvati SHG 06 2004 State Bank of India, 2004
DRDA Official
5) Shiva purush
SHG
05 2003 State Bank of India, 2003
DRDA Official
Source: Primary data.
Table no.2.8 gives a proforma of the SHGs identified randomly from selected villages of Quepem Block.
58
The above table no. 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 & 2.8 indicates that a total of 20
beneficiaries from each village irrespective of the SHGs they belonged to under
SGSY were taken into account for the purpose of survey and total of 320
sampled beneficiaries of these SHGs as available at the time of survey were
questioned to carry out the study from identified blocks in Goa.
Analysis and Interpretation
Following are the findings of the study:
Profile of sampled beneficiaries:
Out of 320 beneficiaries, 42.8% belonged in the age group of 40-50years,
31.3% fall in the age group of 30-40years and 20.6% belonged in the age group
of 50 and above and only 5.3% fall in the age group of 20-30years out of which
89.7% are married whereas only 8.8% are widow and only 1.6% are single. The
group members were majority of BPL category where in some have completed
primary/secondary level education while others were non-literate.
Role of stakeholders in promotion functioning of SHGs under SGSY:
77.5% of the total 320 respondents said that DRDA officials were an
important reason for which they joined the SHG of which the data shows 88.8%
support received from implementing agency to Sattari block, 85% to Canacona
block, 82.5% in Bardez block and 53.8% in Quepem block followed by 6.3% of
the total respondents gave credit to elected representatives for joining the group
and a very low percentage of school teachers, Anganwadi workers and NGOs
initiated the SHG functioning in the state of which Anganwadi workers 2.8%,
school teachers 2.5% & NGO 0.6%. Approximately 10% of them highlighted
the contribution of individual group members who motivated the members to
join the group. When asked the involvement of panch members in formation of
SHGs, 79.1% of respondents responded that there is no involvement of
59
panchayat whatsoever and 20.9% said that the panch members were involved in
the formation of the SHGs. Further asked about the role of NGOs in formation
of SHGs 98.1% said there was no involvement.
The following table no. 2.9 shows reasons highlighted by group members to
form SHG:
Sr.
No.
Reasons Name of the Block (%)
Bardez Sattari Quepem Canacona
1. To enhance family
income
66.3% 50% 43.8% 45%
2. To get benefits of
loan/ subsidy/
revolving fund from
scheme
21.3% 23.8% 25% 38.8%
3. To undertake IGA
10% 25% 30% 16.3%
The major reasons to join the group is to enhance the family income as
they belonged from BPL, followed by to avail the benefits of loan or subsidy
and revolving funds and few of them said to undertake IGA and some
highlighted that to seek information and knowledge, avail government facilities
and move out of the house. However, the group members could have given
equal importance to start up an IGA of the SHG which is the core objective of
the SGSY to enhance their family income while benefits of the scheme would
have received simultaneously as support from DRDA to begin small scale
enterprise.
Functions of the Office Bearers:
When asked about the functions of the office bearers among the total
respondents 74.1% believed that the office bearers have to initiate the group
meeting, 55% believed that the office bearers have to form the bank linkage,
60
34.1% believed that the office bearers have to maintain SHGs account &
records and 14% to create self employment ventures.
Participation in SHG Functioning:
Nearly 86.6% respondents participated in decision making process of
SHGs and when further enquired about their contribution, they said they
encouraged for undertaking group activities and approached bank institutions
for loan proposals and also mentioned that they distributed bank transactions
among the group members.
Table no. 2.10 Block-wise awareness on functions of Office Bearers:-
Sr.
No.
Core Functions Name of the Block (%)
Bardez Sattari Quepem Canacona
1. Initiate Group
Meeting
72.5% 76.3% 87.5% 60%
2. Set up Bank Linkage
63.8% 86.3% 26.3% 43.8%
3. Identify Self
Employment Ventures
33.8% 6.3% 12.5% 3.8%
4. Maintenance of
Accounts & Records
45% 31.3% 28.8% 31.3%
5. Participation in
Decision- Making
85% 91.3% 76.3% 93.8%
Above table shows block-wise level of awareness on functions of office
bearers among SHG members of the identified blocks with response to conduct
the SHG meeting, linking the SHG with banking Institution, to start an IGA of
the SHG, maintaining SHG registers & accounts and also their active
participation in routine affairs of the group.
61
Table no. 2.11 Block-wise data on Total Savings and Monthly Deposits of
SHG:
Sr.
No.
Name of the
Block
Total Savings % Monthly
Deposits
%
1. Bardez a) Up to Rs. 50,000/-
61.3% a) Rs. 100/- 53.8%
b) Rs. 50,000/- to Rs.
1 lakh
23.8% b) Rs. 200/- 37.5%
c) Rs. 1 lakh to
1,50,000/-
10% c) Rs. 300/- 1.3%
d) Rs. 1,50,000/- to
Rs. 2 lakhs
5% d) Rs. 500/- 7.5%
2. Sattari a) Up to Rs. 50,000/-
70% a) Rs. 100/- 81.3%
b) Rs. 50,000/- to Rs.
1 lakh
15% b) Rs. 200/- 13.8%
c) Rs. 1 lakh to
1,50,000/-
6.3% c) Rs. 500/-
d) Rs. 1,50,000/- to
Rs. 2 lakhs
7.5% d) Rs. 500/-
e) Rs. 2 lakhs to
2,50,000/-
1.3% e) Rs. 500/- 5%
3. Quepem a) Up to Rs. 50,000/-
77.5% a) less than
Rs. 100/-
25%
b) Rs. 50,000/- to Rs.
1 lakh
8.8% b) Rs. 100/- 68.8%
c) Rs. 2,50,000/- &
above
13.8% c) Rs. 200/- 3.8%
e) Rs. 300/-
2.5%
4. Canacona a) Up to Rs. 50,000/- 71.3% a) less than
Rs. 100/-
51.3%
b) Rs. 50,000/- to Rs.
1 lakh
28.8% b) Rs. 100/- 42.5%
c) Rs. 200/-
6.3%
Table no. 2.11 shows the majority groups could save up to Rs. 50,000/-
out of individual/ group activities while monthly deposits of the group ranges
from less than Rs. 100/- to up to Rs. 200/- p.m. The analysis also reports, 2%
62
interest is paid on members savings which has been agreed by around 70% to
90% respondents during the visit organized at block level.
Further, on an average analysis it shows, about 70% respondents total
savings of the group is up to Rs. 50,000/-, 19.1% is in the range of Rs. 50,000-
Rs. 1,00,000/-, 4.1% is in the range of Rs.1,00,000/--Rs. 1,50,000/-, 3.4% in the
range of Rs.2,50,000/- and above, 3.1% in the range of Rs.1,50,000/--Rs.
2,00,000/-. While, on average about 61.6% of the respondents have stated that
the monthly deposit is Rs. 100; 15.3% save Rs.200 per month; 19.1% save less
than Rs.100 per month; 4% save more than Rs.300 per month with minimum
2% of interest rate.
SHG Meetings:
SHG members interviewed reported they attend their regular SHG
meeting organized at village level which is normally proposed once a month. A
cent percent attendance is observed during SHG meetings by the members of
which 97.8% have said that they meet once in the month and only 2.2% have
said that they meet twice in the month. With regard to the participation 80% of
the respondents have said that all the members meet regularly.
Approximately 50.9% of the respondents have stated that the date for the
next meeting have been prefixed, 20.9% have stated that any member informs
about the date and venue of the meeting, 19.1% stated that leader informs about
the date and the venue, 7% have stated that the secretary, treasurer, president or
they decide during the meeting.
It has also been found that 69.4% of the total respondents have late
attendance fine ranging from less than Rs.10 to Rs.30 and at the same time
93.4% of the respondents have stated that there is fine imposed for being absent
for the meeting ranging from less than Rs. 10/- to above Rs.50/-.
63
Observation in the meeting:
When questioned about their observations in the meeting 50.6% of the
respondents said that all follow group meeting, 34.1% said that members are
less motivated to participate in group activities, 9.7% said that the members
don’t follow the procedures of the meeting, 3.1% said that there is poor
attendance and only 0.3% have stated that there is dominance by the office
bearers.
Maintenance of Books:
Following books are maintained by the SHGs which further helps in
smooth execution of group accounts:
Table no. 2.12 Maintenance of Books and Records:
Items Cumulative % of
SHGs
maintaining
books in
identified blocks
Bardez Sattari Quepem Canacona
Minutes Book
70.3% 83.8% 90% 52.5% 55%
Ledger Book
21.6% 38.8% 13.8% 23.8% 10%
Bank Pass Book
97.5% 100% 100% 90% 100%
Repayment
Particulars
20.3% 10% 38.8% 100% 32.5%
Attendance
Register
96.6% 100% 98.8% 87.5% 100%
Cash Book
69.7% 100% 70% 48.8% 60%
Individual Pass
Book
54.7% 75% 51.3% 67.5% 25%
64
Revolving Fund:
With response to awareness on scheme particulars the data received at
block level reveals that the groups are not much aware of the Revolving Fund
amount which is up to Rs 10,000/- per SHG routed through Scheme
Implementing Agency. 75% of members from Sattari block showed awareness
of Revolving fund while other blocks i.e. Bardez, Quepem & Canacona showed
15%, 35% & 25% awareness respectively. When enquired about the utilization
of the RF 36.8% stated that they utilized for personal benefits of the members,
21.2% stated that they utilized for the multipurpose activities, 13.2% stated that
it was utilized for the purchase of raw material and equipments, 12.8% stated
that it was utilized to fulfill loan requirements of the members, 10% stated that
it was utilized to avail marketing infrastructure and 3.2% stated various other
reasons.
SHG Loan Proposal:
When discussed about groups initiative for availing loan/subsidy of the
SGSY Scheme, it was revealed that only 42% beneficiaries of the scheme from
Bardez block applied for loan/subsidy facilities within first 3 month of the
initial year. While 25% of the SHG members from Sattari block availed the
loan/subsidy between 4th to 6th month while majority of them applied after one
year. In case of Quepem & Canacona block 36% & 37% respectively applied
for loan/subsidy facilities after completion of one year of them group formation.
Further the responses also revealed 30% & 18% of them from Quepem &
Canacona block did not applied for loan/subsidy benefits till date. However, the
data received also shows 48.5% reasoned to undertake individual or group
activity, 26.3% said to develop infrastructural support, 21.5% said to meet
routine needs of the members and 3.7% gave various other reasons.
65
With regard to enrolment under Group Life Insurance of SHGs under
SGSY Scheme, very few respondents approx. 11.25% were aware of the
enrolment under Group Life Insurance as reported by sampled beneficiaries of
Bardez, Sattari & Canacona. While beneficiaries examined from Quepem block
were not at all aware of the benefit.
Defaulters:
6.3% of the total respondents said that there are defaulters in the group of
which 41.2% said that such members are not entertained in the group, 17.6%
said that they framed group by-laws, 11.8% said that disciplinary action was
taken against them. 29.4% gave various other measures which included loans
were not given to the members and sometimes the members repaid it themselves
and then slowly recovered it from the defaulters.
Support of Bank:
About 10.7% of the respondents faced difficulties in getting loan from
banks of which 55.2% found indifferent attitude of the bank officials, 31%
faced difficulty in providing required documents and 13.8% were facing lack of
support from other group members.
Economic activity:
Following economic activities mentioned in table no. 13 are carried out
by the SHG members under supervision and guidance received from various
stakeholders:
66
Table no. 2.13 Type of Economic Activities:
Economic Activities Cumulative % of SHGs
carrying IGA in
identified blocks
Catering
12.8%
Cultivation of
Vegetables
58.4%
Agarbatti
1.3%
Masala/ Pickle
11.3%
Tailoring
3.8%
Cashew plantation
10%
Eatable Items
13.4%
Selling of Coconuts
24.7%
Clay Products
0.3%
Bamboo Crafts
3.1%
Chilly Mill
3.1%
Fishing
3.8%
The purpose of SHG formation under SGSY Scheme is to make
especially the women folk self employed and cross the poverty line of the BPL
families in the state. With this objective, it could be observed 17.5% of the
respondents gone for catering as their income generating activity in Bardez
block which was selected as a group activity while most of them went for
individual activity such as 25% each of the members opted preparation of
eatable items & masala/ pickle makin respectively, while 6.3% each of the
members interviewed chosen cultivation of vegetables & selling coconuts.
While some members of the group did not opted any economic activity.
From Sattari Block, majority SHG members preferred an individual
activity such as 58.6% of them went for cultivation of vegetables, 12.5% each
67
of the SHG members interviewed opted preparation of eatable items & selling
coconuts, 8.8% chosen masala/pickle making as their income generating
activity. Only 8.8% group members chosen catering as their group activity.
The 88.8% & 80% respondents respectively of Quepem & Canacona
blocks selected cultivation of vegetables as their individual activity. While
52.5% & 27.5% of them opted selling coconuts as their economic activity from
Quepem & Canacona blocks respectively. Only few went for group activity
such as 16.3% from Quepem & 8.8% from Canacona chosen catering business.
Thus, an average 58.4% of SHG members from study area went for
vegetable cultivation as their IGA, 24.7% shows coconut selling as economic
activity of identified group members; both these activities has been undertaken
as individual activity by the group members while only 12.8% SHG members
identified chosen catering as their group activity.
Marketing Avenue:
SHG members received marketing support from DRDAs through
exhibitions organized within & outside the state. However the produce is
generally being sold out in village by the members as there is no fixed/regular
market set up to sell out SHG products.
The data collected shows 40% marketing support was received to group
members of Bardez block through exhibitions organized by implementing
agency where as support through local market was only 16.3% . While other
group members from identified blocks received more support through local
market in comparison to State/National level exhibitions organized by
implementing agency i.e. local market support to Sattari, Quepem & Canacona
was 30%, 67.5%, & 57.5% respectively and market support through exhibitions
organized at State/National Level exhibitions was 21.3%, 17.5% & 321.3%
respectively.
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Economic Status:
The economic status of identified SHGs was examined through
systematic questionnaire method which reveals nearly 46.3% & 41.3% of
women folk from Bardez & Quepem block respectively could not contribute to
their family income before forming SHG while 38.8% & 41.3% of women
members from Bardez & Quepem block respectively could contribute to their
family income after being part of SHG ranging from Rs.1000/- to Rs. 2000/- per
month.
Around 40% and 46.3% of women members from Sattari & Canacona
blocks were seen proactive as they contributed to family income even before
joining SHG however the amount was less than Rs. 1000/- per month which
further increased between Rs. 1000/- to Rs. 2000/- p.m. after they joined SHG.
The following table no. 2.14 shows % of income earned by SHGs annually
from IGA:
Sr.
No.
Amount Name of the Block (%)
Bardez Sattari Quepem Canacona
a. Less than
Rs. 25,000/-
66.3% 45% 45% 53.8%
b. Between Rs.
25,000/- to Rs.
50,000/-
31.3% 32.5% 38.8% 33.8%
The table no. 2.14 shows 66.3% group members from Bardez block and
53.8% group members from Canacona block earns annual income which is less
than Rs. 25,000/- while 45% each SHGs from Sattari & Quepem earns annual
income less than Rs. 25,000/- through IGA. The figures of amount earned out
of IGA annually by SHGs of Bardez, Sattari, Quepem & Canacona are 31.3 %,
32.5%, 38.8% & 33.8% respectively which ranges from Rs. 25,000/- to
50,000/-.
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Socio-Economic Empowerment:
When asked about benefits of joining the SHGs 44.4% said that it created
self employment, 48.1% said it helped them to work in group, 37.5% said it
increased their income expenditure, 38.8% said it increased their savings, 7.2%
said it enhanced entrepreneurship skills and 5% said it helped in availing health
and education facilities.
About 85.1% respondents stated the involvement in SHGs has enhanced
empowerment in which they are now able to take decisions in children
education and health to nearly 33.8%, they can take part in decision of family
matters to 24.9%, increased communication skill which was found to 36.8%,
purchasing power to 30.9%, individual identity to 34%.
The participation in Gram Sabha was shown to 63.1% stating that they
participate in meetings, but participation in PRI elections and forming new
SHGs is negligible.
Skill Development Training:
When asked about the training 19.1% said they received cookery
classes, 9.7% got handloom and jute bag making training, 6.3% said they
received imitation jewellery making training, 9.4% got training with regard to
the cultivation. The training in turn helped the members to work in groups,
created opportunity of self employment and increased level of savings. 39.1%
said that they didn’t receive any sort of training to upgrade their potentials.
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Table no. 2.15 Impact of Training on SHG Performance:
Sr.
No.
Type of Training
/Performance level
Name of the Block (%)
Bardez Sattari Quepem Canacona
a. Orientation Training
under SGSY
41.3% 41.3% 45% 47.5%
b. Skill Development
Training
38.8% 23.8% 47.5% 42.5%
c. Level of Group
Performance
18.8% 16.3% 27.5% 31.3%
The table no. 2.15 shows out of 80 SHG members interviewed from
identified villages of Bardez block 41.3% received orientation traininig
programme and 38.8% of them under gone skill development training while
18.8 % members of group agreed on their increase in group performance after
training & capacity building of the SHG members at block level.
In case of Sattari, Quepem & Canacona blocks 41.3%, 45% & 47.5%
respectively undergone orientation programme. While 23.8%, 47.5% & 42.5%
members from Sattari, Quepem & Canacona blocks respectively trained on skill
development programmes. Wherein 16.3%, 27.5% & 31.3% members Sattari,
Quepem & Canacona blocks respectively reported on enhancement of their
group performance through training particularly in handling group meetings and
procedure to followed.
Table no. 2.16 Impact of Capacity Building and Training on Skill
Development:
Sr.
No.
Type of Skills Name of the Block (%)
Bardez Sattari Quepem Canacona
a. Leadership
12.5% 18.8% 18.8% 18.8%
b. Communication
23.8% 26.5% 17.5% 27.5%
c. Planning &
Management
15% 27.5% 16.3% 45%
d. Decision –Making
15% 15% 27.5% 23.8%
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The above table shows, capacity building & training has helped to
improve the skills of communication, quality of planning & management in
groups and decision –making process with in the groups.
The group members also participated in social activities at village level such as:
a. Reduce number of liquor shops in village.
b. Awareness on importance of girl child education.
c. Awareness on women issues.
Constraints:
Following are the constraints faced by SHG members from 4 identified
blocks which the groups intends to improve in future;
a. Lack of marketing support.
b. Irregular attendance.
c. Difficulty in availing bank loan.
d. Lack of constant support from implementing agency & other stakeholders
to enhance marketing potential.
Key Observations:
1. Majority SHG members from study area are lacking in leadership skills in
comparison to skills of communication and decision-making.
2. Most of the SHG members also indicated increase in their group
performance after undergoing continuous orientation & skill based
trainings while some of the identified SHG members did not receive
single training for skill development.
3. Almost 85.1% of respondents reported that the involvement in SHGs
has enhanced the level of empowerment interms of decision-making
particularly in children education, health issues, purchasing power and
decisions in household matters.
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4. The data shows an average 52.5% of identified SHGs earn annual income
which is less than Rs. 25,000/- while almost 34.1% of them earned annual
income ranging from Rs. 25,000/- to Rs. 50,000/- out of IGA in identified
blocks. 7.2% said they receive income up to Rs. 50,000/- to Rs. 1 lakh
annually while 6.3 % of them receive annual income to Rs. 1 lakh &
above.
5. It is also observed, an average 58.4% of SHG members from study area
went for vegetable cultivation as their IGA, 24.7% shows coconut selling
as economic activity of identified group members; both these activities
has been undertaken as individual activity by the group members while
only 12.8% SHG members chosen catering as their group activity.
6. As regards to maintenance of SHG records & registers, it is observed a
good number of group members do aware of maintenance of minutes
book, attendance register, bank/individual pass book, cash book while
awareness on maintenance of ledger book & loan repayment particulars
among the group members is very minimal.
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Chapter III
DATA ANALYSIS - Government & Bank Officials
The research didn’t focus only on the beneficiaries but also tried to
closely analyze the scheme from the minds of government officials as well as
the bank officials who were related to the SGSY scheme. Interviews were
conducted for the government officials as well as bank officials. A total of 30
officials were interviewed of which 14 were government officials which
included 2 Project Directors of North and South Goa, Assistant Project
Directors, Technical Assistants and Block Development Officers of the
respective 4 blocks and bank officials. The questionnaire included some close
ended questions as well as open ended questions which we have analyzed in this
chapter in more depth.
Two different sets of questionnaire were prepared for the government
officials and the bank officials.
Further with regard to highlighting the problems and suggestions both the
government officials and bank officials have given insight into the scheme
which could be improved in the NRLM scheme.
According to the officials one of the major set-back is the lack of required
training to the members. They are of the opinion that if given proper skill based
training to the SHG members there would be more scope of improvement and
development. It would enhance the productivity and it would effectively bring
necessary changes. And for this the government needs to take initiative by not
only providing proper training but also channeling their talent and giving them
platform to show case their skills and also market for their produce. This can be
done through periodic exhibitions which the government can organize. And
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even the bank officials should be enthusiastic in organizing such exhibitions
with the collaboration of the government. One such example is Dena Bank of
Arpora-Nagoa had organized exhibition and had taken the SHG members for
exhibitions. Such initiative would lead to healthy growth of the group and
would lead to proper further enhancement of their skills and talents.
With regard to specific skills or rare talent the government should also
identify such persons and give them space and scope to further improvise and
develop their skills.
The problem of lack of marketing was also highlighted by the officials.
The SHG members have to face serious set-back when it comes to sell the
produce. The products do not have market value because of which it doesn’t get
the desired rate. The SHG products lack branding and also at the same time they
do not have a proper marketing avenue for the sale. They do not a permanent
venue wherein they can put their produce and sell it off. They either have to sell
their produce through a middle man i.e. to market it on some retail store which
does not give them the necessary profit. The government though provides
everything right from technical support to financial assistance but somehow has
lacked in providing marketing support which gives serious repercussion on the
produce as well as it hampers the growth of the SHGs. Thus linking SHG and
their produce to the marketing agencies with regard to sell of vegetables, fruits
or handicrafts to the institutions such as state horticulture department,
agricultural department, handicraft and handloom department which would give
such groups platform to sell off their produce.
Another solution could be setting up of regular Marketing Avenue for
such produce which would enhance and increase their selling power. If provided
with proper shops or stalls the SHG members wouldn’t hesitate to start up a
business. One of the major reasons the members are not keen in starting up
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business is because of the unavailability of the market. If at all permanent
avenue is provided to such members chances are high that more people would
join in the group and empower themselves.
The officials also highlight the need for regular follow ups and need more
training/camps/exhibitions to be organized which would allow the SHG across
the state to communicate with each other and with exchange of ideas and
information there is a possibility of improvement among them.
Some of the bank officials also highlighted that the government should
take keen interest in the functioning of the SHG in the context of the scheme. It
has been observed that some of the SHG do not take up economic activity and
only carry out inter-lending. This it is moving away from the objective of the
scheme for empowering these communities by giving them ample scope in
carrying out economic activities. These days the only aim of certain SHGs is
inter-lending and availing subsidy on the loans and have become like the any
non-SGSY SHG. Therefore it is necessary to keep a check on the routine
activities of the members and encourage them to take up economic activities.
It is also been suggested that the role of NGOs can be in forefront when
speaking about training. Every time the government agency is not in position to
provide 100% attention to the needs of the SHGs in terms of training and hence,
comes the role of NGOs which can effectively cater needs of the SHGs in the
respective areas. The NGOs can take up initiative and collaborate with the
government agency for training the SHGs members.
It is observed that for the women in rural Goa SHG becomes one of the
major source of income. Therefore the government should take keen interest in
investing in the rural economy and allowing the villages to develop with the
help of its traditional occupations. SHG can be important weapon to boost rural
economy. Allowing the SHG members to take up small scale business,
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venturing out in local traditional business and reviving agriculture would be an
effective method of investing in the rural economy. Thus, if given proper
channel and proper investment rural economy can be restored to some extent.
It has also been observed within the SHGs, individual activities are more
carried out rather than group activities. Though it is not mandatory to undertake
group activities but they should be encouraged to carry out group activities
which have more scope for overall development.
It has also been noted that the well being of SHGs was determined by one
or two individual members who take initiative for the welfare of the group.
Only one or two persons are being responsible in the group and rests are
dependent on them. A SHG can be only effective if all the members take equal
responsibility and active participation in enhancing the group activities.
Though, in terms of recovery of the loans it is hassle free as compared to
the personal loans. There are no complaints with regard to the loan recovery.
There is timely repayment of the loans.
Both the government and bank officials have observed that the SHG are
somehow linked to political parties. The groups are getting backing of the
political parties. The group members are also being active politically at the
times of campaigns with regard to attending meetings, campaigning and rallies.
This has led to the mutual respect and trust among the members but at times it
has witnessed negative impact as well which has hampered the effective
functioning of the SHGs.
The government officials also rooted out for the soon to be implemented
NRLM scheme in the state which is presently on its processing stage. The
scheme would be focusing on formation of federation at various levels which
would help SHG for marketing tie-ups, obtaining bank loans and co-operation
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to access gainful self employment which will serve the purpose of eradication of
poverty.
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Chapter IV
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
The primary aim of any scheme pertaining to the society is welfare and
empowerment of the society as a whole. Any scheme which is brought up in the
society aims to tackle the issues which hinder the growth of the society. Thus
this was clearly reflected during an open discussion which was held during the
course of the survey. An open discussion was held among the members of the
SHG, Panchayat members and staff and the locals. The panel elaborated and
narrated their experience of being in the group as well as those who are
witnessing the gradual change within the society.
From panel discussion as much possible information was gathered by
having open discussions with the said members like Panchayat members,
Panchayat staff, SHG members, Anganwadi workers and the villagers as a
whole. Per village a panel consisted of an average of 15-20 members and were
asked various questions with regard to the functioning of the SHGs, training to
such groups and the progress and problems faced by the SHG members.
Accordingly, below are some of the major progress and problems faced by the
SHGs:
Progress
One of the major highlight of the study is the scheme has catered to the
needs of the women as such as the number of women member groups have
outnumbered the male member groups. Women have organized themselves in
group which is the biggest aspect of the scheme. Though the scheme has given
scope for both men and women equally the participation of women has been
more elaborative. Women from different communities have now improved level
of communication because of the exposure provided to them under the scheme.
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The women are coming together or assembling together in a group and carrying
out economic activities systematically. Being part of SHG the scheme has given
the women an opportunity to stand on their own feet. It has given the group
members a platform to start up a new small scale enterprise and carry out any
economic activity they desire to do so. The scheme has allowed the members to
come together and start up small scale business like vegetable cultivation, food
item stalls, taking up catering orders, making jute bags, candle making and
many other such economic activities.
The women especially have become support system to their family and
have improved their standard of living. The economic activities which are being
carried out have not only helped them economically but also socially. The
women have gained a social status and are now known for their work.
Every month meetings are held wherein they collect and save in the group
which has given them a sense of saving. The members have now learnt to save
at least a minimum of Rs. 50/- to Rs. 100/- monthly and along the course of
time the same money is utilized by them for inter lending which takes place
within the group time to time with lower rates of interest.
The process of inter-lending is decided on the basis of priority of the
group member such as to cater to the immediate needs of the members of the
group such as wedding of the family members, medical emergency, education
of the children etc. which has enabled the SHG to enhance their group activity
and has also allowed them to earn additional income through the reasonable rate
of interest charged among the group members. This finally has helped the needy
member along with the development of their group.
Women have now become more systematic with regard to the business
they carry out. Whether group activity or individual activity the members have
found different methods in which they are able to carry out their business
80
smoothly. Even with regard to taking up catering orders women come together
and take orders and distribute the profit equally among them. Their production
has improved in leaps and bounds.
The government every year organizes exhibitions cum sales. And every
year members are selected from across the state to participate in it. Both North
district and South district send their members for the event. Thus it has given
opportunities to the members to showcase their economic activities as well as
portray their talents through traditional folklores. It has given the SHGs an
exposure to the outside world and gets recognition in the society.
Some of the groups have also taken up the Mid Day Meal Scheme
benefits with regard to the supply of cooked food to the elementary school
student’s which is one of the major initiative of the government.
With the training provided like agarbatti making, jute bag making, candle
making and various other training programmes the members have improved
skills which they utilize whenever the situation demands. For instance, agarbatti
making skill is mostly used on seasonal basis especially prior to Ganesh
chathurthi the members come together to make agarbatti which they sell in
wholesale.
With regard to the individual level development is extra ordinary. There
were some group members who were completely illiterate and used thumb
impression as their initials but now they are able to write their name in their
local dialect. This is one of the major development. The members are more
confident and independent while carrying out any legal or bank work which
require them to voice out their opinion. With improved level of communication
the women are able to voice out or speak fearlessly infront of the society
without any hesitation.
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With women coming together in the society have also improved their
knowledge wherein there is exchange of information among the group members
and also sharing of information with regard to various schemes and benefits
available through the government.
Some of the groups have also been involved in cultural activities. Here
the members actively participate in cultural activities organized by the
government or some local bodies like the shigmotsav organized by the state
government of Goa where they portray their traditional folklores like fugdi,
dhaalo, mustaiki, dhekne, gauf and various other cultural activities which allow
them to place their talent infront of the society. The members have also
organized themselves in Bhajan mandali, Natak mandali where they perform not
only in their village vicinity but across the state as well as neighboring state like
Maharashtra.
Some groups have also contributed towards the welfare of the women
community as a whole. They have actively involved in awakening the society of
the abuses which happen in the society, the problems related to liquor addiction,
smoking without any hesitation. In the village of Thane, Sattari block, the group
members had mobilized themselves against an abusive husband who was
torturing his wife. The group members courageously became the spokesman of
the victim wife and tried resolving the issue by themselves.
At home their level of participation in matters of their child’s education
and welfare has greatly improved and now has their say in the important family
matters. Contributing towards the family income has not only raised the
standard of the women but also has given a sense of being independent which
has now allowed them to take decisions by themselves.
Politics is also not out of the reach of the women now. Some of the group
members have dared to stand in local elections i.e. Panchayat elections which
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have created sense of political awareness in the society. Women also participate
in the election campaigning programme and have become game changers in the
current scenario.
The contribution of the DRDA official’s especially technical assistants has been
remarkable right from the formation of the group to getting the benefits
reaching to its members. The T.A’s has played a significant role in bringing the
group members forward to and participate in the activities and helping them to
develop their overall skills.
The T.A coordinates with the members for conducting various training
programmes and giving opportunities to the members to upgrade their skills.
A Case Study of Socorro Panchayat
The Socorro V.P along with the help of the local M.L.A Shri. Rohan
Khaunte has given the SHG members a shop on rent for Rupee1 wherein any
SHG members can sell of their items. It was through a resolution which was
passed during the Gram Sabha and in February 2015 the shop was opened. Thus
given an opportunity to the SHG for better marketing facility. It was the
initiative of the local bodies which would help the SHG members to develop.
A Case Study of Arpora Nagoa
In the village of Arpora Nagoa respectively six groups have formed
informal association of three groups respectively. These groups have their
meetings on a same day in a same hall. These groups take catering orders and
whenever they require more people for help; they team up with each other and
carry out their work.
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Problems
The first and foremost problem with regard to SGSY is the scheme is
dysfunctional since 2012 and therefore cannot get any benefits from this
scheme. All the benefits, training have been stalled. The groups are functional
with inter lending and bank loans without any subsidies. The groups are also
unable to get any kind of training programme as of now. No funds are been
allotted to them because of which some groups are dormant and some groups
are facing hardship.
The groups also faced various other challenges even when the scheme
was active. One of the major problem was the marketing facilities. The
government has given them training, production skills, finance. The government
has given them opportunity to create their own production unit but has failed to
give them a medium of marketing. Without marketing avenues the production is
of waste. As there in no branding done to the products because of which the
products are not been taken off for sale in big shopping center or shops and
therefore have to be sold out to smaller shopkeepers who pays minimal. And
hence the products do not get the required value to it.
Some of the groups haven’t received any training and therefore lack skills
for better prospects. Lack of training also means lack of exposure to the world
and the products would be raw or of unskilled labour.
Another problematic area is the group members prefer carrying out
individual activity rather than a group activity. It is not that individual activities
are discouraged but group activities are more profitable and can be carried out
on a bigger scale as well. The mistrust among the group members hampers the
efficiency of group and in some cases the group becomes dormant. In some
groups it so happens that they carry out group activities but they are only few
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group members who are really active and carry out the major chunk of the work
and rest members just attend meetings.
With regard to the participation in politics as well as attending gram
sabha has not improved considerably. Still there are lot many people who have
inhibition of joining or getting involved with politics. They are hardly socially
active.
Some group members have also reported that the horticulture department
who’s responsible for buying peoples cultivation do not buy the produce from
such groups and therefore have to sell off their produce at low price or have to
sit with their produce on roadside for sale in any given season. This makes them
vulnerable and if the sale is not made the produce is unsold and gets spoilt with
time.
Some members within the panel also claimed that they too had tried
forming a group under SGSY but failed owing to lack of interest shown by the
government authorities. Even when the group was formed there was no
response from the government officials and therefore was forced to discontinue
the group owing to not receiving the Revolving Fund and other benefits.
Some of the group members have also complaint that it’s not always the
group efforts but one of two individual efforts which the entire group takes
credit for. There are only few members who are really active and enthusiastic.
Even with regard to the training provided to the group members doesn’t
help the members much. The members attend the training camps
enthusiastically but ones the training is over it is not utilized properly because
of lack of raw material available to them or simply because members lose
interest over a period of time.
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Some of the groups have received machinery which is not being used as
well. In some villages there was distribution of machineries like tractor and
flour mill equipments which was provided to all the SHG members. In the
village of Keri, Sattari block, almost 12 SHGs were provided with flour mill
equipment within the vicinity of the village. This compelled the members not to
take up economic activity so owing to excess availability of the equipment
which lost the market value and the equipments are now lying in their homes
barren and unused. Some of the members have also complained that they have
the equipments and other necessary material but the electricity power is not
sufficient. The usage of power very high as compared to the normal day to day
affair and therefore affects the supply of power and have to face the brunt of
load shedding.
Another problem related to some groups is unavailability of land with
regard to those which are carrying vegetation. Unavailability of water also
hinders the functioning of the groups well.
In one of the block the members have complaints of caste discrimination.
Some of the group members feel that they are being purposely neglected by
some of the government agencies owing to the lower caste background. The
members said that the scheme do not reach to them from the panchayat. There
has to be support of some high authority from DRDA for their family member
to get their work done.
In one such session there was accusation by some group members and
also government official said that there is discrimination between north district
and south district. They accuse that north district especially Bardez taluka is
always given priority over the rest of the talukas. Even with regard to the
participation in exhibition organized at national and state level there is more
participation of SHGs especially from North rather than South Goa.
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The involvement of stakeholders and active participation of SHG
members has shown remarkable achievement over the years in terms of
increased participation in decision making in household affairs, scope for inner
talents, participation in entrepreneurial skills which has given a good platform
through group formation under the scheme. However, there is still lot to do in
terms of establishing regular marketing setup with a brand to the produce,
frequent exposure to the groups through exhibitions/training, support from
different institutions for success of the group activities.
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Chapter V
CONCLUSION
Since the SGSY scheme has been defunct in 2012 and now a new scheme
NRLM is launched country wide under which all the SHGs under SGSY are
now being under the guidance of NRLM. But this is not the case with the state
of Goa as NRLM is yet to be launched in the state and this is an added boon
since the final process of implementing NRLM is under process which allows
the framing body to take into necessary recommendations.
The study indicates that mere financial assistance does not help the
groups; many members do not possess prior experience of working in a group,
maintaining records as well as in production activity. Therefore, there requires
proper institutional training along with a half yearly follow-ups, skill
upgradation, marketing strategies and proper information and update of
available technology.
One of the important shortcoming with regard to the functioning of the
SHGs is the members do not have an idea about the proper functioning or the
aim of SGSY. There are hardly any economic activities being carried out within
the group. And therefore the respective T.As and A.P.O.s should encourage
group members to take up economic activity and make the best use of the
benefits provided to them.
With regard to training, though the groups are provided one time training
programme, these programmes are not sufficient. And therefore it is
recommended that there needs a half yearly follow-up which would help the
group members at large.
As most of the group members are illiterate or having only primary
education, the members are not aware about maintaining a group account and
88
therefore at times have to depend on people outside the group for the simple
work to be done. And at times they also have to face the consequences of ill
managing the group account as banks do not sanction the loan in such cases.
Therefore it is recommended that the members are also provided training with
regard to maintenance of the book accounts in the beginning itself. It is also
observed that only one out of five are being provided with such training but this
should not be the case. Every group should compulsorily receive the basic
training of how the group functions and be maintained.
Another important observation made during the course of the study is the
South Goa block received less number of training especially skill based training,
maintenance of records which would enable to boost their entrepreneurial level
and lack of mobilization of BPL families into groups in comparison to North
Goa block. Therefore it is recommended to have active involvement of DRDA
and training institute to cater the needs of the people from the South Goa.
It is also recommended that NRLM which is soon going to be launched in
Goa should primarily focus in the South Goa district as the surveys also indicate
that South Goa homes too many under privileged community. And therefore the
focus should be more on South Goa rather than North which is almost a urban
and semi urban district.
The concerned A.P.Os and T.A.s should keep a proper check on the
functioning and the requirements of the groups in the area assigned and see to
that the necessary help is provided to such groups and encourage them to take
up the economic activity.
One of the major shortcomings of SGSY scheme was the unavailability
of any marketing facility which hampered the growth of the group members.
Therefore it is suggested that there should be block level Marketing Avenue so
89
that the SHGs from the said block could sell off their produce without any
barriers.
It is also suggested that the D.R.D.A. could tie up with the horticulture,
fisheries, handloom or handicraft government department and venture out
Marketing Avenues to such SHGs. With such tie ups even the concerned
department could develop and grow and would help with the overall
development of the state. With collaboration with horticulture it could help to
revive agriculture in the state which has almost on the verge of extinct and
could help to atleast moderately be self sufficient with respect to vegetable
production and not being completely dependent on the neighbouring state.
It also happens that the skilled rural artisan produce goes unnoticed and
for that it is suggested that such people to be identified and allowed to
participate during any state or national exhibition.
And even the Village Panchayat could help the SHGs of the village in
providing stall or shop if the panchayat has its own complex like that of V.P.
Socorro.
The initiative taken to distribute equipment is a very progressive step but
it needs altercation. As equipments in some areas were distributed to all groups
in a village which was kept just barren and had lost its marketing value.
Therefore it is recommended that there should be a policy of “One Equipment,
One Group” which means every group in a village be provided with a particular
equipment only and the next group another and so on and so forth. This would
help in even distribution of equipment to all and can ensure better prospects.
During the course of the study it was observed that some group members
were better off position and didn’t belong to the deprived community but were
under BPL category. Therefore it is recommended that there should be fresh
90
BPL survey taken up by the government of Goa for better result and to reach to
the needy only which is the aim of the scheme.
91
References
Ministry of Rural Development, Guidelines: Swarnajayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana, Government of India, New Delhi.
Ministry of Rural Development, Manual on Self Help Groups for Field
Level Workers, Government of India.
K. Dinkar Rao & R. Dasgupta, Report on Action Research Project on
Gendering Microfinance under SGSY, National Institute of Bank
Management (NIBM), 2007.
P. Purushotham, “Institutional Credit for Rural Livelihoods: A study of
SGSY in the regions of high poverty”, National Institute of Rural
Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India,
Hyderabad.
Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 23 No. 4 October-December 2004,
National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad.
Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 30 No. 2 April-June 2011, National
Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad.
Anil Varghese, Evaluating the Rural Self employment schemes launched by
the Central Government, 2004, Centre for Civil Society, K-36 Hauz Khas
Enclave, New Delhi 110016.
APMAS, 2006, Status of SHG Federations in Andhra Pradesh, Retrieved
from http://www.microfinancegateway.org
APMAS, 2009, Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam, Retrieved
from http:/www.apmas.org
92
APMAS, 2006, Self Help Groups in India: A Study of the Lights and
Shades. Retrieved from http:/ www.edarural.com
Govt. of Harayana, 2007, Haryana Community Forestry Project. Self-Help
Group Capability Assessment, Forest Department, Govt. of Haryana.
Kumar, S., 2010, Centre for Micro Finance Research & BIRD, Lucknow.
Retrieved from http:/ www.birdindia.org.in
Durgappa Tukaram Pawar and B. H. Damji-Head, Department of
Economics, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts & Science, Solapur,
Performance of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in India.
Dr.A.Sundaram, Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics, Govt Saiha
College, Affiliated to Mizoram University, Saiha, Mizoram, North East
India, Impact of Self-help Group in socio-economic development of India.
Report of the Committee on Credit Related Issues under SGSY, Department
of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development Government of
India, February 2009.
Sanjay Kantidas, Ground Realities of Self Help Group-Bank Linkage
Programme: An Empirical Analysis, May, 2012.
G.Bhaskara Rao,National Coordinator, National Network of Resource
Organization (NNRO), Suggestions for National Rural Livelihood Mission:
a review of SGSY ,June 2009.
H.S. Shylendra and Kishore Bhirdikar, Institute of Rural Management
Anand (IRMA), ‘Good governance’ and Poverty Alleviation Programmes:A
Critical analysis of Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY),Gujarat,
India, 2005.
93
H.Ramakrishna, Khaja Mohinuddeen J., Bibi Saleema G. G.and
Mallikarjuna B., Performance of Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme
(SBLP) in India-An Analytical Study, Tactful Management Research
Journal, Vol. 1, Issue. 10, July 2013 ISSN : 2319-7943.
Sanjay Kanti Das -Head, Department of Commerce, Assam, Best Practices
of Self Help Groups and Women Empowerment: A Case of Barak Valley of
Assam, Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 7 No. 2, May
2012.
Karanpreet Singh, Evaluation and impact of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar
Yojana in generating sustainable livelihoods in Madhya Pradesh, 2008.
Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12, Government of India Planning
Commission, July 2013.
Ajay Tankha, Self-Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India: Cost of
Promotion, Sustainability and Impact, August 2002.
A Report on the Success and Failure of SHGs in India-Impediments and
Paradigm of Success, 2008 submitted to Planning Commission,
Government of India.
Ministry of Rural Development (SGSY Division)- Update on Redesigning
the Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (Revised Guidelines), 2008.
Evaluation Study of Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana Issued by
Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana, May 2012.
94
Annexure- I
Evaluation of SHG performance under SGSY: A Case Study of Goa
Questionnaire (SHG Member)
A. SHG Identification:
1. District : North Goa
South Goa
2. Block: a. Bardez b. Sattari c. Quepem d. Cancona
3. Village : 1. Bastora 2. Succorro 3. Verla- Canca
4. Arpora-Nagoa 5. Bhironda 6. Keri
7. Thane 8. Paryem 9. Balli
10. Barcem 11. Morpirla 12. Cauvrepirla
13. Shristhal 14. Khotigao 15. Cola
16. Gaondongrem
4. Name of the SHG: _________________
5. Month and year of SHG formation: Month __________ Year ____________
6. Name of facilitator/Promoter: ___________
7. Bank details: a. Name of the bank:____________
b. Month & Year of opening bank account: _____________
B. Individual Profile
1. Age Group: i. 20-30 years
ii. 30-40 years
iii. 40-50 years
iv. 50 years and above
2. Marital Status: i. Married
ii. single
iii. Divorcee
iv. Widow
C. Group’s Outline:
95
1. Total No. of members in a group ___________: Male:_______ Female:_______
2. Profile of group members:
a. Caste: i. SC ii. ST iii. OBC iv. General
b. No. of BPL members in group________
c. No. of APL members in group________
3. Educational status of SHG members: (Indicate number out of total group members)
1. Illiterate
2. Primary School
3. Completed secondary school up to IXth std
4. Passed Xth std
5. Passed XIIth std
6. Under Graduate
7. Graduate & above
4. Occupation of SHG members: (Indicate number out of total group members)
1. Fishing
2. Crop Cultivation
3. Vegetable Cultivation
4. Service
5. Household
[[[[[[
6. Any other (specify)-------------------------
5. Category of SHG:
a. Exclusively women’s SHG
b. Few male members & more of female members
c. Exclusively male SHG.
C. Functioning of Group:
1. Who has motivated you to join SHG?
a. DRDA Officials
b. Elected Representatives
c. School teacher
d. NGO
e. Anganwadi workers/Helpers
f. Any other (specify)______________
96
2. What inspired you to form SHG?
a. To enhance family income.
b. To benefits of loan/subsidy/revolving fund.
c. To undertake income generating activity.
d. Any other (specify)__________
3. Has Panchayat been involved in the formation of your group?
a. Yes b. No
4. Did any NGO helped in formation of your SHG under SGSY?
a.Yes b. No
5. State the functions of office bearers. (*You can tick more than one option)
a. Initiate group meeting.
b. Set up bank linkage.
c. Identify self employment ventures
d. Maintenance of SHG accounts & records
e. Any other (specify)__________
6. Do you participate in decision-making process of the group?
Yes
No
a. If yes, what is your contribution for enhancement of group activities?
a. Encouraged for undertaking group activities.
b. Approached banking institutions for loan proposal & other procedure.
c. Identified raw material to enhance group activities.
d. Any other (specify)__________
b. If No, who initiates work distribution to each member of the group?
1. Leader
2. Secretary
3. Treasurer
4. President
5. Member themselves decides in the meeting
6. Any other (specify)___________
97
D. Savings (Thrift):
1. State the total savings of your SHG till date?
a. Up to Rs. 50,000/-
b. Rs. 50,000/- to Rs. 1 lakh
c. Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 1,50,000
d. Rs. 1,50,000/- to Rs. 2 lakhs
e. Rs. 2 lakhs to Rs. 2,50,000/-
f. Rs. 2,50,000/- & above
2. State the amount you deposit in SHG on monthly basis?
a. Less than Rs. 100/-
b. Rs. 100/-
c. Rs. 200/-
d. Rs. 300/-
e. Any other specify
3. Does group pay interest to the member on their savings?
a. Yes
b. No
If yes, state the percentage:
a. 2%
b. 3%
c. 4%
d. 5%
E. Meetings :
1. Do group members meet regularly?
a. Yes b. No
If yes, how many times
a. Once a month
b. Twice in a month
c. Every alternate month
d. Need base arrangement
2. State the number of members who attend group meetings regularly.
98
a. Less than 5 out of 10 members.
b. Less than 15 out of 20 members.
c. Between 5 to 7 out of 10 members.
d. Between 15 to 17 out of 20 members.
e. All members attend regularly.
3. Who informs about the details of next meeting?
a. Leader
b. Secretary
c. Treasurer
d. President
e. Decided in advance during the 1st meeting about next one.
f. Any member
g. Any other (specify)___________
4. What is the amount of fine imposed on SHG members for late attendance?
a. Less than Rs.10/-
b. Between Rs. 10/- to Rs. 30/-
c. Between Rs. 30/- to Rs. 50/-
d. Rs. 50/- & above
e. Any other (specify)_____
5. What do you observe in the meeting?
a. Members don’t follow the procedures of meeting
b. Poor attendance
c. Members are less motivated to participate in group work
d. Caste discrimination
e. Dominated by office bearers
f. Any other (Specify)________
6. List out number of registers maintained by the SHGs?
Sr.
No.
Documents *Tick Mark( )
Yes No
1. Minutes Book
2. Attendance Registrar
3. Ledger
4. Cash Book
5. Bank passbook
6. Individual pass book
7. Repayment particulars
8. Any other (specify)__________
*You can tick more than one option.
99
F. Scheme Particulars:
1. State the amount of Revolving Fund received and when?
Month:________ Year:________
Amount received in Rs. ________
2. In what way the Revolving Fund has been utilized?
a. Purchase of raw material/equipments.
b. To avail marketing/infrastructure support.
c. To meet loan requirements of the group members.
d. Multipurpose activities.
e. Personal benefit of the members
f. Any other (specify)_____
3. When did your SHG applied for loan/subsidy of the scheme?
a. In the first 3 months
b. Between 4 to 6 months
c. Between 7 to 8 months
d. Between 8 to 12 months
e. After one year
f. Did not apply till date
4. For what purposes has the loan amount utilized?
a. To meet routine needs of the members.
b. To undertake individual/group activity.
c. To develop infrastructure support.
d. Any other (specify)___________
5. Have you found any defaulters in the group?
a. Yes
b. No
If yes, what was done to reduce such practice in future?
a. Framed group bye-laws.
b. Member, if found defaulter, was not entertained in the group activity.
c. Disciplinary action was taken with the help of DRDA/Bank officials.
d. Any other (specify)_______
100
6. Is your group faced any difficulty in getting loan?
Yes
No
If ‘yes’, state the type of difficulty.
a. Indifferent attitude of bank officials.
b. Difficulty in providing required documents.
c. Lack of support from other group members/facilitators to carry out loan
procedures.
d. Lack of support from implementing agency.
e. Any other (specify)____
7. Has your group got infrastructure or any technical support from the bank, DRDA
or Panchayat?
a. Yes b. No
8. Have your group enrolled themselves for Group Life Insurance?
a. Yes b. No
G. Economic Activity and Marketing Support:
1. State the type of economic activity your SHG involved in.
a. Catering
b. Eatable items
c. Soft toys making
d. Making Jute bags
e. Cultivation of vegetables
f. Selling coconuts
g. Seashell items
h. Agarbatti
i. Clay Products
j. Masala /Pickles
k. Jewellery Making
l. Bamboo crafts
m. Tailoring
n. Any other (specify)
2. State whether the DRDA officials (implementing agency) helped you to identify
economic activity.
a. Yes b. No
101
If ‘yes’, in what way the SHGs were helped by DRDA officials (implementing
agency)
in identifying economic activity?
a. Provided knowledge & skill base of the persons residing in the village.
b. Availability of resources/raw material in the village/block.
c. Local, regional/national marketing potential.
d. All three mentioned above.
e. None of the above.
f. Any other (specify)_______
3. Where do you sell the economic activity selected?
a. Village level
b. Block level
c. District Level
d. State level
e. National level
f. Any other (specify)___________
4. What are the marketing facilities available to the SHGs?
a. Exhibitions organized by implementing agency.
b. Goa bazaar (set up by DRDA) at district level.
c. Market products at individual/household level.
d. Local market
e. Any other (specify)____________
H. Impact Assessment and changes after joining SHG:
Economic:
1. What was your contribution to family income per month before joining SHG?
a. Nil
b. Less than Rs. 1000/-
c. Between Rs. 1000/- to Rs. 2000/-
d. Between Rs. 2000 /- to Rs.3000/-
e. Between Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 4000/-
f. Between Rs. 4000/- to Rs. 5000/-
g. Rs. 5000/- & above.
2. How much do you contribute to the family income per month after joining SHG?
102
a. Nil
b. Less than Rs. 1000/-
c. Between Rs. 1000/- to Rs. 2000/-
d. Between Rs. 2000 /- to Rs.3000/-
e. Between Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 4000/-
f. Between Rs. 4000/- to Rs. 5000/-
g. Between Rs. 5000/- to Rs. 8000/-
h. Rs. 8000/- & above.
3. How much does your group earn annually from Income Generating Activities?
a. Less than Rs. 25,000/-
b. Rs. 25,000/- to Rs. 50,000/-
c. Rs. 50,000/- to Rs. 1lakh
d. Rs. 1lakh & above.
4. Mention the type of entrepreneurship skill gained?
a. Learnt various cookery activities/food products.
b. Prepared bags from handloom/jute items.
c. Imitation Jewelry.
d. Cultivation of flowers, vegetables, etc
e. Any other (specify)__________
Social:
1. Economic activity selected under SGSY helped the SHG in following ways:
a. Created self employment opportunity.
b. Brought women together to work in groups.
c. Increased level of income & expenditure.
d. Increased level of savings.
e. Provided better health & educational facilities.
f. Improved level of empowerment.
g. Developed entrepreneurship skill.
h. Any other (specify)_________
*you can tick more than one option.
2. Due to participation in SHG activities, does it helped to enhance the level of
empowerment
a. Yes b. No.
If yes, in what way?
103
a. Taking decision regarding children education & health.
b. Take part in discussion in family matters.
c. Improved communication skills.
d. Improved purchasing power.
e. Gained individual identity
f. Any other (specify)__________
Political:
1. Have you participated in following spheres?
a. Participation in gram sabha.
b. Stood for election in PRI.
c. Helped to form new group in village.
d. Any other (specify)_______
I. Impact of training & capacity building on SHG performance
1. Have you received any orientation training programmes?
a. Yes b. No
2. Have you undergone any skill development training?
a. Yes b. No
3. Has any member of your SHG undergone any skill development training?
a. Yes b. No
4. Has the NGO played role in providing training of your SHG members in
any economic activity?
a. Yes b. No
5. Is the training & capacity building helped you to enhance the level
of group performance?
a. Yes b. No
If yes, in what way?
a. Educated on procedure of holding group meetings.
b. Are aware of other RD schemes apart from SGSY.
c. Briefed on selection of IGA.
d. Any other (specify)_______________
6. Is the training helped to improve the following quality of SHG members?
Yes No
104
1. Leadership
2. Communication
3. Planning & Management
4. Decision-making
7. Did the capacity building programmes helped to improve entrepreneurship
skills & marketing potential.
a. Yes b. No.
8. Suggest the type of training programmes you require.
I. Constraints faced by SHG member
1. What are the problems faced by SHGs while functioning as group member?
2. How was it overcome?
J.Future Prospects:
1. What are the future plans of the group?
a. Form federation of SHGs.
b. Increase production.
c. Avail bank loan.
d. Enhance marketing support.
e. Any other (specify)_______
2. Is the group planning to undertake any social activity?
a. Yes b. No
If yes, specify
a. Initiate to reduce liquor shops in the village.
b. Increase awareness on importance of girl child education.
c. Approach village people to participate in gram sabha & raise concerned
issues.
d. Create awareness about women issues.
e. Any other (specify)___________
3. Any suggestions for effective functioning of SHGs.
105
Annexure- II
Interview Schedule (Officials)
I. SGSY particulars& functioning of SHGs:
1. How frequently the groups are mobilized on SGSY scheme, banking procedure & other
opportunities for self employment?
a. Weekly
b. Once in a month
c. Quarterly
d. Any other (Specify)__________
2. Are thrift & credit activities reported in SHGs?
a. Yes
b. No
3. What is the procedure followed before sanctioning Revolving Fund/Subsidy/loan proposal to
SHG?
a. Officials interact with group members.
b. Observes books of accounts, group meetings, inter lending procedures, etc.
c. Level of coordination & efficiency among group members.
d. Any other (Specify)__________________
4. 4. In what way, the Revolving Fund is utilized by SHG members?
5. a. Purchase of raw materials/equipments.
6. b. Marketing/infrastructure support for IGA.
7. c. Urgent loans to individual members.
8. d. Any other (specify)_____________
5. Do you participate in group meetings?
a. Yes
b. No
If ‘yes’, what role do you play?
a. Share information on SGSY scheme.
b. Encourage SHG-Bank linkage.
c. Identify resource availability for IGA.
d. Any other (specify)__________
6. 6. Are the SHGs provided any assistance in product design/development?
7.
8. a. Yes
9.
10.
11.
12. b. No
If ‘yes’, who provided the assistance?
106
a. Entrepreneurship development training institute.
b. DRDA.
c. Bank
d. Any other (specify)______________
7. Who guided SHG members to choose the IGA?
a. SHG members on its own selected the economic activity.
b. Implementing Agency.
c. Elected Representatives.
d. NGO.
e. Any other (specify)________
8. State the type of marketing opportunities provided by authorities/implementing agency to sell
the SHG products.
Sr.No. Marketing avenues for SHGs *Tick Mark ( )
1. Exhibitions organized within & out side Goa.
2. Provided permanent marketing avenue to sale & purchase
of SHGs products.
3. SHGs sell the products produced on their own.
4. Tie-up with marketing agency.
5. Any other (specify)________________
*You can tick mark more than one.
9. Are the assets created under SGSY insured?
13. a. Yes
14.
15.
16.
17. b. No
If ’yes’, are there any insurance claims on assets made so far?
a. Yes
b. No
10. Are the SHGs aware of group life insurance scheme for beneficiaries under the scheme?
a. Yes
b. No
11. Are there any defaulters in group?
107
a. Yes
b. No
If ‘yes’, what is the disciplinary action taken?
a. SHG members are not entertained for further loan proposal/IGA.
b. Group members are discontinued from SHG.
c. Fine/penalty imposed on SHG member.
d. Any other (specify)________________
12. Mention the difficulties faced by SHGs during sanctioning loan proposal & establishing bank
linkage.
a. Lack of coordination from SHG facilitator.
b. Non-cooperation from bank officials.
c. SHG records were not systematic.
d. Any other (specify)_____________
13. What are the problems faced by SHG/ members while working with the other group
members.
a. Lack of leadership skills.
b. Over confidence in some group members.
c. Lack of enthusiasm.
d. Any other (specify)_____________
14. What are the challenges faced by SHG members to sustain the economic activities
undertaken?
a. Lack of marketing support.
b. Lack of training & information on economic activities to be chosen.
c. Lack of efficiency & coordination among group members.
d. Any other (specify)__________
15. What are the steps taken by implementing agency to overcome the challenges faced by the
SHGs?
a. Encouraged SHG participation in exhibitions.
b. Training on skill up gradation.
c. Supervision by DRDA official for coordination.
d. Any other (specify)___________
108
16. Mention the problems faced in handling cases related to SHGs formed under SGSY.
a. Maintaining ratio of 70% BPL & 30% APL member in SHG formation.
b. Improper books of accounts.
c. Coordination among SHG member
d. Any other (specify)----------------
17. How do you process and finalize loan applications.
18. What are your suggestions for further improvement of SHG functioning?
a. Continuous capacity building courses to develop entrepreneurial skill.
b. Regular marketing opportunity at district/taluka level.
c. Timely monitoring/follow-up of SHG performance.
d. Any other (specify)-----------
II. Impact assessment of SHGs:
1. List the differences observed among the group members before & after joining SHG?
Sr.
No.
Items Before After
Not Aware Aware Not Aware Aware
1. Awareness of social issues.
2. Opportunity to start self
employment.
3. No contribution to family income.
4. Participation at village panchayat
gram sabha/social audit.
5. SHG involvement helped to gain
recognition in family/society.
6. Exposed to outside world.
7. Increased self awareness &
empowerment.
8.
Any other (specify)__________
Any other
(specify)__________
109
2. Are the SHG members participating in the following activities?
Sr.
No.
Activities Yes ( ) No ( )
1. Gram Sabha.
2. Group meetings.
3. Household decision-making.
4. Exhibitions organized by implementing
agency.
5. Infrastructure, social development of
village/community.
6. Participation in politics.
3. What are the skills acquired by members after joining SHG?
a. Developed leadership skills.
b. Enhanced entrepreneurship skills.
c. Effective management of SHG accounts & other records.
d. Any other (specify)_______________
II. Training & Capacity Building:
1. Are any meetings organized for SHGs to give necessary guidelines in quality control?
a. Yes
b. No
2. Mention the type of training programmes attended by SHG members.
Sr.
No.
Name of the Training Programme *Tick Mark ( )
1 Orientation training for SHGs.
2. Maintenance of accounts & records of SHGs.
3. Managerial skills-marketing, communication, leadership,
conflict resolution, team work, etc.
4. Entrepreneurship development training-cooking, preparing Jute
bags, candle making, agarbatti making, etc.
5. Any other (specify)_____________
110
*You can tick more than one option.
3. In what way training programmes helped the SHG members?
a. To sort out their difficulties & work smoothly.
b. Able to maintain books of accounts & other records effectively.
c. To conduct group meetings effectively.
d. To identify IGA.
e. Any other (specify)_________
4. Is the groups received training on identified activities?
a. Yes
b. No
If yes, in what way it helped the group?
a. To undertake economic activity.
b. To develop entrepreneurial traits.
c. To identify marketing opportunities. d.
e. Any other ( specify)____________
5. Do the SHG/members train any other group?
a. Yes
b. No
IV. Future Prospects:
1. What are the future plans of implementing agencies /banking institutions with regard to
nurturing of the group? For ex. Marketing tie-up, federation, bank loan, etc
2. Any suggestions for better functioning of SHGs.
111
Annexure-III
Focus Group Discussion
District Block Village
I. Identification of Participants
1. Give following details of participants:
Sr.
No.
Name of the Participant Education Category
(SC/ST/OBC/Gen)
Age Sex
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
112
1. Information about SHGs & awareness about SGSY Scheme
2. Awareness on SGSY Scheme by government t authorities at village/block level.
II. Impact assessment of SHG
1. Impact on participation in family activities.
2. Participation in social activities.
3. Participation in politics.
III. Training & Capacity Building
1. Impact of training & capacity building activities on SHG performance.
V. Constraints:
1. Challenges faced by SHG members in sustaining the economic activity identified and
enhancing capacity building avenues.
2. Following Implementing Agency/Organizations were approached if any & mention some
instances.
a. Bank
b. DRDA
c. NGO
d. Panchayats
e. Marketing agencies
f. Any other (Specify)__________________
113
Annexure-IV
Core Functions of SHG:
Regular Saving, Regular Meeting
Naming the Group & Bank A/C in Group
Name
Selection of Office Bearers&
Exchange of ideas among members
Paricipation in Decision -Making
Identifying IGA, Mutual
helpCore
Functions of
SHGs
114
Annexure-V
Table (1) Block wise number of Sampled Beneficiaries:
Sr.
No.
Name of District Name of Block No. of Villages No. of Sampled Beneficiaries
1. North Goa
Bardez 4 80
2. North Goa
Sattari 4 80
3. South Goa
Canacona 4 80
4. South Goa
Qupem 4 80
Total 320
Table (2) Block wise social status of sampled beneficiaries:
Sr.
No.
Name of Block No. of Beneficiaries SC ST OBC GEN BPL APL
Male Female Total
1. Bardez
7 73 80 4 2 71 4 73 7
2. Sattari
2 78 80 11 14 31 24 47 33
3. Quepem
4 76 80 4 65 9 2 54 26
4. Canacona
7 73 80 0 61 19 0 44 36
Table (3) Block wise Educational Status of sampled beneficiaries:
Sr.
No.
No. of Block Qualification of the Beneficiaries
Total
Illiterate Primary
School
Up to IX X XII Under
Graduation
Above
Graduation
1. Bardez
18 12 10 17 10 6 7 80
2. Sattari
24 15 20 13 4 0 4 80
3. Quepem
59 9 5 7 0 0 0 80
4.
Canacona
26
27
20
6
1 0 0 80
115
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