evaluation of shg performance under sgsy: a case …

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GOA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

Ela, Old Goa

EVALUATION OF SHG PERFORMANCE UNDER

SGSY: A CASE STUDY OF GOA

MRS. ASHWINI A. ACHARYA

Core Faculty in Decentralized Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation

SUBMITTED TO

National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

Hyderabad

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Ela Farm, Old Goa, Goa – 403402 Email: [email protected]. Website: www.sirdoldgoa.gov.in. Tel. Nos. 0832-2285755, 2285985

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.sirdoldgoa.gov.in/

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Acknowledgement

I wish to sincerely thank National Institute of Rural Development for sponsoring

this research study, “Evaluation of SHG Performance under SGSY: A case study of Goa”.

I express my sincere thanks to the Director General & Member secretary sports

Shri P. Mathew Samuel IAS, Assistant Director Ms. Seema Fernandes, colleagues, staff

members of GIPARD for their encouragement and support during the execution of the

research work.

I am thankful to the Project Directors Mr. Vasudev N. Shetye and Mr. Velip

Kankar of North Goa and South Goa respectively, APO’s and other staff of DRDA

North Goa and South Goa for providing constant support and help.

A special thanks to the T.A’s Mrs. Vandana Bhandary, Mrs. Sheela Majik, and

Mrs. Manju Vernekar who constantly guided the field work and coordinated with the

research team.

I am also grateful to the BDOs, V.P secretary, Gram Sevaks and PRI members of

Quepem, Cancona, Bardez and Sattari block for their cooperation. And I am obliged by

the cooperation provided by the Bank Managers of the nationalized, non-nationalized

and co-operative banks while providing information during the course of the field work.

My sincere thanks to the research team, Research Assistant Ms. Priyanka V.

Chandelkar, the Field Investigators Ms. Sailaxmi Pednekar, Ms. Pushpa Aivale, Ms.

Umita Naik and Ms. Neeta Naik for their effective coordination and fruitful practical

orientation of data collection procedure followed.

I really cannot thank enough to all the SHG members for providing necessary

information and sharing their experiences as a group member which acted as the key

point in research analysis.

I express my gratitude towards Sangath institute for assisting in data analysis. I

express my gratitude to all who have been directly and indirectly associated with this

study.

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CONTENT

Chapter Topic Page No.

I Introduction to SGSY and Concept of SHG

1-35

II

Data Analysis-SHG Members

36-63

III

Data Analysis-Government and Bank Officials

64-67

IV Focus Group Discussion

68-76

V Conclusion

77-79

References

80-82

Annexure- I (Questionnaire Schedule)

Annexure – II (Interview Schedule)

Annexure – III (Focus Group Discussion)

Annexure- IV (Core Functions of SHG)

Annexure –V (Block wise no. of sampled beneficiaries, social &

educational status)

List of Tables

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Table No. 1.1

Physical Progress of SGSY in India

24 -26

Table No. 1.2

Number of SHGs formed under SGSY (Year

wise)

29

Table No. 1.3

Number of SHGs formed under SGSY (Block-

wise)

30

Table No. 1.4

Number of Awareness and Training

Programmes provided (Year wise)

30

Table No. 1.5

Central Funds and State funds (Year wise)

30-31

Table No. 2.1& 2.2

Village and SHG Profile of Bardez Block

33-35

Table No. 2.3 & 2.4

Village and SHG Profile of Sattari Block

36-38

Table No. 2.5 & 2.6

Village and SHG Profile of Quepem Block

39-41

Table No. 2.7 & 2.8

Village and SHG Profile of Canacona Block

42-44

Table No. 2.9

Reasons highlighted by group members to form

SHG

46

Table No. 2.10

Block-wise awareness on functions of Office

Bearers

47

Table No. 2.11

Block-wise data on Total Savings and Monthly

Deposits of SHG

48

Table No.2.12

Maintenance of Books and Records

50

Table No.2.13

Type of Economic Activities

53

Table No. 2.14

Percentage of income earned by SHGs annually

from IGA

55

Table No. 2.15

Impact of Training on SHG Performance

56

Table No. 2.16

Impact of Capacity Building and Training on

Skill Development

57

List of Abbreviations

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APL- Above Poverty Line

APO- Assistant Project Officer

BDO- Block Development Officer

BLSC- Block Level SGSY Committee

BPL- Below Poverty Line

CLCC- Central Level Coordination Committee

DRDA- District Rural Development Agency

DDM- District Development Manager

DLSC- District Level SGSY Committee

DWCRA- Development of Women & Child in Rural Areas

GIPARD- Goa Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development

GKY- Ganga Kalyan Yojana

GO- Government Organization

GOI- Government of India

IGA- Income Generating Activity

IRDP- Integrated Rural Development Programme

LDM- Lead District Manager

MLA- Member of Legislative Assembly

MoRD- Ministry of Rural Development

NABARD- National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NGO- Non-Governmental Organization

NIRD- National Institute of Rural Development

NRLM- National Rural Livelihood Mission

NSS- National Sample Survey

PD- Project Director

PRI- Panchayati Raj Institutions

RDA- Rural Development Agency

SC- Scheduled Caste

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SHG- Self Help Groups

SITRA- Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans

SGSY- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

SLCC- State Level Coordination Committee

SLSC- State Level SGSY Committee

ST- Scheduled Tribe

TA- Technical Assistant

UT- Union Territory

VP- Village Panchayat

VLW- Village Level Workers

Chapter I

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INTRODUCTION TO SGSY AND CONCEPT OF SHG

Concept of Poverty

Poverty is an obstruction for a dignified and better life for any individual

and thus in any society where poverty is prevailing, the main aim of the

government is poverty alleviation. Reduction of poverty becomes primary

concern of the society as well as the government. Such is the case of India.

Poverty Line in India

India has 41.6% of its population living below the New International

Poverty Line according to the 2005 data of the New World Bank. The World

Bank estimates that 33% of the global poor are now residing in India. But with

the recent study under the Planning Commission of India it has estimated that

27.5% of the population living below the poverty line. The source was the 61st

round of NSS and criteria used was monthly per capita consumption

expenditure below Rs. 356.35 in rural areas and Rs. 538.60 for urban areas.

Almost 77% of the poor are living in rural areas who most of them are daily

wagers, self employed householders and landless labourers.

Wealth distribution in India is fairly uneven where the 10% of the income

groups’ income is 33% of the total national income. With the growing

population the gaps have been widened over the years.

Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)

Programme for self employment for the poor has been an important

component of the anti poverty mission. To be more precise one of the most

vulnerable and under-privileged section in the rural society are the economically

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weaker section i.e. scheduled caste/ scheduled tribes and women. Therefore the

government takes utmost care in empowering this section of the society along

with the rest of the country. There are number of schemes which are

implemented in rural areas which primarily focus on the scheduled caste/

scheduled tribes and women and one such scheme is SWARNAJAYANTI

GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJANA (SGSY) which gave focus on self

employment and Self Help Groups (SHGs). It was operative from 1st April 1999

replacing the existing schemes like Integrated Rural Development Programme

(IRDP), Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM),

Development of Women & Child in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Supply of

Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA), Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY).

Self employment has been recognized as an essential force of

development in rural areas. It has emerged as a strategy designed to improve

socio-economic life and improving the standard of living and self realization.

Thus installation of income generating activities and micro enterprises in the

rural areas help to promote first generation micro entrepreneurs with resource

mobilization on their own through their SHGs. SHGs are integrating low

income segments with rest of the rural community by ensuring them a better

participation in a more equitable share in the benefits of the development. These

groups are not only speeding up economic growth but also providing jobs and

improving the quality of rural life towards self reliance.

India had experimented with numerous self-employment programmes.

These were modified, consolidated and integrated into Swarnajayanti Gram

Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) in April 1999. SGSY was put in place to cover 30%

of the rural poor living BPL in five years. Covering them under this scheme

meant investing a total of Rs. 25,000 per family (household unit).

The scheme is covering all aspects of self employment such as

organization of BPL families into Self Help Groups, Training, Credit,

Technology and Marketing. The SGSY guidelines also emphasize that the

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programme should adopt a process oriented approach and support the self help

group concept as it helps the poor to build their confidence through community

action. It is expected that the process would help in strengthening the socio-

economic empowerment of rural poor and improve their collective bargaining

power.

In order to eradicate the deficiencies of the earlier self employment

programmes, an inbuilt strategy is to be adopted through integration of various

agencies. To happen this in implementation, SGSY visualize a close

coordination among the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), line

departments of the state government, banks, NGOs and Panchayati Raj

Institutions (PRIs) within a district. In nutshell, SGSY is a major poverty

alleviation programme. It was expected to implement the scheme in a holistic

way by incorporating the key elements of social mobilization with emphasis on

capacity building, integrated support through credit, infrastructure, technology

and marketing so as to ensure the poor an appreciable sustained level of income

over a period of time, and building the self-confidence of the participants

through community action. Therefore, for better approach, SGSY deviates from

IRDP by emphasizing on the issue of social mobilization of the poor, trying to

bring in integration providing various backward and forward linkages and in the

functioning of various agencies involved in its implementation.

The SHG method is used by the government, NGOs and others

worldwide. Thousands of the poor and the marginalized population in India are

building their lives, their families and their society through Self help groups.

Self Help Groups have been playing considerable role in training of

Swarozgaris, infrastructure development, marketing and technology support,

communication level of members, self confidence among members, change in

family violence, frequency of interaction with outsiders, change in the saving

pattern of SHG members, change in the cumulative saving pattern of SHG

members per month, involvement in politics, achieving social harmony,

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achieving social justice, involvement in community action, sustainable quality

and accountability, equity within SHGs, defaults and recoveries, and

sustainability - financial value.

The SGSY has been described as a process-oriented and not a target-

oriented scheme. The formation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) for the creation of

micro enterprises to generate self employment has been given top priority. The

main tenets of the SGSY are: (a) key activities, (b) cluster approach, and (c)

group method. The first reduces the number of activities; the second shrinks the

geographical spread to fewer contiguous or selected villages; and the third

reduces the number of clients from a large number of individuals to a small

number of groups and enables peer group monitoring associated with self-

governing institutions. All these are expected to reduce the burden of follow-up

and the extension inputs for providing backward and forward linkages.

Objectives of SGSY

The objective of the SGSY scheme was to bring the assisted BPL families

to above poverty level within the period of three years and emphasized on the

group approach whereby the rural poor organized into SHG through a process

of self mobilization, training, capacity building, marketing etc. and provision of

income generating assets through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.

Efforts were made to involve women members in each SHG as well as

formation of exclusive SHG for women.

It is a package of financial assistance to the people in below poverty line

category and women in specific. The financial assistance included grant from

central and state government and loans from the bank. Whereas the credit

component is directly used for private investment, the grant credit component is

used to supplement the credit as capital subsidy and other investment,

development, capacity building, revolving fund and other miscellaneous uses.

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The persons taking up self employment through this scheme are called

swarozgaris. The assistance (loan cum subsidy) may be extended to individuals

in a group or to all members in the group for taking up Income Generating

Activities. Group activities were given more preference rather than individual

activity.

Salient Features

The salient features of the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) are

given below:

The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana aims at establishing a large

number of micro enterprises in the rural areas, building upon the potential

of the rural poor.

The SGSY emphasis on the cluster approach for establishing the micro-

enterprises. For this, 4-5 key activities have to be identified in each block.

The major share of the SGSY assistance has to be in activity clusters.

The SGSY adopts a project approach for each key activity. Project reports

are to be prepared in respect of each of the identified key activities. The

banks and other financial institutions have to be closely associated and

involved in preparing these project reports, so as to avoid delays in

sanctioning of loans and to ensure adequacy of financing.

The existing infrastructure for the cluster of activities should be reviewed

and gaps identified. Critical gaps in investments have to be made up

under the SGSY, subject to a ceiling of 20% (25% in the case of North

Eastern States) of the total allocation made under the SGSY for each

district. This amount is maintained by the DRDAs as 'SGSY -

Infrastructure Fund'.

In planning of the key activities, care has to be taken to ensure that the

maximum numbers of Panchayats are covered without jeopardizing the

quality of the programme.

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The assisted families may be individuals or groups (Self-Help Groups).

The SGSY, however, favours the group approach.

The Gram Sabha authenticates the list of Below Poverty Line families

identified in the BPL Census. Identification of individual families suitable

for each key activity is to be made through a participatory process.

The group approach involves organization of the poor into Self Help

Groups (SHGs) and their capacity building. Efforts have to be made to

involve women members in each SHG. Besides, exclusive women groups

are also to be formed. At block level, at least half of the groups should be

exclusively women groups. Group activities are given preference and

progressively, majority of the funding should be for Self Help Groups.

The SGSY is a credit-cum-subsidy programme. However, credit is the

critical component of the SGSY, subsidy being a minor and enabling

element. Accordingly, the SGSY envisages greater involvement of the

banks. They are to be involved closely in the planning and preparation of

project reports, identification of activity clusters, infrastructure planning

as well as capacity building and choice of activity of the SHGs, selection

of individual swarozgaris, pre-credit activities and post-credit monitoring

including loan recovery.

The SGSY seeks to promote multiple credits rather than a one-time credit

'injection'. The credit requirements of the swarozgaris need to be carefully

assessed; the swarozgaris are allowed and, in fact, encouraged to increase

credit intake, over the years.

The SGSY seeks to lay emphasis on skill development through well-

designed training courses. Those, who have been sanctioned loans, are to

be assessed and given necessary training. The design, duration of training

and the training curriculum is tailored to meet the needs of the identified

key activities. DRDAs are allowed to set apart up to 10% of the SGSY

allocation on training. This may be maintained as 'SGSY Training Fund'.

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The SGSY attempts to ensure up-gradation of technology in the identified

activity clusters. The technology intervention seeks to add value to the

local resources, including processing of the locally available material

from natural and other resources for local and nonlocal market.

The SGSY provides for promotion of marketing of the goods produced

by the SGSY swarozgaris, which involves provision of market

intelligence, development of markets and consultancy services, as well as

institutional arrangements for marketing of the goods including exports.

The SGSY is implemented by the DRDAs through the Panchayat

Samithis. The process of planning, implementation and monitoring

integrate the banks and other financial institutions, the Panchayati Raj

Institutions (PRIs), Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), as well as

Technical Institutions in the district.

15% of the funds under the SGSY are set apart at the national level to try

new initiatives for self-employment of the rural poor through "Special

Projects", in conjunction with other Departments or Semi-Government/

International Organizations, which includes initiatives to be taken in

individual districts or across the districts.

Self Help Groups

Self-help Groups (SHGs) are playing a major role in removing poverty in

the rural India today. The group-based model of self-help is widely practiced for

rural development, poverty alleviation and empowerment of women. Self-help

as a strategy for social development places emphasis on self-reliance, human

agency and action. It aims to mobilize people, to give them voice and build

people’s organisations that will overcome barriers to participation and

empowerment. Central to the idea of self-help is the formation of groups,

concept of a community and the development of egalitarian relationships that

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will promote people’s well being. Self Help Groups serve as a medium of

delivering micro credit to the members.

As SHG is an institutional group it is expected to have rules of self

governance which is based on the principle of direct democracy. This is one of

the reasons why the size of the SHG is small so that all the members can

effectively take part in the decision making process.

The groups are expected to meet regularly; all the members are expected to

attend the meetings; thrift collection should be regular. There are three main

financial benefits for being a part of the SHG: (a) accumulation of savings for

the future (b) access to credit at affordable price (c) earning income because of

financial transactions within the group.

The SHGs must have well defined rules whether written or unwritten

mainly because the groups are engaged with financial transaction and act as

custodians of members savings. There are various rules with regard to the

management viz. (1) criteria of membership (2) joining groups (3) leaving

groups (4) attendance (5) fine (6) rate of interest (7) thrift rate (8) calculations

of profit and loss (9) balance of profit and loss (10) nomination (11) selection of

office bearer (12) tenure of the office bearer (13) loan sanctioning process.

Why Self-Help Group Is So Important In India?

To alleviate poverty

To increase employment opportunity

To accelerate economic growth

To raise status in society is the prime reason for respondents joining the

SHG

To promote income generating activities

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Impact of Self-Help Group in India

Saving and Financial Decision Making

One of the primary benefits of participation in a SHG is the opportunity

to save regularly, access formal savings institutions and participate in the

management of these savings. They save regularly, have their own bank

accounts and make deposits into these accounts. SHG is having a good impact

on members, in their ability to save their hard earned money.

Access to credit

A corollary of participation in SHGs is an improvement in a woman’s

access to credit. Since the project is perhaps too early in its implementation to

directly improve women’s access to credit. The financial mobility due to

participation in the SHG has led to an improvement in the quality of life,

according to some of the successful groups. Overall, many families were able to

address their basic needs better than before. Some of NGOs report has shown

that the record on the repayment of loans by women was often better than that

of men, and that women were also more likely to spend the income earned, on

their families, leading to improved health and nutrition of the poor population

and for improving the quality of their lives.

Employment

The implementation of SHG has generated Self-employment

opportunities for the rural poor. The progress of the program since inception

assisted in formation of 35.7 lakh SHGs; assisted 1.24 Cr. Swarozgaris in

establishing their own micro-enterprises. The Government of India released

Rs.11, 486 Crore under the program; bank credit mobilization is Rs.19, 017;

Total subsidy provided is Rs.9, 318 Cr. The program helped many participants

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in improving their economic conditions. Another good accomplishment of the

program is that it has adopted the SHG strategy.

Decision-making within the household

The social impact of the SHG program increased involvement in

Decision-making, awareness about various programs and organizations,

increased access to such organizations, increased expenditure on health and

marriage events, there is a change in the attitude of male members of the

families, now they are convinced about the concept of SHG and encourage

women to participate in the meetings and women reported that they have

savings in their name and it gives them confidence and increased self respect.

Within family the respect and status of women has increased. Children

education has been improved significantly. Especially girl education was very

low but now SHG members are sending their children including girls to school.

The sanitation in member’s households has improved and it has led to better

health in member’s families. Now women are taking treatment from qualified

doctors, even if they have to travel to nearby towns. Members are now

confident enough to raise social status.

Participation in local government

Because of SHG, women know about their local political institutions such

as the Gram Panchayats and have better knowledge of where to report certain

types of grievances. As part of the political empowerment process, it is a

pertinent fact that many women have not only been elected to the Gram

Panchayats but have become the role holders too. In majority of the cases, the

women perceived themselves as now having some influence over decisions in

the political life of village, and in a smaller number of cases, the women named

their participation and influence in village political life as an important and

note-worthy change.

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However, in general, the opportunities available to the women to

participate in village life were limited, as most of the village processes were still

being male-dominated and patriarchal. Though the SHGs generate positive

impact on the rural economy through empowering women and enhancing the

rural income of those participant households, the issue of group size has been of

long standing concern.

Self- employment is a significant step to have sustained incomes and

remove the shackles of poverty. During the study, adequate attention was given

to cover various aspects of the program and understand the impact of the

support on the slated objectives.

Cluster Approach

The emphasis under SGSY is on the cluster approach. For this, 4-5 key

activities are identified for each block based on the resources, occupational

skills of the people and availability of markets. Selection of the key activities is

with the approval of the Panchayat Samithis at the block level and the DRDA/

Zilla Panchayat (ZP) at the district level. The major share of SGSY assistance is

in activity clusters.

Project Approach

SGSY adopts a project approach for each key activity. Project reports are

prepared in respect of identifies key activities. The banks and other financial

institutions are closely associated and involved in preparing these project

reports, so as to avoid delays in the sanctioning of loans and to ensure adequacy

of financing.

Group Approach

SGSY also focus on the Group approach which involves organization of

the poor into Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their capacity building. Efforts are

made to involve women members in each SHG. Besides, exclusive women

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groups continue to be formed. At the block level, at least half of the groups are

exclusively women groups. SGSY particularly focus on the vulnerable groups

among the rural poor. Accordingly, it has been decided that the SC/STs should

account for at least 50% of the Swarozgaris, women for 40% and the disabled

for 3%.

Financing

The scheme is sponsored by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)

of the Union Government; it determines the amount of funds that each district in

each state is to receive every year on the basis of its assessment of the

dimensions of poverty as well as its capacity to utilize the funds.

It undertakes to provide 75 % of those funds into a pool of resources

earmarked for the scheme. State governments are to contribute the remaining

25% on a matching basis to make up the total allocated amount for each district.

Central funds for the scheme are to be released directly to the DRDAs in two

installments during each year, one at the beginning of the financial year and the

other after 60 % of the initial funds are utilized. As soon as central funds are

released, the state government has to send to the DRDAs its 25 %.

The funds from this pool are for all expenses for organizing and

facilitating the SHG formation and running of the SHGs, to supplement its core

revolving fund through a subsidy of Rs. 10,000 per group as well as to provide

them with other stipulated subsidies. 30% of the pooled resources are meant for

expenses of the organizing department and of the organizations (GOs as well as

NGOs) who act as facilitators of each group. A part of the pool is to be set aside

in a fund for training the beneficiaries in all the skills required for organizing,

operating and managing the activities of the SHGs. SGSY funds are not meant

for infrastructure building for which the DRDAs are to seek help from other line

departments; but they can be used for some small but crucial investments of that

kind.

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Revolving Fund

A new addition to the SGSY has been the concept of ‘revolving funds’. A

SHG has 6 months to prove its eligibility for a revolving fund. The SHG should

form a ‘group corpus’ with contributions from the members of the group and

demonstrate its competence in lending money to the members as well as making

sure loans are repaid at appropriate rates of interest. The group corpus is to be

deposited in a savings account of a local bank. The group corpus may include

cash, deposits in savings accounts in banks or even money from loans belonging

to the members of the SHG. At the end of the 6-month period, a subsidy ranging

from Rs. 5000/- to Rs. 10,000/- equaling the group corpus is released from the

SGSY accounts held by the DRDAs. Such a SHG will then be eligible for

credits from the bank in multiples of the ‘group corpus’ and it can be as high as

4 times the group corpus. The subsidy and the bank credit constitute the

revolving fund and are credited to the SHG’s saving account in the bank. This is

how the financial assistance under SGSY begins. The SHG may be considered

for a maximum subsidy of up to Rs. 20,000/- depending on its performance.

SHGs can avail of loans and subsidies once they assume the form of income-

generating micro enterprises, given the bank is satisfied with repayment of the

loan that formed part of the revolving fund. Revolving funds are meant to

‘impart credit discipline and financial management skills to the members of the

SHG. The SHG can enhance its own financial capacity by giving out loans to its

members, who then will be charged an interest on the loans.

Credit

Credit was a crucial input in the SGSY assistance, and subsidy was

viewed only as an enabling component. The loan applications were normally

processed within a month and the decision regarding the loan sanction or

otherwise were conveyed to the swarozgaris within a quarter. The banks

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received more than 50% of the applications for loan assistance under the

programme in quarterly frequency. As much as 60% of the allocated SGSY

funds can be used for subsidies to finance SHGs and other beneficiaries once

they are capable of income generation. The direct financial assistance from the

government under SGSY is purely in the form of subsidies.

Subsidies are released to facilitate availing of credit from the banks by the

beneficiaries. The government effectively purchases loans for the beneficiaries

from the banks. These subsidies are not to be released to the beneficiaries and

are deposited in the subsidy reserve fund accounts of the beneficiaries.

Eventually the repayment of the loan is adjusted against the subsidy provided.

Training of Swarozgaris

The SGSY seeks to lay emphasis on skill development through well-

designed training courses. Those, who have been sanctioned loans, are to be

assessed and given necessary training. The design, duration and the training

curriculum is tailored to meet the needs of the identified key activities. DRDAs

are allowed to set apart up to 10% of the SGSY allocation on training. This may

be maintained as ‘SGSY – Training Fund’.

Infrastructure Development

SGSY provides for review of existing infrastructure for the cluster of

activities and identification of gaps. Under SGSY, critical gaps in investments

have to be made up, subject to a ceiling of 20% (25% in the case of North

Eastern States) of the total allocation made under the SGSY for each district.

This amount is maintained by the DRDAs as ‘SGSY–Infrastructure Fund’.

Marketing and Technology Support

SGSY attempts to ensure up-gradation of technology in the identified key

activity. The technology intervention seeks to add value to the local resources,

22

including processing of the locally available material from natural and other

resources for the local and non-local market. SGSY also provides for promotion

of marketing of the goods produced by the swarozgaris, which involves

organization and participation in exhibitions/melas at District/State/National/

International levels to display and sell goods produced by the swarozgaris,

provision of market intelligence, development of markets and consultancy

services, as well as institutional arrangements for marketing of the goods

including exports.

Special Projects

SGSY has a provision of special projects to facilitate development of

enterprises set up from the assistance under the scheme. The projects envisaged

here, go beyond the purview of a single district and they benefit swarozgaris

from more than one district. As per the SGSY guidelines, ‘maximum

investment, inclusive of central and state share, under each special project

should not exceed Rs. 15 crores and the minimum project cost should not be

ordinarily below Rs. 1 crore. The decisions regarding these projects are taken at

a national level. The state governments or semi-government organizations at the

national level or international organizations may submit proposals for these

special projects to the MoRD. The appropriate committees constituted by

MoRD will look into these proposals and their approval is necessary for the

projects to be taken up. 15% of the funds allocated at the national level are set

aside for such projects by the MoRD. This will go towards funding 75% of the

cost of the project while the remaining cost has to borne by the state treasury.

Only one project shall be approved for a district at a time and the period of

implementation of the project must not exceed 3 years.

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Monitoring

A comprehensive system of monitoring has been adopted under SGSY.

The programme is monitored from the Central level down to the grass root

level. At the Central level, the Central Level Co-ordination Committee (CLCC)

monitors and reviews the implementation of the programme and lays down

policy guidelines for all aspects related to credit linkages for the SGSY. The

Performance Review Committee of the Department of Rural Development also

reviews the implementation of SGSY. At the State level, a State Level

Coordination Committee (SLCC) monitors the programme.

For smooth and effective implementation of SGSY different forums have

been created at different levels:

(1) Block Level SGSY Committee (BLSC)

(2) District Level SGSY Committee (DLSC)

(3) State Level SGSY Committee (SLSC)

(4) Central Level Coordination Committee (CLCC).

Both bankers and government officials are the members of these forums and

jointly implement the scheme.

The processes of functioning, implementation, monitoring & problem

solving have been examined by coordinating feedback from:

(A) Coordinating and controlling functionaries like:

(a) Project Director (PD)

(b) Lead District Manager (LDM)

(c) Block Development Officer (BDO)

(d) District Development Manager (DDM).

(B) Implementing functionaries like:

(a) Branch Managers

(b) Grass root workers viz. Village Level Workers(VLW), Anganwadi

Workers and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

24

Project Director and Block Development Officer are controlling officers

from government, LDM and DDM are coordinating officers from banks and

NABARD.

Diagram:

The Administrative structure and the flow of funds in SGSY

ded

State share Central share

Department of Rural

Development, State

Government

Ministry of Rural

Development, Central

Government

District Rural Development

Agency (DRDA)

REVOLVING FUND

in branches of

commercial, co-

operative and regional

bank.

SUBSIDIES

on loans; provided

by the banks to the

beneficiaries.

INFRASTRUCTURE

develops in the local areas

of transport, marketing

facilities to facilitate the

growth of micro

enterprise.

TRAINING

of beneficiaries for

running of various

enterprises they intend

to set up. They also

need advice on

maintaining the crucial

bank beneficiary link.

25

Table No. 1.1 Physical Progress of SGSY in India

Sr.

No

Head 1999-

2000

2000-

2001

2001-

2002

2002-

2003

2003-

2004

2004-2005 2005-

2006

2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-

2009

Total

1 SHGs

formed

292426 223265 434387 398873 392136 266230 276414 246309 306688 563530 3400258

2 Women

SHGs

formed

176263 153285 296175 221085 233136 191666 213213 176712 231670 404972 229817 7

3 Percentage

of women

SHGs

60.28 68.66 68 .18 55 .43 59.45 71 .99 77.14 71.74 75 .54 71.86 67.59

4 No. of

SHGs

passed

Grade I

125402 21401 1 176002 189634 204987 219604 210639 222029 251163 322322 2135793

5 No. of

SHGs

passed

Grade II

74234 101291 54040 94754 90673 105839 91920 156353 116878 138641 1024623

6 SHGs taken

up economic

activities

2901 7 26317 30576 35525 50717 68102 80130 137931 181386 114452 754153

7 SHGs

swarozgaris

assisted

347912 318803 364676 414419 577532 788573 873485 1472066 1154269 1470032 7781767

8 Individual

swarozgaris

assisted

58595 6687349 572792 411848 319363 327355 277631 219860 253503 291392 3947049

9 Total

swarozgaris

assisted

933868 1006152 937468 826267 896895 1115928 115111 6 1691926 1699295 1861875 12120790

26

Sr.

No

Head 1999-

2000

2000-

2001

2001-

2002

2002-

2003

2003-

2004

2004-2005 2005-

2006

2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-

2009

Total

10 Percentage

of

swarozgaris

assisted

37.25 31.69 38.9 50 .16 6 4.39 70 .67 75.8 8 87.01 67 .93 78.95 64 .2

11 SC

swarozgaris

assisted

278938 310886 284040 249556 274893 352864 383124 600364 561052 601299 3897016

12 ST

swarozgaris

assisted

134944 137850 143619 130260 138909 149115 165407 241291 251783 274530 1767708

13 Total SC/ST

swarozgaris

assisted

413882 448736 427659 379816 413802 501979 548531 841655 812835 875829 566472 4

14 Minorities

swarozgaris

assisted

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60494 142399 275121 478014

15 Women

swarozgaris

assisted

416690 409842 385891 382613 470740 606141 662764 1247132 1083905 1206513 6872231

16 Disabled

swarozgaris

assisted

8529 6737 6059 6118 8504 12680 14793 31864 36113 42315 173712

17 Percentage

of SC/ST

swarozgaris

assisted

44.32 44 .6 45 .62 45 .97 6.14 44 .98 47.65 49.75 47 .83 47.04 46.74

27

Sr.

No

Head 1999-

2000

2000-

2001

2001-

2002

2002-

2003

2003-

2004

2004-2005 2005-

2006

2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-

2009

Total

18 Percentage of

minorities

swarozgaris

assisted

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.58 8 .38 14.78 3.94

19 Percentage of

women

swarozgaris

assisted

44.62 40.73 41 .16 46 .31 52.49 54 .32 57.58 73.71 63 .79 64 .8 56 .7

20 Percentage of

disabled

swarozgaris

assisted

0.91 0.67 0.65 0.74 0.95 1.14 1.29 1.88 2.13 2.27 1.43

Source: Ministry of Rural Development

28

SGSY performance across India

The centre allocated 100 crores to all the states and union territories

according to the distribution of the BPL population in the respective states/ UT.

This constituted only 75% of the total grant from centre rest 25% being provided

by the respective state/ UT governments. Under the scheme the states have been

divided into two categories- General and Special. The central government share of

SGSY fund is meant to be higher in special categorized states than the stipulated

75% in case of general category. General categorized states: Andhra Pradesh,

Bihar, Jharkhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat,

Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa,

Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Special categorized

states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,

Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Puducherry, Sikkim and Tripura.

With regard to the performance of SGSY scheme some states had

exceptionally well report cards. For instance, in the state of Andhra Pradesh there

is 90% of the total population of SC/ST assisted under the scheme followed by

Punjab with 75%, and Rajasthan with 63%, Jharkhand with 58% and Chhattisgarh

with 57%.

With regard to the participation and assistance to women under the scheme,

Goa has attained 100% participation, followed by Tamil Nadu 98%, Orissa 96%,

West Bengal 94% and Karnataka 89%.

Since its inception in 1999, SGSY has provided assistance to over one crore

swarozgaris, of which 77 lakhs, or 64.2%, were SHG swarozgaris (from both

SGSY and previous schemes) and approximately 39 lakhs were individual

swarozgaris. Of the total swarozgaris assisted, 38 lakhs were SCs and 17 lakhs

29

were STs together constituting 46% of the beneficiaries, while women accounted

for 57%. Despite the scheme having a separate component targeting the disabled

poor disabled swarozgaris constituted only 1.5% of the total swarozgaris assisted.

SHGs may be an informal group or registered group under the societies act,

state co-operative act or as a partnership firm. The group may not have more than

twenty members for better coordination and functioning.

Review of Literature

In this section an effort has been made to review research studies concerning

issues in relation to socio-economic status, sustainability, various qualities,

performance and impact assessment of SHGs functioning in India.

As regards to SHG functioning a study on SGSY/SHG by National Institute

of Bank Management (NIBM), MORD (GOI),(R. Dasgupta,2007;145) reveals:

(i) Planning and implementation of SGSY are not satisfactory.

(ii) SHGs are weak; formation and nurturing process are not satisfactory.

(iii) Subsidy seems to be a major motivation factor for SGSY-SHGs.

(iv)Recovery rate at all India level is 42 per cent only.

(v) Accounting practice of SHGs needs to be made simple and systematic.

(vi) Majority of the Swarozgaris/SHG have not generated economic surplus from

their credit led assets; skill based training seems to be weak; marketing channel has

not been created.

(vii) Grading process is not at all scientific; neither itis taken seriously.

(viii) Release of subsidy fund is delayed; this affects implementation schedule.

30

Following are some of the recommendations of the study:

1. Since SHG is in the core of SGSY model, philosophy of SHG must be

respected. SHG is a slow process. Lot of time needs to be spent on formation,

nurturing and mentoring of the SHGs.

2. SHGs must be allowed to mature first with (i) thrift collection, (ii) internal

lending, (iii) record maintenance, (iv)fund management, and (v) problem solving.

3. Target must not be ‘number of groups’ formed or ‘amount of credit disbursed’

or ‘amount of subsidy released’ but ‘number of groups matured’. Credit is

expected to follow as a natural process.

4. Branch Managers to take interest in lending to poor, the corporate office should

come with appropriate performance appraisal and reward policy.

3. The findings about SHGs need to be thoroughly discussed in each Block Level

SGSY Committee (BLSC) and District Level SGSY Committee (DLSC) meetings.

4. Besides credit, infrastructure and training issues must be given equal emphasis,

if not more.

The study has also given a re-look on the implementation process:

(i) While forming SHGs, subsidy or SGSY should not be brought into the picture

at all. Thrift, inter lending, normal bank loan and empowerment must be the focus

during both formation and nurturing period. Facilitators must visit and train them

on regular basis. There should be networking of SHGs regularly. Initially, where

there is not much development of SHG, focus must be on generation of good

SHGs, not on utilization of subsidy.

31

(ii) Planning process must be strengthened for (a) forming SHGs, (b) selecting

activities considering the local skill, resources and market potential (c) providing

training and infrastructural gap.

(iii) For strengthening SHGs, accounts sheet must be used for updating records

regularly.

Reddy (2005) observes that the state of SHGs identifies key areas of

weakness which undermine the sustainability of SHG movement. He identifies the

major areas such as financial management, governance and human resource ranges

from weak to average quality for a majority of SHGs.

APMAS (2006) addressed a wide range of issues including cases of dropouts

from SHGs and internal politics, and issues of social harmony and social justice,

community actions, book-keepings, equity, defaults and recoveries and

sustainability of SHGs.

Singh (2006) also studied SHGs programme of Peoples Education and

Development Organisation and makes an attempt to evaluate social and economic

impact on households of SHGs members. They observed that members involved in

SHGs programme have increased involvement in decision making, awareness

about various programmes and organisations. Moreover, the members get

information about the different sources of credit and also reported that there are the

evidences of household income, food security and increased standard of living.

EDA Rural Systems and APMAS (2006) observed that 30 per cent of SHGs

in the sample were involved in community actions. He accesses the quality of

SHGs on different parameters like involvement in social harmony, social justices,

community action etc. He further observes that only 15% of SHGs have good

quality of records that are maintained by the group members.

32

Kumar (2010) while comparing the differences in quality of SHGs between

SHGs under the umbrella of federations and other SHGs which are not part of

federation observes that federation type SHGs are functioning well. Roy (2007)

undertaken quality assessment of SHGs in West Bengal and this was done by using

twenty indicators like group meeting, members’ participation, group discipline,

savings, micro-credit, financial management, economic and social initiatives and

linkages with institutions. Thus, in group formation, homogeneity in economic

status should be given weightage. Continuity in the perusal of social causes and

issues, group processes, and other social parameters should be considered while

fixing determinants of group quality.

(S.Bhavani, 2009) During the survey, it was found that the knowledge about

the SGSY scheme and its various aspects of the scheme was vague and limited.

Very small proportion of beneficiaries could tell the different components of

scheme. Even some of the officials of the Rural Development Department and

financial institutions in the state (J&K) were not fully aware about various

components of the scheme and their responsibilities for implementing the scheme.

Lack of commitment of officials, their inability to mobilize the Self Help Groups

and illiteracy of rural women were some of the reasons for poor performance of

SGSY in the state.

Sa-Dhan has developed a SHG Performance Measurement Tool (Sa-Dhan

2005) based on its applied research with an objective of helping the SHPIs and

Banks to understand the SHGs in required detail to assess its performance,

including decision making for credit linkage. This tool helps the SHPIs to measure

the quality of SHGs and to identify the areas of strengths and weaknesses of SHGs

33

that would in turn help them to design their capacity building initiatives for SHGs

in a more focused and cost effective manner. This tool also helps banks to

understand and assess SHGs performance in the required detail for credit linkage.

(Ajay Tankha, 2007) field reports of the study suggest that SHGs are

generally not composed of mainly the poorest families; there is greater evidence of

social empowerment rather than significant and consistent economic impact; and

financial skills of group members have not developed as planned.

The present study differs from earlier studies as it focuses on assessing the

performance of SHGs functioning under SGSY scheme in Goa.

Overview of SGSY in Goa

In 1999, SGSY had been launched in Goa through the Rural Development

Agency by the Chief Secretary Shri. Ashoke Nath (I.A.S). During the initial year

the scheme was introduced by R.D.A which was then composed of North and

South District. In the very debut year the agency achieved as much as 51% of the

total target set under the scheme for the year 1999-2000.

Goa had a well spread network of various bank branches. There were as

many as 300 bank branches both commercial and co-operative sector. All the

banks were located in rural areas were involved in SGSY. Thus any beneficiary of

SGSY was not required to move beyond 3km to avail the credit facilities. The

agency acted as the liaison agency with the financial institutions.

The central share for the year 1999-2000 was Rs.29,89000 and state share

was Rs. 11,58000. Under the scheme, the families were identified whose annual

34

income from all the sources was Rs.11000 or below. The loan amount was

sanctioned by the financial institutions whereas the subsidy amount was borne by

the agency. As many as 565 families were assisted against the target of 1100. The

implementation of SGSY scheme has certainly helped in raising agricultural

production as also dairy and fisheries products. It has also helped in providing

gainful employment to the rural people specially unemployed youths, artisans and

women folks.

From the year 2001-02 the R.D.A was divided into two North Goa R.D.A

and South Goa R.D.A respectively. In the same year as many as 454 families were

assisted as against the target of 700 in North Goa. The swarozgaris participated and

placed their stalls in century old Gwalior Trade Fair in Madhya Pradesh with the

assistance of NIC Panjim. In the same year a website has been launched

www.ruralbazargoa.nic.in to provide the marketing support through the internet to

the swarozgaris and give a global market for their product.

In the year 2002-03, 528 families were assisted through individual and group

as against the target of 650. Out of which 65 families belonged from the scheduled

caste. The RDA also organized 4 state level exhibition and the members also

participated in three of the National level exhibitions.

One of the remarkable events in this year was the opening of the permanent outlet

at Old Goa and Calangute beach. A mobile van was also provided to sale their

products.

In the year 2003-04, 570 beneficiaries were identified of which 256 families

were assisted through the individual and group as target of 650 of which 38

families belonged to the Scheduled Caste.

http://www.ruralbazargoa.nic.in/

35

One national level exhibition was organized by the agency and two state

level exhibitions were organized. The members participated in 12 National level

exhibitions and 6 state level exhibitions.

To involve maximum households in SHG on pilot basis one project was

started in which Anganwadi workers were involved.

The state of Goa was ranked 3rd (in other state category) in the same year by

the Centre of Management for Development Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram which

had done concurrent evaluation of SGSY in the entire country.

In 2004-05, 490 families were assisted as against the target of 400 of which

41 families were from Scheduled Caste and one from Scheduled Tribes. The

members participated in 14 National Level Exhibitions and 6 different State level

Exhibitions. A permanent stall in MMC under SGSY infrastructure was installed.

In 2005-06, 428 families were assisted as against the target of 400. The

members participated in 13 National level exhibitions and 6 state level exhibitions.

The agency had also organized 5 exhibitions cum sale with the name GOA

SARAS.

Special Project: Goa Bazar:

Special Project under SGSY to provide marketing support to the

swarozgaris was launched. The cost of the project was 9.83 crores which was

approved by the Government of India. This would create permanent structure in

the form of marketing centre, Goa Bazar for sale of products of the swarozgaris

and training centre at Goa Bazar was established to upgrade the skills of the rural

micro enterprises to achieve high productivity and capacity building of

swarozgaris.

36

In 2006-07, 428 families were assisted as against the target of 400. The members

participated in 9 National level Exhibition and 3 state level exhibitions. Almost 18

training courses were provided which were participated by 857participants.


participated in 21 National level exhibitions and 3 state level exhibitions.


participated in 13 national level exhibitions.


participated in 7 National Level Exhibition.

Since the data is available till 2010 information for the year 2010-11 and 2011-12

is not provided.

Following tables shall elucidate about the SGSY in Goa in various context;

Table No. 1.2 Number of SHGs formed under SGSY (Year wise)

1999-

2000

2000-

01

2001-

02

2002-

03

2003-

04

2004

-05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007

-08

2008

-09

2009-

10

565

244 454 106 113 319 57 123 41 - -

The above table indicates the number of SHGs formed under the SGSY over the

years:

In the year 1999-2000, 565 SHGs were formed, in 2000-01 244 SHGs were

mobilized, 2001-02 454 more SHGs were involved under SGSY scheme , while in

2002-03 106 SHGs, 2003-04 113 SHGs, 2004-05 319 SHGs, 2005-06 57 SHGs,

2006-07 123 SHGs and 2007-08 41 SHGs were formed respectively in North and

South Goa respectively.

37

Table No. 1.3 Number of SHGs formed under SGSY (Block-wise) B

ard

ez

Tis

wad

i

Bic

holi

m

Satt

ari

Per

nem

Pon

da

Salc

ete

Dh

arb

an

dora

Qu

epem

Can

aco

na

Morm

ugao

San

geu

m

448 43 155 112 152 88 61 67 119 148 15 65

The above table indicates the number of SHGs formed under SGSY in the

12 blocks. The Bardez taluka has 448 SHGs, Tiswadi has 43 SHGs, Bicholim has

155 SHGs, Sattari has 112 SHGs, Pernem has 152 SHGs, Ponda has 88 SHGs,

Salcete has 61 SHGs, Dharbandora 67 SHGs, Quepem has 119 SHGs, Cancona has

148 SHGs, Mormugao has 15 SHGs and Sanguem has 65 SHGs respectively. It

has been observed that Bardez taluka has the maximum SHGs over the years.

Table No. 1.4 Number of Awareness and Training Programmes provided (Year wise)

Districts 1999-

2000

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002-

03

2003-

04

2004

-05

2005

-06

2006

-07

2007

-08

2008

-09

2009-

10

North Goa - - 54 9 7 6 13 18 - - -

South Goa - - 10 44 3 2 16 4 10 3 2

The above table indicates the number of awareness and training programmes

organized by DRDA of North and South Goa over the years.

Table No. 1.5 Central Funds and State funds (Year wise)

Sr.

no

Year North Goa

South Goa

Central Fund

State Fund Central Fund State Fund

1. 1999-2000

29,89,000 11,58,000 - -

2. 2000-2001

25,00,000 16,67,000 54,89,000 16,67,000

3. 2001-2002

17,65,000 5,88,000 7,35,000 24,5000

4. 2002-2003

17,65,000 5,88,000 14,70,000 4,90,000

5. 2003-2004

17,65,000 5,88,000 14,70,000 4,90,000

38

Sr.

no

Year North Goa

South Goa

Central Fund

State Fund Central Fund State Fund

6. 2004-2005

25,47,000 6,82,000 14,70,000 4,90,000

7. 2005-2006

17,65,000 5,88,000 14,70,000 4,90,000

8. 2006-2007

45,99,000 8,82,000 14,70,000 4,90,000

9. 2007-2008

35,30,000 11,76,000 14,70,000 4,90,000

10. 2008-2009

- - 36,75,000 18,38,000

11. 2009-2010

- - 44,10,000 11,02,000

Sources: Annual Reports, DRDA, North and South Goa. (1999-2010)

The above table indicates the centre and state share in North and South Goa

respectively.

Economic Activities

Different SHGs and swarozgaris have their own area of expertise and have

been choosing economic activities of their interests. In this regard the agency has

given them a scope to carry out whatever economic activities which would benefit

them. And accordingly the members have chosen their economic activities.

Over the years different kinds of Income Generating Activities were supported

under the SGSY and they are as follows;

Sweets and Eatables

Embroidery and crochets

Leather bags

Soft toys

Imitation jewellery

Sea shell items

Sale of readymade garments

Clay products

Bamboo crafts

Sale of coconuts

Selling of fish and vegetables

Tailoring

Catering

Masala

Pickle

Agarbatti

SGSY has been successfully implemented in Goa from 1990 to 2010 and

was also carried forward until 2014 with available funds under the scheme. The

39

target group in all rural area back in 1999 was those whose annual income from all

sources is Rs. 11,000 or below. The agency achieved as much as 51% of the total

target set under the scheme.

The implementation of SGSY scheme has certainly helped in raising

agricultural production as also dairy and fisheries products. It has also helped in

providing gainful employment to the rural people specially unemployed youth,

artisans and women folk in the initial phase of the scheme.

The ministry treats evaluation of its policies, programmes and schemes as an

instrument of accountability. As a result, concurrent evaluation studies are under

taken from time to time, through reputed and independent Research institutions/

organizations. The objective is to evaluate the performance of the scheme at the

field level, to assess the impact of the programmes and to identify the bottlenecks

in the implementation process, wherever necessary.

In order to study the best practices and to use the findings of the study for

better programme formulation in future, it is necessary to assess the performance

of SHGs formed under SGSY and overall functioning of SGSY at the state level.

With this objective an ‘Evaluation of SHG performance under SGSY scheme in

Goa’ has been undertaken.

Presently the SGSY scheme has been defunct and a new scheme National

Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) has been implemented in the country but the

state of Goa has not yet implemented the mission and is presently working on the

layout of the mission.

40

Objectives of the Research Study

The study is undertaken with the following objectives:

1. To evaluate the functioning of SHGs formed under SGSY with special

reference to Income Generating Activities.

2. To assess the socio-economic status of SHG members through Income

Generating Activities.

3. To study the impact of training and capacity building on performance of

SHG members under SGSY.

4. To list out problems faced by SHG members in study area.

5. To observe SHG performance under SGSY in study area.

Research Design and Methodology

The research design and methodology is being devised keeping in

consideration the focussed objectives. The study is based on primary and

secondary data. The primary data was collected from the field through a sample

survey, interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. The questionnaires

and interview schedules were prepared keeping in view the objectives of the

proposed study. The interview schedule was used to collect data from DRDA

officials, Bankers and BDOs from the selected talukas as mentioned above.

Questionnaire schedule & Focus Group Discussion were used for collecting

information from the Individual and Group beneficiaries, PRI members, Village

Panchayat Secretaries, Gram Sevaks, Villagers and Anganwadi Workers of the

above mentioned talukas/blocks. Secondary data collection was undertaken

through Government Sources, Journals, Articles, Papers, and other Research

Studies, etc.

41

For the purpose of study only 4 blocks (2 Blocks each from North & South Goa

Districts) out of 12 blocks of state of Goa is selected which is based on two

criteria’s namely: blocks having more number of BPL population and higher

individual & group beneficiaries under the scheme. To simplify the process,

selected individual and SHG beneficiaries of SGSY scheme were chosen through

Purposive Random Sampling Method. For assessing the performance and impact

of SHG formation under SGSY in Goa, SHGs formed majority from the year

2000-2009 were chosen under the sample study.

The primary data was collected from DRDA officials, Bankers and BDOs of

the 4 selected blocks through interview schedule while questionnaires were

conducted for 20 SHG members each from the 4 randomly selected villages of the

4 identified blocks based on the criteria mentioned above.

One Focus Group Discussion with each identified village Panchayat of

selected block was held with PRI members, Village Panchayat Secretaries, Gram

Sevaks, Anganwadi Workers along with the SHG members other than those

identified for discussion in structured schedules.

In all, 30 officials were interviewed from selected blocks of the two districts;

questionnaires were conducted with 20 SHG members each from 4 villages

identified from 4 selected blocks i.e. total 320 respondents (SHG members) filled

questionnaires and 16 focus group discussions were undertaken for research

purpose which has formed the sample size of the research study.

A set of questionnaires are prepared for assessing the functioning, socio-

economic status, impact of training & capacity building and outline constraints

faced by SHG members in the study area. The questionnaires are framed

42

considering literature on functioning of scheme and SHG in particular in different

states. The following variables are identified for the purpose of study:

Sr.

No.

Selected indicators for assessing SHG performance in identified study

area

I. Profile & functioning of

group

1. Profile of SHG members in study area.

2. Role of stakeholders in SHG

promotion/functioning.

3. Reasons for group formation stated by

SHG members.

4. Functions of the office bearers.

5. Members participation in group

functioning.

6. Awareness on functions of office

bearers.

7. Regularity in savings & monthly

deposits.

8. Attendance in group meetings.

9. Maintenance of books & records.

10. Awareness on scheme particulars.

11. Initiation of individual/group

activities.

12. Market support for SHG produce.

II. Socio-economic

empowerment

1. Income generation through micro-

economic development.

2. Enhancement of social status through

SHG formation.

III. Training & capacity building Impact of training & capacity building on

SHG performance.

IV. Constraints Problems faced by SHG members. Source: Compiled from field survey

43

Hypothesis

1. Additional income through Income Generating Activities (IGA) helps to

enhance the socio-economic status of group members.

2. The continuous training and capacity building increases the scope of Income

Generating Activities and nurturing the beneficiaries under SGSY scheme.

Research Questions

The following research questions are framed to assess the SHG performance in the

identified blocks for the purpose of study:

1. Whether an additional income earned through IGA helps to increase the

socio-economic status of group members identified in the study area.

2. Whether imparting continuous doses of training and capacity building will

increase the scope of IGA and nurture the SHG member.

The following research questions are designed to get the required information from

the identified SHG members:

1. Does the participation in SHG helped to enhance the level of decision-

making (social & economic aspects) at home?

2. Does the SHG involvement in training & capacity building encouraged to

increase entrepreneurial skills and growth of SHG members?

Significance of the Study

The assessment of SHGs performance is one of the challenging issues and

the present study area also indicates the same. Various rating tools devised to

understand micro-finance development and SHGs empowerment; however social,

economic and training aspects of SHG functioning rarely seen in the rating system.

44

Here, an effort is made to assess the performance of the SHG member in the area

of study with respect to participation and level of empowerment in social &

economic fronts and enhancing entrepreneurial traits.

Limitation of the Study

The research study is conducted in only four identified blocks/talukas and

not covered all blocks/talukas of two districts of the state.

SHG members who are functioning at identified villages from the selected

blocks were chosen for the purpose of study while groups which are dormant

in the identified villages of the selected blocks could not be examined.

45

Chapter II

DATA ANALYSIS- SHG Members

This chapter is based on field survey. As mentioned in chapter I, for the

purpose of research study 2 blocks each from North & South Goa Districts were

selected based on criteria’s: more number of BPL population and higher number of

beneficiaries under SGSY.

Ones the blocks were identified from both districts 16 villages i.e. 4 villages

from each block were randomly selected. From each village a total of 20 SHG

members under SGSY were selected randomly to conduct interview which were

formed majority from the year 2000-2009. Interviews were also conducted with the

government officials and bank officials, which is elaborated in the chapter IV. The

research study also conducted Focus Group Discussions in the villages, whose

participants comprised not only the SHGs members but also PRI members, staff

and the locals, which is more elaborated in the chapter V which completely focuses

and deals with it.

From Bardez block the villages which were identified were Bastora, Verla-

Canca, Arpora-Nagoa and Sucorro. From Sattari block the villages which were

identified were Thane, Keri, Paryem and Bhirondem. From Quepem block the

villages which were identified were Balli, Barcem, Cauvrempirla and Morpirla.

From Cancona block the villages which were identified were Khotigao, Cola,

Gaondongrem and Shristhal.

A total of 320 interviews were conducted across the selected blocks and the

data has been formulated completely based on the information provided by the

members.

46

BARDEZ BLOCK

Table No. 2. 1. Village Profile:

Village

Panchayat

Male

population

Female

population

BPL(Household)

Population

Total

Population

Literacy

Rate

Bastora 1918 2025 141 3943 91.65%

Verla-Canca 1890 1795 351 3685 90.80%

Sucorro 6634 6274 6000 12908 10725

(in numbers)

Arpora-Nagoa 2092 2188 65 4280 90.81%

Source: DRDA & Panchayats

47

Table No. 2.2 SHG Profile:

Name of

the

Block

Name of the

Village

Panchayat

Name of SHG No. of

Respondents

interviewed

per group

Year of SHG

Formation

Bank Name & Year of

opening Bank Account

Name of the

SHG

Facilitation/

Promoter

Bardez 1) Bastora a) Utkarsh SHG

05 2005 Corporation Bank, 2005

DRDA

Official b) Shri Shantadurga

SHG


c) Shri Ganesh

SHG


d) Laxmi SHG


e) Shri Mangesh

SHG


2) Verla- Canca a) Shri Ganesh

SHG

03 2006 Dena Bank, 2006 SHG

Member b) Shri Ganesh

SHG

02 2007 Dena Bank, 2007

c) Om Namah

Shivay SHG

02 2006 Dena Bank, 2006

d) Navjivan SHG

03 2009 Bank of India, 2009 DRDA

Official e) Mahalaxmi SHG

01 2006 Dena Bank, 2006

f) Jai Santoshi Maa

SHG

01 2007 Dena Bank, 2007

g) Sai baba SHG

04 2006 Dena Bank, 2006

h) Dhanlaxmi SHG

04 2006 Dena Bank, 2006

48

Bardez 3) Sucorro a) Vetal Rashtroli

Prasanna SHG

05 2007 Corporation Bank, 2007 DRDA Official

b) Swami Samarth

SHG

02 2007 Union Bank, 2007

c) Khajreshwar

SHG


d) Bodgeshwar

SHG


f) Bhagirathi SHG


g) Shri Vetal

Prasanna SHG

02 2007 Bank of India, 2007 SHG Member

h) Siddhi Vinayak

SHG

04 2007 Corporation Bank, 2007 DRDA Official

4) Arpora a) Shri Arvaishwar

Prasanna SHG

04 2007 Dena Bank, 2007 DRDA Official

b) Sharvani SHG


c) Nagnath SHG


d) Rashtroli

Prasanna SHG

07 2007 Dena Bank, 2007

Source: Primary data.

Table no.2.2 gives a proforma of the SHGs identified randomly from selected villages of Bardez Block.

49

SATTARI BLOCK

Table No. 2.3 Village Profile:

Village

Panchayat

Male

population

Female

population

BPL(Household)

Population

Total

Population

Literacy Rate

Paryem 2651 2505 732 5156 83.81%

Bhirondem 1822 1776 604 3698 89.20%

Thane 2774 2461 399 5235 70%

Keri 3012 3031 451 6043 80%


50


Name of the Block Name of the

Village Panchayat

Name of SHG No. of

Respondents

interviewed per

group

Year of SHG

Formation

Bank Name & Year of


Name of the SHG

Facilitation/Promoter

Sattari 1) Thane 1) Lahirai SHG

07 2007 State Bank of India, 2007

SHG Member

2) Adarsh Mahila

SHG


3) Savitri bai

Phule SHG


4) Jai Santoshi

SHG


5) Mahalaxmi

SHG


2) Bhirondem 1) Gadvansh SHG

04

2004 State Bank of India, 2004 DRDA Officials

2) Saraswati SHG 05

2008 Goa State Cooperative

Bank, 2009

3) Yashdevi SHG 05 2004 State Bank of India, 2004

SHG Member

4) Mahalasa Sateri

SHG


3) Poryem 1) Sateri Devi

SHG

05 2004 State Bank of India, 2004 SHG Member

2) Ravalnath SHG 05 2009 Goa State Cooperative

Bank, 2009

Anganwadi worker

3) Sanskruti SHG 04 2006 State Bank of India, 2006

DRDA Official

4) Vatareshwar

SHG

06 2007 Goa State Cooperative

Bank, 2007

SHG Member

51


Village Panchayat

Name of SHG No. of

Respondents

interviewed per

group

Year of SHG

Formation

Bank Name & Year of


Name of the SHG


Sattari 4) Keri 1) Gadvansh SHG

01 2003 State Bank of India, 2003 DRDA Official

2) Shubhlaxmi

SHG


3) Gajantlaxmi

SHG


4) Siddhi SHG


5) Siddeshwar

SHG


6) Saraswati SHG

02 2009 Goa State Co-operative

Bank, 2009

DRDA Official

7) Bhavani mata

SHG


8) Sateri Ajoba

SHG



Table no. 2.4 gives a proforma of the SHGs identified randomly from selected villages of Sattari Block.

52

QUEPEM BLOCK


Village

Panchayat

Male

population

Female

population

BPL(Household)

Population

Total

Population

Literacy Rate

Morpirla 1480 1377 3222 3222 75.93%

Cauvrempirla 486 434 2369 3513 79.44%

Barcem 1413 1272 5125 5406 69.33%

Balli 1458 1486 970 7377 86.91%


53



Village Panchayat

Name of SHG No. of

Respondents

interviewed per

group

Year of SHG

Formation

Bank Name & Year of


Name of the SHG


Quepem 1) Morpirla 1) Mallikarjun

Mahila Mandal

SHG


2) Sunraj SHG 02 2006 Central Bank of India,

2006

3) Saptakoteshwar

SHG


4) Nirakar SHG 03 2009 Central Bank of India,

2009

5) Mallikarjun

SHG


6) Tulshi devi

SHG


Bank 2010

2) Barcem 1) Mahadev SHG


2) Durga

Siddheshwar

SHG

08 2002 Central Bank of India,

2002

DRDA Official

3) Sidhanath SHG 01 2008 Dena Bank, 2008 SHG Member

3) Caurem –Pirla 1)Mahamaya SHG


2) Kulgadevi SHG 06 2002 State Bank of India, 2002 DRDA Official

3) Jalmi SHG 02 2002 State Bank of India, 2002 DRDA Official

4) Siddheshwar

SHG


54

Quepem 3) Caurem –Pirla 5) Datta Prasad

SHG


6) Paikdevi Sateri

SHG


4) Balli 1) Bhumi Purush

SHG


Bank 2004

DRDA Official

2) Bhramdev SHG 06 2007 Dena Bank, 2007

DRDA Official

3) PanchPurush

SHG

04

2007 Dena Bank, 2007 SHG Member

4) Shantadurga

SHG

03

2006 Dena Bank, 2006 DRDA Official


Table no.2.6 gives a proforma of the SHGs identified randomly from selected villages of Quepem Block.

55

CANACONA BLOCK


Village

Panchayat

Male

population

Female

population

BPL(Household)

Population

Total

Population

Literacy Rate

Khola 3826 3758 631 7584 80.26%

Cotigao 1982 1587 513 3569 71.43%

Shristhal 2621 2300 627 4921 80%

Gaondongrem 2561 2385 556 5413 74.57%


56



Village Panchayat

Name of SHG No. of

Respondents

interviewed per

group

Year of SHG

Formation

Bank Name & Year of


Name of the SHG


Canacona 1) Cotigao 1) Sanjeevani

SHG


DRDA Official

2) Nirankal SHG 01 2002 State Bank of India, 2002

DRDA Official

3) Shivani SHG 02 2008 State Bank of India, 2008

DRDA Official

4) Bhumi purush

SHG


DRDA Official

5) Mahadevi SHG 05 2002 State Bank of India, 2002

DRDA Official

6) Kumkum SHG 05 2007 State Bank of India, 2007

SHG Member

2) Shristhal 1) Mallikarjun

SHG

02 2006 Bank of India, 2006

SHG Member

2) Jalmi purush

SHG


SHG Member

3) Avtarpurush

SHG


DRDA Official

4) Sasandev SHG 05 2009 Canara Bank, 2009

SHG Member

5) Garvaipursh

SHG

09 2008 Canara Bank, 2008

DRDA Official

3) Cola 1) Vaibhav laxmi

SHG


2) Laxmi SHG 02 2009 State Bank of India, 2009

SHG Member

3) Shri Renuka

SHG


DRDA Official

57

4) Santoshi Maa

SHG


SHG Member

5) Om Sai SHG 02 2007 State Bank of India, 2007

DRDA Official

6) Aadinath SHG 01 2008 State Bank of India, 2008

SHG Member

7) Jalmi SHG 01 2009 Canara Bank, 2009

DRDA Official

8) Bramhadev

SHG


DRDA Official

9) Vithal Rakumai

SHG


DRDA Official

4) Gaodongrem 1) Laxmi SHG 01 2008 State Bank of India, 2008

DRDA Official

2) Mallika SHG


DRDA Official

3) Khutipurush

SHG


DRDA Official

4) Parvati SHG 06 2004 State Bank of India, 2004

DRDA Official

5) Shiva purush

SHG


DRDA Official


Table no.2.8 gives a proforma of the SHGs identified randomly from selected villages of Quepem Block.

58

The above table no. 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 & 2.8 indicates that a total of 20

beneficiaries from each village irrespective of the SHGs they belonged to under

SGSY were taken into account for the purpose of survey and total of 320

sampled beneficiaries of these SHGs as available at the time of survey were

questioned to carry out the study from identified blocks in Goa.

Analysis and Interpretation

Following are the findings of the study:

Profile of sampled beneficiaries:

Out of 320 beneficiaries, 42.8% belonged in the age group of 40-50years,

31.3% fall in the age group of 30-40years and 20.6% belonged in the age group

of 50 and above and only 5.3% fall in the age group of 20-30years out of which

89.7% are married whereas only 8.8% are widow and only 1.6% are single. The

group members were majority of BPL category where in some have completed

primary/secondary level education while others were non-literate.

Role of stakeholders in promotion functioning of SHGs under SGSY:

77.5% of the total 320 respondents said that DRDA officials were an

important reason for which they joined the SHG of which the data shows 88.8%

support received from implementing agency to Sattari block, 85% to Canacona

block, 82.5% in Bardez block and 53.8% in Quepem block followed by 6.3% of

the total respondents gave credit to elected representatives for joining the group

and a very low percentage of school teachers, Anganwadi workers and NGOs

initiated the SHG functioning in the state of which Anganwadi workers 2.8%,

school teachers 2.5% & NGO 0.6%. Approximately 10% of them highlighted

the contribution of individual group members who motivated the members to

join the group. When asked the involvement of panch members in formation of

SHGs, 79.1% of respondents responded that there is no involvement of

59

panchayat whatsoever and 20.9% said that the panch members were involved in

the formation of the SHGs. Further asked about the role of NGOs in formation

of SHGs 98.1% said there was no involvement.

The following table no. 2.9 shows reasons highlighted by group members to

form SHG:

Sr.

No.

Reasons Name of the Block (%)

Bardez Sattari Quepem Canacona

1. To enhance family

income

66.3% 50% 43.8% 45%

2. To get benefits of

loan/ subsidy/

revolving fund from

scheme

21.3% 23.8% 25% 38.8%

3. To undertake IGA

10% 25% 30% 16.3%

The major reasons to join the group is to enhance the family income as

they belonged from BPL, followed by to avail the benefits of loan or subsidy

and revolving funds and few of them said to undertake IGA and some

highlighted that to seek information and knowledge, avail government facilities

and move out of the house. However, the group members could have given

equal importance to start up an IGA of the SHG which is the core objective of

the SGSY to enhance their family income while benefits of the scheme would

have received simultaneously as support from DRDA to begin small scale

enterprise.

Functions of the Office Bearers:

When asked about the functions of the office bearers among the total

respondents 74.1% believed that the office bearers have to initiate the group

meeting, 55% believed that the office bearers have to form the bank linkage,

60

34.1% believed that the office bearers have to maintain SHGs account &

records and 14% to create self employment ventures.

Participation in SHG Functioning:

Nearly 86.6% respondents participated in decision making process of

SHGs and when further enquired about their contribution, they said they

encouraged for undertaking group activities and approached bank institutions

for loan proposals and also mentioned that they distributed bank transactions

among the group members.

Table no. 2.10 Block-wise awareness on functions of Office Bearers:-

Sr.

No.

Core Functions Name of the Block (%)


1. Initiate Group

Meeting

72.5% 76.3% 87.5% 60%

2. Set up Bank Linkage

63.8% 86.3% 26.3% 43.8%

3. Identify Self

Employment Ventures

33.8% 6.3% 12.5% 3.8%

4. Maintenance of

Accounts & Records

45% 31.3% 28.8% 31.3%

5. Participation in

Decision- Making

85% 91.3% 76.3% 93.8%

Above table shows block-wise level of awareness on functions of office

bearers among SHG members of the identified blocks with response to conduct

the SHG meeting, linking the SHG with banking Institution, to start an IGA of

the SHG, maintaining SHG registers & accounts and also their active

participation in routine affairs of the group.

61

Table no. 2.11 Block-wise data on Total Savings and Monthly Deposits of

SHG:

Sr.

No.

Name of the

Block

Total Savings % Monthly

Deposits

%

1. Bardez a) Up to Rs. 50,000/-

61.3% a) Rs. 100/- 53.8%

b) Rs. 50,000/- to Rs.

1 lakh

23.8% b) Rs. 200/- 37.5%

c) Rs. 1 lakh to

1,50,000/-

10% c) Rs. 300/- 1.3%

d) Rs. 1,50,000/- to

Rs. 2 lakhs

5% d) Rs. 500/- 7.5%

2. Sattari a) Up to Rs. 50,000/-

70% a) Rs. 100/- 81.3%

b) Rs. 50,000/- to Rs.

1 lakh

15% b) Rs. 200/- 13.8%

c) Rs. 1 lakh to

1,50,000/-

6.3% c) Rs. 500/-

d) Rs. 1,50,000/- to

Rs. 2 lakhs

7.5% d) Rs. 500/-

e) Rs. 2 lakhs to

2,50,000/-

1.3% e) Rs. 500/- 5%

3. Quepem a) Up to Rs. 50,000/-

77.5% a) less than

Rs. 100/-

25%

b) Rs. 50,000/- to Rs.

1 lakh

8.8% b) Rs. 100/- 68.8%

c) Rs. 2,50,000/- &

above

13.8% c) Rs. 200/- 3.8%

e) Rs. 300/-

2.5%

4. Canacona a) Up to Rs. 50,000/- 71.3% a) less than

Rs. 100/-

51.3%

b) Rs. 50,000/- to Rs.

1 lakh

28.8% b) Rs. 100/- 42.5%

c) Rs. 200/-

6.3%

Table no. 2.11 shows the majority groups could save up to Rs. 50,000/-

out of individual/ group activities while monthly deposits of the group ranges

from less than Rs. 100/- to up to Rs. 200/- p.m. The analysis also reports, 2%

62

interest is paid on members savings which has been agreed by around 70% to

90% respondents during the visit organized at block level.

Further, on an average analysis it shows, about 70% respondents total

savings of the group is up to Rs. 50,000/-, 19.1% is in the range of Rs. 50,000-

Rs. 1,00,000/-, 4.1% is in the range of Rs.1,00,000/--Rs. 1,50,000/-, 3.4% in the

range of Rs.2,50,000/- and above, 3.1% in the range of Rs.1,50,000/--Rs.

2,00,000/-. While, on average about 61.6% of the respondents have stated that

the monthly deposit is Rs. 100; 15.3% save Rs.200 per month; 19.1% save less

than Rs.100 per month; 4% save more than Rs.300 per month with minimum

2% of interest rate.

SHG Meetings:

SHG members interviewed reported they attend their regular SHG

meeting organized at village level which is normally proposed once a month. A

cent percent attendance is observed during SHG meetings by the members of

which 97.8% have said that they meet once in the month and only 2.2% have

said that they meet twice in the month. With regard to the participation 80% of

the respondents have said that all the members meet regularly.

Approximately 50.9% of the respondents have stated that the date for the

next meeting have been prefixed, 20.9% have stated that any member informs

about the date and venue of the meeting, 19.1% stated that leader informs about

the date and the venue, 7% have stated that the secretary, treasurer, president or

they decide during the meeting.

It has also been found that 69.4% of the total respondents have late

attendance fine ranging from less than Rs.10 to Rs.30 and at the same time

93.4% of the respondents have stated that there is fine imposed for being absent

for the meeting ranging from less than Rs. 10/- to above Rs.50/-.

63

Observation in the meeting:

When questioned about their observations in the meeting 50.6% of the

respondents said that all follow group meeting, 34.1% said that members are

less motivated to participate in group activities, 9.7% said that the members

don’t follow the procedures of the meeting, 3.1% said that there is poor

attendance and only 0.3% have stated that there is dominance by the office

bearers.

Maintenance of Books:

Following books are maintained by the SHGs which further helps in

smooth execution of group accounts:

Table no. 2.12 Maintenance of Books and Records:

Items Cumulative % of

SHGs

maintaining

books in

identified blocks


Minutes Book

70.3% 83.8% 90% 52.5% 55%

Ledger Book

21.6% 38.8% 13.8% 23.8% 10%

Bank Pass Book

97.5% 100% 100% 90% 100%

Repayment

Particulars

20.3% 10% 38.8% 100% 32.5%

Attendance

Register

96.6% 100% 98.8% 87.5% 100%

Cash Book

69.7% 100% 70% 48.8% 60%

Individual Pass

Book

54.7% 75% 51.3% 67.5% 25%

64

Revolving Fund:

With response to awareness on scheme particulars the data received at

block level reveals that the groups are not much aware of the Revolving Fund

amount which is up to Rs 10,000/- per SHG routed through Scheme

Implementing Agency. 75% of members from Sattari block showed awareness

of Revolving fund while other blocks i.e. Bardez, Quepem & Canacona showed

15%, 35% & 25% awareness respectively. When enquired about the utilization

of the RF 36.8% stated that they utilized for personal benefits of the members,

21.2% stated that they utilized for the multipurpose activities, 13.2% stated that

it was utilized for the purchase of raw material and equipments, 12.8% stated

that it was utilized to fulfill loan requirements of the members, 10% stated that

it was utilized to avail marketing infrastructure and 3.2% stated various other

reasons.

SHG Loan Proposal:

When discussed about groups initiative for availing loan/subsidy of the

SGSY Scheme, it was revealed that only 42% beneficiaries of the scheme from

Bardez block applied for loan/subsidy facilities within first 3 month of the

initial year. While 25% of the SHG members from Sattari block availed the

loan/subsidy between 4th to 6th month while majority of them applied after one

year. In case of Quepem & Canacona block 36% & 37% respectively applied

for loan/subsidy facilities after completion of one year of them group formation.

Further the responses also revealed 30% & 18% of them from Quepem &

Canacona block did not applied for loan/subsidy benefits till date. However, the

data received also shows 48.5% reasoned to undertake individual or group

activity, 26.3% said to develop infrastructural support, 21.5% said to meet

routine needs of the members and 3.7% gave various other reasons.

65

With regard to enrolment under Group Life Insurance of SHGs under

SGSY Scheme, very few respondents approx. 11.25% were aware of the

enrolment under Group Life Insurance as reported by sampled beneficiaries of

Bardez, Sattari & Canacona. While beneficiaries examined from Quepem block

were not at all aware of the benefit.

Defaulters:

6.3% of the total respondents said that there are defaulters in the group of

which 41.2% said that such members are not entertained in the group, 17.6%

said that they framed group by-laws, 11.8% said that disciplinary action was

taken against them. 29.4% gave various other measures which included loans

were not given to the members and sometimes the members repaid it themselves

and then slowly recovered it from the defaulters.

Support of Bank:

About 10.7% of the respondents faced difficulties in getting loan from

banks of which 55.2% found indifferent attitude of the bank officials, 31%

faced difficulty in providing required documents and 13.8% were facing lack of

support from other group members.

Economic activity:

Following economic activities mentioned in table no. 13 are carried out

by the SHG members under supervision and guidance received from various

stakeholders:

66

Table no. 2.13 Type of Economic Activities:

Economic Activities Cumulative % of SHGs

carrying IGA in

identified blocks

Catering

12.8%

Cultivation of

Vegetables

58.4%

Agarbatti

1.3%

Masala/ Pickle

11.3%

Tailoring

3.8%

Cashew plantation

10%

Eatable Items

13.4%

Selling of Coconuts

24.7%

Clay Products

0.3%

Bamboo Crafts

3.1%

Chilly Mill

3.1%

Fishing

3.8%

The purpose of SHG formation under SGSY Scheme is to make

especially the women folk self employed and cross the poverty line of the BPL

families in the state. With this objective, it could be observed 17.5% of the

respondents gone for catering as their income generating activity in Bardez

block which was selected as a group activity while most of them went for

individual activity such as 25% each of the members opted preparation of

eatable items & masala/ pickle makin respectively, while 6.3% each of the

members interviewed chosen cultivation of vegetables & selling coconuts.

While some members of the group did not opted any economic activity.

From Sattari Block, majority SHG members preferred an individual

activity such as 58.6% of them went for cultivation of vegetables, 12.5% each

67

of the SHG members interviewed opted preparation of eatable items & selling

coconuts, 8.8% chosen masala/pickle making as their income generating

activity. Only 8.8% group members chosen catering as their group activity.

The 88.8% & 80% respondents respectively of Quepem & Canacona

blocks selected cultivation of vegetables as their individual activity. While

52.5% & 27.5% of them opted selling coconuts as their economic activity from

Quepem & Canacona blocks respectively. Only few went for group activity

such as 16.3% from Quepem & 8.8% from Canacona chosen catering business.

Thus, an average 58.4% of SHG members from study area went for

vegetable cultivation as their IGA, 24.7% shows coconut selling as economic

activity of identified group members; both these activities has been undertaken

as individual activity by the group members while only 12.8% SHG members

identified chosen catering as their group activity.

Marketing Avenue:

SHG members received marketing support from DRDAs through

exhibitions organized within & outside the state. However the produce is

generally being sold out in village by the members as there is no fixed/regular

market set up to sell out SHG products.

The data collected shows 40% marketing support was received to group

members of Bardez block through exhibitions organized by implementing

agency where as support through local market was only 16.3% . While other

group members from identified blocks received more support through local

market in comparison to State/National level exhibitions organized by

implementing agency i.e. local market support to Sattari, Quepem & Canacona

was 30%, 67.5%, & 57.5% respectively and market support through exhibitions

organized at State/National Level exhibitions was 21.3%, 17.5% & 321.3%

respectively.

68

Economic Status:

The economic status of identified SHGs was examined through

systematic questionnaire method which reveals nearly 46.3% & 41.3% of

women folk from Bardez & Quepem block respectively could not contribute to

their family income before forming SHG while 38.8% & 41.3% of women

members from Bardez & Quepem block respectively could contribute to their

family income after being part of SHG ranging from Rs.1000/- to Rs. 2000/- per

month.

Around 40% and 46.3% of women members from Sattari & Canacona

blocks were seen proactive as they contributed to family income even before

joining SHG however the amount was less than Rs. 1000/- per month which

further increased between Rs. 1000/- to Rs. 2000/- p.m. after they joined SHG.

The following table no. 2.14 shows % of income earned by SHGs annually

from IGA:

Sr.

No.

Amount Name of the Block (%)


a. Less than

Rs. 25,000/-

66.3% 45% 45% 53.8%

b. Between Rs.

25,000/- to Rs.

50,000/-

31.3% 32.5% 38.8% 33.8%

The table no. 2.14 shows 66.3% group members from Bardez block and

53.8% group members from Canacona block earns annual income which is less

than Rs. 25,000/- while 45% each SHGs from Sattari & Quepem earns annual

income less than Rs. 25,000/- through IGA. The figures of amount earned out

of IGA annually by SHGs of Bardez, Sattari, Quepem & Canacona are 31.3 %,

32.5%, 38.8% & 33.8% respectively which ranges from Rs. 25,000/- to

50,000/-.

69

Socio-Economic Empowerment:

When asked about benefits of joining the SHGs 44.4% said that it created

self employment, 48.1% said it helped them to work in group, 37.5% said it

increased their income expenditure, 38.8% said it increased their savings, 7.2%

said it enhanced entrepreneurship skills and 5% said it helped in availing health

and education facilities.

About 85.1% respondents stated the involvement in SHGs has enhanced

empowerment in which they are now able to take decisions in children

education and health to nearly 33.8%, they can take part in decision of family

matters to 24.9%, increased communication skill which was found to 36.8%,

purchasing power to 30.9%, individual identity to 34%.

The participation in Gram Sabha was shown to 63.1% stating that they

participate in meetings, but participation in PRI elections and forming new

SHGs is negligible.

Skill Development Training:

When asked about the training 19.1% said they received cookery

classes, 9.7% got handloom and jute bag making training, 6.3% said they

received imitation jewellery making training, 9.4% got training with regard to

the cultivation. The training in turn helped the members to work in groups,

created opportunity of self employment and increased level of savings. 39.1%

said that they didn’t receive any sort of training to upgrade their potentials.

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Table no. 2.15 Impact of Training on SHG Performance:

Sr.

No.

Type of Training

/Performance level

Name of the Block (%)


a. Orientation Training

under SGSY

41.3% 41.3% 45% 47.5%

b. Skill Development

Training

38.8% 23.8% 47.5% 42.5%

c. Level of Group

Performance

18.8% 16.3% 27.5% 31.3%

The table no. 2.15 shows out of 80 SHG members interviewed from

identified villages of Bardez block 41.3% received orientation traininig

programme and 38.8% of them under gone skill development training while

18.8 % members of group agreed on their increase in group performance after

training & capacity building of the SHG members at block level.

In case of Sattari, Quepem & Canacona blocks 41.3%, 45% & 47.5%

respectively undergone orientation programme. While 23.8%, 47.5% & 42.5%

members from Sattari, Quepem & Canacona blocks respectively trained on skill

development programmes. Wherein 16.3%, 27.5% & 31.3% members Sattari,

Quepem & Canacona blocks respectively reported on enhancement of their

group performance through training particularly in handling group meetings and

procedure to followed.

Table no. 2.16 Impact of Capacity Building and Training on Skill

Development:

Sr.

No.

Type of Skills Name of the Block (%)


a. Leadership

12.5% 18.8% 18.8% 18.8%

b. Communication

23.8% 26.5% 17.5% 27.5%

c. Planning &

Management

15% 27.5% 16.3% 45%

d. Decision –Making

15% 15% 27.5% 23.8%

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The above table shows, capacity building & training has helped to

improve the skills of communication, quality of planning & management in

groups and decision –making process with in the groups.

The group members also participated in social activities at village level such as:

a. Reduce number of liquor shops in village.

b. Awareness on importance of girl child education.

c. Awareness on women issues.

Constraints:

Following are the constraints faced by SHG members from 4 identified

blocks which the groups intends to improve in future;

a. Lack of marketing support.

b. Irregular attendance.

c. Difficulty in availing bank loan.

d. Lack of constant support from implementing agency & other stakeholders

to enhance marketing potential.

Key Observations:

1. Majority SHG members from study area are lacking in leadership skills in

comparison to skills of communication and decision-making.

2. Most of the SHG members also indicated increase in their group

performance after undergoing continuous orientation & skill based

trainings while some of the identified SHG members did not receive

single training for skill development.

3. Almost 85.1% of respondents reported that the involvement in SHGs

has enhanced the level of empowerment interms of decision-making

particularly in children education, health issues, purchasing power and

decisions in household matters.

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4. The data shows an average 52.5% of identified SHGs earn annual income

which is less than Rs. 25,000/- while almost 34.1% of them earned annual

income ranging from Rs. 25,000/- to Rs. 50,000/- out of IGA in identified

blocks. 7.2% said they receive income up to Rs. 50,000/- to Rs. 1 lakh

annually while 6.3 % of them receive annual income to Rs. 1 lakh &

above.

5. It is also observed, an average 58.4% of SHG members from study area

went for vegetable cultivation as their IGA, 24.7% shows coconut selling

as economic activity of identified group members; both these activities

has been undertaken as individual activity by the group members while

only 12.8% SHG members chosen catering as their group activity.

6. As regards to maintenance of SHG records & registers, it is observed a

good number of group members do aware of maintenance of minutes

book, attendance register, bank/individual pass book, cash book while

awareness on maintenance of ledger book & loan repayment particulars

among the group members is very minimal.

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Chapter III

DATA ANALYSIS - Government & Bank Officials

The research didn’t focus only on the beneficiaries but also tried to

closely analyze the scheme from the minds of government officials as well as

the bank officials who were related to the SGSY scheme. Interviews were

conducted for the government officials as well as bank officials. A total of 30

officials were interviewed of which 14 were government officials which

included 2 Project Directors of North and South Goa, Assistant Project

Directors, Technical Assistants and Block Development Officers of the

respective 4 blocks and bank officials. The questionnaire included some close

ended questions as well as open ended questions which we have analyzed in this

chapter in more depth.

Two different sets of questionnaire were prepared for the government

officials and the bank officials.

Further with regard to highlighting the problems and suggestions both the

government officials and bank officials have given insight into the scheme

which could be improved in the NRLM scheme.

According to the officials one of the major set-back is the lack of required

training to the members. They are of the opinion that if given proper skill based

training to the SHG members there would be more scope of improvement and

development. It would enhance the productivity and it would effectively bring

necessary changes. And for this the government needs to take initiative by not

only providing proper training but also channeling their talent and giving them

platform to show case their skills and also market for their produce. This can be

done through periodic exhibitions which the government can organize. And

74

even the bank officials should be enthusiastic in organizing such exhibitions

with the collaboration of the government. One such example is Dena Bank of

Arpora-Nagoa had organized exhibition and had taken the SHG members for

exhibitions. Such initiative would lead to healthy growth of the group and

would lead to proper further enhancement of their skills and talents.

With regard to specific skills or rare talent the government should also

identify such persons and give them space and scope to further improvise and

develop their skills.

The problem of lack of marketing was also highlighted by the officials.

The SHG members have to face serious set-back when it comes to sell the

produce. The products do not have market value because of which it doesn’t get

the desired rate. The SHG products lack branding and also at the same time they

do not have a proper marketing avenue for the sale. They do not a permanent

venue wherein they can put their produce and sell it off. They either have to sell

their produce through a middle man i.e. to market it on some retail store which

does not give them the necessary profit. The government though provides

everything right from technical support to financial assistance but somehow has

lacked in providing marketing support which gives serious repercussion on the

produce as well as it hampers the growth of the SHGs. Thus linking SHG and

their produce to the marketing agencies with regard to sell of vegetables, fruits

or handicrafts to the institutions such as state horticulture department,

agricultural department, handicraft and handloom department which would give

such groups platform to sell off their produce.

Another solution could be setting up of regular Marketing Avenue for

such produce which would enhance and increase their selling power. If provided

with proper shops or stalls the SHG members wouldn’t hesitate to start up a

business. One of the major reasons the members are not keen in starting up

75

business is because of the unavailability of the market. If at all permanent

avenue is provided to such members chances are high that more people would

join in the group and empower themselves.

The officials also highlight the need for regular follow ups and need more

training/camps/exhibitions to be organized which would allow the SHG across

the state to communicate with each other and with exchange of ideas and

information there is a possibility of improvement among them.

Some of the bank officials also highlighted that the government should

take keen interest in the functioning of the SHG in the context of the scheme. It

has been observed that some of the SHG do not take up economic activity and

only carry out inter-lending. This it is moving away from the objective of the

scheme for empowering these communities by giving them ample scope in

carrying out economic activities. These days the only aim of certain SHGs is

inter-lending and availing subsidy on the loans and have become like the any

non-SGSY SHG. Therefore it is necessary to keep a check on the routine

activities of the members and encourage them to take up economic activities.

It is also been suggested that the role of NGOs can be in forefront when

speaking about training. Every time the government agency is not in position to

provide 100% attention to the needs of the SHGs in terms of training and hence,

comes the role of NGOs which can effectively cater needs of the SHGs in the

respective areas. The NGOs can take up initiative and collaborate with the

government agency for training the SHGs members.

It is observed that for the women in rural Goa SHG becomes one of the

major source of income. Therefore the government should take keen interest in

investing in the rural economy and allowing the villages to develop with the

help of its traditional occupations. SHG can be important weapon to boost rural

economy. Allowing the SHG members to take up small scale business,

76

venturing out in local traditional business and reviving agriculture would be an

effective method of investing in the rural economy. Thus, if given proper

channel and proper investment rural economy can be restored to some extent.

It has also been observed within the SHGs, individual activities are more

carried out rather than group activities. Though it is not mandatory to undertake

group activities but they should be encouraged to carry out group activities

which have more scope for overall development.

It has also been noted that the well being of SHGs was determined by one

or two individual members who take initiative for the welfare of the group.

Only one or two persons are being responsible in the group and rests are

dependent on them. A SHG can be only effective if all the members take equal

responsibility and active participation in enhancing the group activities.

Though, in terms of recovery of the loans it is hassle free as compared to

the personal loans. There are no complaints with regard to the loan recovery.

There is timely repayment of the loans.

Both the government and bank officials have observed that the SHG are

somehow linked to political parties. The groups are getting backing of the

political parties. The group members are also being active politically at the

times of campaigns with regard to attending meetings, campaigning and rallies.

This has led to the mutual respect and trust among the members but at times it

has witnessed negative impact as well which has hampered the effective

functioning of the SHGs.

The government officials also rooted out for the soon to be implemented

NRLM scheme in the state which is presently on its processing stage. The

scheme would be focusing on formation of federation at various levels which

would help SHG for marketing tie-ups, obtaining bank loans and co-operation

77

to access gainful self employment which will serve the purpose of eradication of

poverty.

78

Chapter IV

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

The primary aim of any scheme pertaining to the society is welfare and

empowerment of the society as a whole. Any scheme which is brought up in the

society aims to tackle the issues which hinder the growth of the society. Thus

this was clearly reflected during an open discussion which was held during the

course of the survey. An open discussion was held among the members of the

SHG, Panchayat members and staff and the locals. The panel elaborated and

narrated their experience of being in the group as well as those who are

witnessing the gradual change within the society.

From panel discussion as much possible information was gathered by

having open discussions with the said members like Panchayat members,

Panchayat staff, SHG members, Anganwadi workers and the villagers as a

whole. Per village a panel consisted of an average of 15-20 members and were

asked various questions with regard to the functioning of the SHGs, training to

such groups and the progress and problems faced by the SHG members.

Accordingly, below are some of the major progress and problems faced by the

SHGs:

Progress

One of the major highlight of the study is the scheme has catered to the

needs of the women as such as the number of women member groups have

outnumbered the male member groups. Women have organized themselves in

group which is the biggest aspect of the scheme. Though the scheme has given

scope for both men and women equally the participation of women has been

more elaborative. Women from different communities have now improved level

of communication because of the exposure provided to them under the scheme.

79

The women are coming together or assembling together in a group and carrying

out economic activities systematically. Being part of SHG the scheme has given

the women an opportunity to stand on their own feet. It has given the group

members a platform to start up a new small scale enterprise and carry out any

economic activity they desire to do so. The scheme has allowed the members to

come together and start up small scale business like vegetable cultivation, food

item stalls, taking up catering orders, making jute bags, candle making and

many other such economic activities.

The women especially have become support system to their family and

have improved their standard of living. The economic activities which are being

carried out have not only helped them economically but also socially. The

women have gained a social status and are now known for their work.

Every month meetings are held wherein they collect and save in the group

which has given them a sense of saving. The members have now learnt to save

at least a minimum of Rs. 50/- to Rs. 100/- monthly and along the course of

time the same money is utilized by them for inter lending which takes place

within the group time to time with lower rates of interest.

The process of inter-lending is decided on the basis of priority of the

group member such as to cater to the immediate needs of the members of the

group such as wedding of the family members, medical emergency, education

of the children etc. which has enabled the SHG to enhance their group activity

and has also allowed them to earn additional income through the reasonable rate

of interest charged among the group members. This finally has helped the needy

member along with the development of their group.

Women have now become more systematic with regard to the business

they carry out. Whether group activity or individual activity the members have

found different methods in which they are able to carry out their business

80

smoothly. Even with regard to taking up catering orders women come together

and take orders and distribute the profit equally among them. Their production

has improved in leaps and bounds.

The government every year organizes exhibitions cum sales. And every

year members are selected from across the state to participate in it. Both North

district and South district send their members for the event. Thus it has given

opportunities to the members to showcase their economic activities as well as

portray their talents through traditional folklores. It has given the SHGs an

exposure to the outside world and gets recognition in the society.

Some of the groups have also taken up the Mid Day Meal Scheme

benefits with regard to the supply of cooked food to the elementary school

student’s which is one of the major initiative of the government.

With the training provided like agarbatti making, jute bag making, candle

making and various other training programmes the members have improved

skills which they utilize whenever the situation demands. For instance, agarbatti

making skill is mostly used on seasonal basis especially prior to Ganesh

chathurthi the members come together to make agarbatti which they sell in

wholesale.

With regard to the individual level development is extra ordinary. There

were some group members who were completely illiterate and used thumb

impression as their initials but now they are able to write their name in their

local dialect. This is one of the major development. The members are more

confident and independent while carrying out any legal or bank work which

require them to voice out their opinion. With improved level of communication

the women are able to voice out or speak fearlessly infront of the society

without any hesitation.

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With women coming together in the society have also improved their

knowledge wherein there is exchange of information among the group members

and also sharing of information with regard to various schemes and benefits

available through the government.

Some of the groups have also been involved in cultural activities. Here

the members actively participate in cultural activities organized by the

government or some local bodies like the shigmotsav organized by the state

government of Goa where they portray their traditional folklores like fugdi,

dhaalo, mustaiki, dhekne, gauf and various other cultural activities which allow

them to place their talent infront of the society. The members have also

organized themselves in Bhajan mandali, Natak mandali where they perform not

only in their village vicinity but across the state as well as neighboring state like

Maharashtra.

Some groups have also contributed towards the welfare of the women

community as a whole. They have actively involved in awakening the society of

the abuses which happen in the society, the problems related to liquor addiction,

smoking without any hesitation. In the village of Thane, Sattari block, the group

members had mobilized themselves against an abusive husband who was

torturing his wife. The group members courageously became the spokesman of

the victim wife and tried resolving the issue by themselves.

At home their level of participation in matters of their child’s education

and welfare has greatly improved and now has their say in the important family

matters. Contributing towards the family income has not only raised the

standard of the women but also has given a sense of being independent which

has now allowed them to take decisions by themselves.

Politics is also not out of the reach of the women now. Some of the group

members have dared to stand in local elections i.e. Panchayat elections which

82

have created sense of political awareness in the society. Women also participate

in the election campaigning programme and have become game changers in the

current scenario.

The contribution of the DRDA official’s especially technical assistants has been

remarkable right from the formation of the group to getting the benefits

reaching to its members. The T.A’s has played a significant role in bringing the

group members forward to and participate in the activities and helping them to

develop their overall skills.

The T.A coordinates with the members for conducting various training

programmes and giving opportunities to the members to upgrade their skills.

A Case Study of Socorro Panchayat

The Socorro V.P along with the help of the local M.L.A Shri. Rohan

Khaunte has given the SHG members a shop on rent for Rupee1 wherein any

SHG members can sell of their items. It was through a resolution which was

passed during the Gram Sabha and in February 2015 the shop was opened. Thus

given an opportunity to the SHG for better marketing facility. It was the

initiative of the local bodies which would help the SHG members to develop.

A Case Study of Arpora Nagoa

In the village of Arpora Nagoa respectively six groups have formed

informal association of three groups respectively. These groups have their

meetings on a same day in a same hall. These groups take catering orders and

whenever they require more people for help; they team up with each other and

carry out their work.

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Problems

The first and foremost problem with regard to SGSY is the scheme is

dysfunctional since 2012 and therefore cannot get any benefits from this

scheme. All the benefits, training have been stalled. The groups are functional

with inter lending and bank loans without any subsidies. The groups are also

unable to get any kind of training programme as of now. No funds are been

allotted to them because of which some groups are dormant and some groups

are facing hardship.

The groups also faced various other challenges even when the scheme

was active. One of the major problem was the marketing facilities. The

government has given them training, production skills, finance. The government

has given them opportunity to create their own production unit but has failed to

give them a medium of marketing. Without marketing avenues the production is

of waste. As there in no branding done to the products because of which the

products are not been taken off for sale in big shopping center or shops and

therefore have to be sold out to smaller shopkeepers who pays minimal. And

hence the products do not get the required value to it.

Some of the groups haven’t received any training and therefore lack skills

for better prospects. Lack of training also means lack of exposure to the world

and the products would be raw or of unskilled labour.

Another problematic area is the group members prefer carrying out

individual activity rather than a group activity. It is not that individual activities

are discouraged but group activities are more profitable and can be carried out

on a bigger scale as well. The mistrust among the group members hampers the

efficiency of group and in some cases the group becomes dormant. In some

groups it so happens that they carry out group activities but they are only few

84

group members who are really active and carry out the major chunk of the work

and rest members just attend meetings.

With regard to the participation in politics as well as attending gram

sabha has not improved considerably. Still there are lot many people who have

inhibition of joining or getting involved with politics. They are hardly socially

active.

Some group members have also reported that the horticulture department

who’s responsible for buying peoples cultivation do not buy the produce from

such groups and therefore have to sell off their produce at low price or have to

sit with their produce on roadside for sale in any given season. This makes them

vulnerable and if the sale is not made the produce is unsold and gets spoilt with

time.

Some members within the panel also claimed that they too had tried

forming a group under SGSY but failed owing to lack of interest shown by the

government authorities. Even when the group was formed there was no

response from the government officials and therefore was forced to discontinue

the group owing to not receiving the Revolving Fund and other benefits.

Some of the group members have also complaint that it’s not always the

group efforts but one of two individual efforts which the entire group takes

credit for. There are only few members who are really active and enthusiastic.

Even with regard to the training provided to the group members doesn’t

help the members much. The members attend the training camps

enthusiastically but ones the training is over it is not utilized properly because

of lack of raw material available to them or simply because members lose

interest over a period of time.

85

Some of the groups have received machinery which is not being used as

well. In some villages there was distribution of machineries like tractor and

flour mill equipments which was provided to all the SHG members. In the

village of Keri, Sattari block, almost 12 SHGs were provided with flour mill

equipment within the vicinity of the village. This compelled the members not to

take up economic activity so owing to excess availability of the equipment

which lost the market value and the equipments are now lying in their homes

barren and unused. Some of the members have also complained that they have

the equipments and other necessary material but the electricity power is not

sufficient. The usage of power very high as compared to the normal day to day

affair and therefore affects the supply of power and have to face the brunt of

load shedding.

Another problem related to some groups is unavailability of land with

regard to those which are carrying vegetation. Unavailability of water also

hinders the functioning of the groups well.

In one of the block the members have complaints of caste discrimination.

Some of the group members feel that they are being purposely neglected by

some of the government agencies owing to the lower caste background. The

members said that the scheme do not reach to them from the panchayat. There

has to be support of some high authority from DRDA for their family member

to get their work done.

In one such session there was accusation by some group members and

also government official said that there is discrimination between north district

and south district. They accuse that north district especially Bardez taluka is

always given priority over the rest of the talukas. Even with regard to the

participation in exhibition organized at national and state level there is more

participation of SHGs especially from North rather than South Goa.

86

The involvement of stakeholders and active participation of SHG

members has shown remarkable achievement over the years in terms of

increased participation in decision making in household affairs, scope for inner

talents, participation in entrepreneurial skills which has given a good platform

through group formation under the scheme. However, there is still lot to do in

terms of establishing regular marketing setup with a brand to the produce,

frequent exposure to the groups through exhibitions/training, support from

different institutions for success of the group activities.

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Chapter V

CONCLUSION

Since the SGSY scheme has been defunct in 2012 and now a new scheme

NRLM is launched country wide under which all the SHGs under SGSY are

now being under the guidance of NRLM. But this is not the case with the state

of Goa as NRLM is yet to be launched in the state and this is an added boon

since the final process of implementing NRLM is under process which allows

the framing body to take into necessary recommendations.

The study indicates that mere financial assistance does not help the

groups; many members do not possess prior experience of working in a group,

maintaining records as well as in production activity. Therefore, there requires

proper institutional training along with a half yearly follow-ups, skill

upgradation, marketing strategies and proper information and update of

available technology.

One of the important shortcoming with regard to the functioning of the

SHGs is the members do not have an idea about the proper functioning or the

aim of SGSY. There are hardly any economic activities being carried out within

the group. And therefore the respective T.As and A.P.O.s should encourage

group members to take up economic activity and make the best use of the

benefits provided to them.

With regard to training, though the groups are provided one time training

programme, these programmes are not sufficient. And therefore it is

recommended that there needs a half yearly follow-up which would help the

group members at large.

As most of the group members are illiterate or having only primary

education, the members are not aware about maintaining a group account and

88

therefore at times have to depend on people outside the group for the simple

work to be done. And at times they also have to face the consequences of ill

managing the group account as banks do not sanction the loan in such cases.

Therefore it is recommended that the members are also provided training with

regard to maintenance of the book accounts in the beginning itself. It is also

observed that only one out of five are being provided with such training but this

should not be the case. Every group should compulsorily receive the basic

training of how the group functions and be maintained.

Another important observation made during the course of the study is the

South Goa block received less number of training especially skill based training,

maintenance of records which would enable to boost their entrepreneurial level

and lack of mobilization of BPL families into groups in comparison to North

Goa block. Therefore it is recommended to have active involvement of DRDA

and training institute to cater the needs of the people from the South Goa.

It is also recommended that NRLM which is soon going to be launched in

Goa should primarily focus in the South Goa district as the surveys also indicate

that South Goa homes too many under privileged community. And therefore the

focus should be more on South Goa rather than North which is almost a urban

and semi urban district.

The concerned A.P.Os and T.A.s should keep a proper check on the

functioning and the requirements of the groups in the area assigned and see to

that the necessary help is provided to such groups and encourage them to take

up the economic activity.

One of the major shortcomings of SGSY scheme was the unavailability

of any marketing facility which hampered the growth of the group members.

Therefore it is suggested that there should be block level Marketing Avenue so

89

that the SHGs from the said block could sell off their produce without any

barriers.

It is also suggested that the D.R.D.A. could tie up with the horticulture,

fisheries, handloom or handicraft government department and venture out

Marketing Avenues to such SHGs. With such tie ups even the concerned

department could develop and grow and would help with the overall

development of the state. With collaboration with horticulture it could help to

revive agriculture in the state which has almost on the verge of extinct and

could help to atleast moderately be self sufficient with respect to vegetable

production and not being completely dependent on the neighbouring state.

It also happens that the skilled rural artisan produce goes unnoticed and

for that it is suggested that such people to be identified and allowed to

participate during any state or national exhibition.

And even the Village Panchayat could help the SHGs of the village in

providing stall or shop if the panchayat has its own complex like that of V.P.

Socorro.

The initiative taken to distribute equipment is a very progressive step but

it needs altercation. As equipments in some areas were distributed to all groups

in a village which was kept just barren and had lost its marketing value.

Therefore it is recommended that there should be a policy of “One Equipment,

One Group” which means every group in a village be provided with a particular

equipment only and the next group another and so on and so forth. This would

help in even distribution of equipment to all and can ensure better prospects.

During the course of the study it was observed that some group members

were better off position and didn’t belong to the deprived community but were

under BPL category. Therefore it is recommended that there should be fresh

90

BPL survey taken up by the government of Goa for better result and to reach to

the needy only which is the aim of the scheme.

91

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India, Impact of Self-help Group in socio-economic development of India.

Report of the Committee on Credit Related Issues under SGSY, Department

of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development Government of

India, February 2009.

Sanjay Kantidas, Ground Realities of Self Help Group-Bank Linkage

Programme: An Empirical Analysis, May, 2012.

G.Bhaskara Rao,National Coordinator, National Network of Resource

Organization (NNRO), Suggestions for National Rural Livelihood Mission:

a review of SGSY ,June 2009.

H.S. Shylendra and Kishore Bhirdikar, Institute of Rural Management

Anand (IRMA), ‘Good governance’ and Poverty Alleviation Programmes:A

Critical analysis of Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY),Gujarat,

India, 2005.

93

H.Ramakrishna, Khaja Mohinuddeen J., Bibi Saleema G. G.and

Mallikarjuna B., Performance of Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme

(SBLP) in India-An Analytical Study, Tactful Management Research

Journal, Vol. 1, Issue. 10, July 2013 ISSN : 2319-7943.

Sanjay Kanti Das -Head, Department of Commerce, Assam, Best Practices

of Self Help Groups and Women Empowerment: A Case of Barak Valley of

Assam, Far East Journal of Psychology and Business Vol. 7 No. 2, May

2012.

Karanpreet Singh, Evaluation and impact of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar

Yojana in generating sustainable livelihoods in Madhya Pradesh, 2008.

Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12, Government of India Planning

Commission, July 2013.

Ajay Tankha, Self-Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India: Cost of

Promotion, Sustainability and Impact, August 2002.

A Report on the Success and Failure of SHGs in India-Impediments and

Paradigm of Success, 2008 submitted to Planning Commission,

Government of India.

Ministry of Rural Development (SGSY Division)- Update on Redesigning

the Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (Revised Guidelines), 2008.

Evaluation Study of Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana Issued by

Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana, May 2012.

94

Annexure- I

Evaluation of SHG performance under SGSY: A Case Study of Goa

Questionnaire (SHG Member)

A. SHG Identification:

1. District : North Goa

South Goa

2. Block: a. Bardez b. Sattari c. Quepem d. Cancona

3. Village : 1. Bastora 2. Succorro 3. Verla- Canca

4. Arpora-Nagoa 5. Bhironda 6. Keri

7. Thane 8. Paryem 9. Balli

10. Barcem 11. Morpirla 12. Cauvrepirla

13. Shristhal 14. Khotigao 15. Cola

16. Gaondongrem

4. Name of the SHG: _________________

5. Month and year of SHG formation: Month __________ Year ____________

6. Name of facilitator/Promoter: ___________

7. Bank details: a. Name of the bank:____________

b. Month & Year of opening bank account: _____________

B. Individual Profile

1. Age Group: i. 20-30 years

ii. 30-40 years

iii. 40-50 years

iv. 50 years and above

2. Marital Status: i. Married

ii. single

iii. Divorcee

iv. Widow

C. Group’s Outline:

95

1. Total No. of members in a group ___________: Male:_______ Female:_______

2. Profile of group members:

a. Caste: i. SC ii. ST iii. OBC iv. General

b. No. of BPL members in group________

c. No. of APL members in group________

3. Educational status of SHG members: (Indicate number out of total group members)

1. Illiterate

2. Primary School

3. Completed secondary school up to IXth std

4. Passed Xth std

5. Passed XIIth std

6. Under Graduate

7. Graduate & above

4. Occupation of SHG members: (Indicate number out of total group members)

1. Fishing

2. Crop Cultivation

3. Vegetable Cultivation

4. Service

5. Household

[[[[[[

6. Any other (specify)-------------------------

5. Category of SHG:

a. Exclusively women’s SHG

b. Few male members & more of female members

c. Exclusively male SHG.

C. Functioning of Group:

1. Who has motivated you to join SHG?

a. DRDA Officials

b. Elected Representatives

c. School teacher

d. NGO

e. Anganwadi workers/Helpers

f. Any other (specify)______________

96

2. What inspired you to form SHG?

a. To enhance family income.

b. To benefits of loan/subsidy/revolving fund.

c. To undertake income generating activity.

d. Any other (specify)__________

3. Has Panchayat been involved in the formation of your group?

a. Yes b. No

4. Did any NGO helped in formation of your SHG under SGSY?

a.Yes b. No

5. State the functions of office bearers. (*You can tick more than one option)

a. Initiate group meeting.

b. Set up bank linkage.

c. Identify self employment ventures

d. Maintenance of SHG accounts & records

e. Any other (specify)__________

6. Do you participate in decision-making process of the group?

Yes

No

a. If yes, what is your contribution for enhancement of group activities?

a. Encouraged for undertaking group activities.

b. Approached banking institutions for loan proposal & other procedure.

c. Identified raw material to enhance group activities.


b. If No, who initiates work distribution to each member of the group?

1. Leader

2. Secretary

3. Treasurer

4. President

5. Member themselves decides in the meeting

6. Any other (specify)___________

97

D. Savings (Thrift):

1. State the total savings of your SHG till date?

a. Up to Rs. 50,000/-

b. Rs. 50,000/- to Rs. 1 lakh

c. Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 1,50,000

d. Rs. 1,50,000/- to Rs. 2 lakhs

e. Rs. 2 lakhs to Rs. 2,50,000/-

f. Rs. 2,50,000/- & above

2. State the amount you deposit in SHG on monthly basis?

a. Less than Rs. 100/-

b. Rs. 100/-

c. Rs. 200/-

d. Rs. 300/-

e. Any other specify

3. Does group pay interest to the member on their savings?

a. Yes

b. No

If yes, state the percentage:

a. 2%

b. 3%

c. 4%

d. 5%

E. Meetings :

1. Do group members meet regularly?

a. Yes b. No

If yes, how many times

a. Once a month

b. Twice in a month

c. Every alternate month

d. Need base arrangement

2. State the number of members who attend group meetings regularly.

98

a. Less than 5 out of 10 members.

b. Less than 15 out of 20 members.

c. Between 5 to 7 out of 10 members.

d. Between 15 to 17 out of 20 members.

e. All members attend regularly.

3. Who informs about the details of next meeting?

a. Leader

b. Secretary

c. Treasurer

d. President

e. Decided in advance during the 1st meeting about next one.

f. Any member

g. Any other (specify)___________

4. What is the amount of fine imposed on SHG members for late attendance?

a. Less than Rs.10/-

b. Between Rs. 10/- to Rs. 30/-

c. Between Rs. 30/- to Rs. 50/-

d. Rs. 50/- & above

e. Any other (specify)_____

5. What do you observe in the meeting?

a. Members don’t follow the procedures of meeting

b. Poor attendance

c. Members are less motivated to participate in group work

d. Caste discrimination

e. Dominated by office bearers

f. Any other (Specify)________

6. List out number of registers maintained by the SHGs?

Sr.

No.

Documents *Tick Mark( )

Yes No

1. Minutes Book

2. Attendance Registrar

3. Ledger

4. Cash Book

5. Bank passbook

6. Individual pass book

7. Repayment particulars

8. Any other (specify)__________

*You can tick more than one option.

99

F. Scheme Particulars:

1. State the amount of Revolving Fund received and when?

Month:________ Year:________

Amount received in Rs. ________

2. In what way the Revolving Fund has been utilized?

a. Purchase of raw material/equipments.

b. To avail marketing/infrastructure support.

c. To meet loan requirements of the group members.

d. Multipurpose activities.

e. Personal benefit of the members

f. Any other (specify)_____

3. When did your SHG applied for loan/subsidy of the scheme?

a. In the first 3 months

b. Between 4 to 6 months

c. Between 7 to 8 months

d. Between 8 to 12 months

e. After one year

f. Did not apply till date

4. For what purposes has the loan amount utilized?

a. To meet routine needs of the members.

b. To undertake individual/group activity.

c. To develop infrastructure support.

d. Any other (specify)___________

5. Have you found any defaulters in the group?

a. Yes

b. No

If yes, what was done to reduce such practice in future?

a. Framed group bye-laws.

b. Member, if found defaulter, was not entertained in the group activity.

c. Disciplinary action was taken with the help of DRDA/Bank officials.

d. Any other (specify)_______

100

6. Is your group faced any difficulty in getting loan?

Yes

No

If ‘yes’, state the type of difficulty.

a. Indifferent attitude of bank officials.

b. Difficulty in providing required documents.

c. Lack of support from other group members/facilitators to carry out loan

procedures.

d. Lack of support from implementing agency.

e. Any other (specify)____

7. Has your group got infrastructure or any technical support from the bank, DRDA

or Panchayat?

a. Yes b. No

8. Have your group enrolled themselves for Group Life Insurance?

a. Yes b. No

G. Economic Activity and Marketing Support:

1. State the type of economic activity your SHG involved in.

a. Catering

b. Eatable items

c. Soft toys making

d. Making Jute bags

e. Cultivation of vegetables

f. Selling coconuts

g. Seashell items

h. Agarbatti

i. Clay Products

j. Masala /Pickles

k. Jewellery Making

l. Bamboo crafts

m. Tailoring

n. Any other (specify)

2. State whether the DRDA officials (implementing agency) helped you to identify

economic activity.

a. Yes b. No

101

If ‘yes’, in what way the SHGs were helped by DRDA officials (implementing

agency)

in identifying economic activity?

a. Provided knowledge & skill base of the persons residing in the village.

b. Availability of resources/raw material in the village/block.

c. Local, regional/national marketing potential.

d. All three mentioned above.

e. None of the above.

f. Any other (specify)_______

3. Where do you sell the economic activity selected?

a. Village level

b. Block level

c. District Level

d. State level

e. National level

f. Any other (specify)___________

4. What are the marketing facilities available to the SHGs?

a. Exhibitions organized by implementing agency.

b. Goa bazaar (set up by DRDA) at district level.

c. Market products at individual/household level.

d. Local market

e. Any other (specify)____________

H. Impact Assessment and changes after joining SHG:

Economic:

1. What was your contribution to family income per month before joining SHG?

a. Nil

b. Less than Rs. 1000/-


d. Between Rs. 2000 /- to Rs.3000/-

e. Between Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 4000/-

f. Between Rs. 4000/- to Rs. 5000/-

g. Rs. 5000/- & above.

2. How much do you contribute to the family income per month after joining SHG?

102

a. Nil

b. Less than Rs. 1000/-


d. Between Rs. 2000 /- to Rs.3000/-

e. Between Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 4000/-

f. Between Rs. 4000/- to Rs. 5000/-

g. Between Rs. 5000/- to Rs. 8000/-

h. Rs. 8000/- & above.

3. How much does your group earn annually from Income Generating Activities?

a. Less than Rs. 25,000/-

b. Rs. 25,000/- to Rs. 50,000/-

c. Rs. 50,000/- to Rs. 1lakh

d. Rs. 1lakh & above.

4. Mention the type of entrepreneurship skill gained?

a. Learnt various cookery activities/food products.

b. Prepared bags from handloom/jute items.

c. Imitation Jewelry.

d. Cultivation of flowers, vegetables, etc

e. Any other (specify)__________

Social:

1. Economic activity selected under SGSY helped the SHG in following ways:

a. Created self employment opportunity.

b. Brought women together to work in groups.

c. Increased level of income & expenditure.

d. Increased level of savings.

e. Provided better health & educational facilities.

f. Improved level of empowerment.

g. Developed entrepreneurship skill.

h. Any other (specify)_________

*you can tick more than one option.

2. Due to participation in SHG activities, does it helped to enhance the level of

empowerment

a. Yes b. No.

If yes, in what way?

103

a. Taking decision regarding children education & health.

b. Take part in discussion in family matters.

c. Improved communication skills.

d. Improved purchasing power.

e. Gained individual identity

f. Any other (specify)__________

Political:

1. Have you participated in following spheres?

a. Participation in gram sabha.

b. Stood for election in PRI.

c. Helped to form new group in village.

d. Any other (specify)_______

I. Impact of training & capacity building on SHG performance

1. Have you received any orientation training programmes?

a. Yes b. No

2. Have you undergone any skill development training?

a. Yes b. No

3. Has any member of your SHG undergone any skill development training?

a. Yes b. No

4. Has the NGO played role in providing training of your SHG members in

any economic activity?

a. Yes b. No

5. Is the training & capacity building helped you to enhance the level

of group performance?

a. Yes b. No

If yes, in what way?

a. Educated on procedure of holding group meetings.

b. Are aware of other RD schemes apart from SGSY.

c. Briefed on selection of IGA.

d. Any other (specify)_______________

6. Is the training helped to improve the following quality of SHG members?

Yes No

104

1. Leadership

2. Communication

3. Planning & Management

4. Decision-making

7. Did the capacity building programmes helped to improve entrepreneurship

skills & marketing potential.

a. Yes b. No.

8. Suggest the type of training programmes you require.

I. Constraints faced by SHG member

1. What are the problems faced by SHGs while functioning as group member?

2. How was it overcome?

J.Future Prospects:

1. What are the future plans of the group?

a. Form federation of SHGs.

b. Increase production.

c. Avail bank loan.

d. Enhance marketing support.

e. Any other (specify)_______

2. Is the group planning to undertake any social activity?

a. Yes b. No

If yes, specify

a. Initiate to reduce liquor shops in the village.

b. Increase awareness on importance of girl child education.

c. Approach village people to participate in gram sabha & raise concerned

issues.

d. Create awareness about women issues.

e. Any other (specify)___________

3. Any suggestions for effective functioning of SHGs.

105

Annexure- II

Interview Schedule (Officials)

I. SGSY particulars& functioning of SHGs:

1. How frequently the groups are mobilized on SGSY scheme, banking procedure & other

opportunities for self employment?

a. Weekly

b. Once in a month

c. Quarterly

d. Any other (Specify)__________

2. Are thrift & credit activities reported in SHGs?

a. Yes

b. No

3. What is the procedure followed before sanctioning Revolving Fund/Subsidy/loan proposal to

SHG?

a. Officials interact with group members.

b. Observes books of accounts, group meetings, inter lending procedures, etc.

c. Level of coordination & efficiency among group members.

d. Any other (Specify)__________________

4. 4. In what way, the Revolving Fund is utilized by SHG members?

5. a. Purchase of raw materials/equipments.

6. b. Marketing/infrastructure support for IGA.

7. c. Urgent loans to individual members.

8. d. Any other (specify)_____________

5. Do you participate in group meetings?

a. Yes

b. No

If ‘yes’, what role do you play?

a. Share information on SGSY scheme.

b. Encourage SHG-Bank linkage.

c. Identify resource availability for IGA.


6. 6. Are the SHGs provided any assistance in product design/development?

7.

8. a. Yes

9.

10.

11.

12. b. No

If ‘yes’, who provided the assistance?

106

a. Entrepreneurship development training institute.

b. DRDA.

c. Bank

d. Any other (specify)______________

7. Who guided SHG members to choose the IGA?

a. SHG members on its own selected the economic activity.

b. Implementing Agency.

c. Elected Representatives.

d. NGO.

e. Any other (specify)________

8. State the type of marketing opportunities provided by authorities/implementing agency to sell

the SHG products.

Sr.No. Marketing avenues for SHGs *Tick Mark ( )

1. Exhibitions organized within & out side Goa.

2. Provided permanent marketing avenue to sale & purchase

of SHGs products.

3. SHGs sell the products produced on their own.

4. Tie-up with marketing agency.

5. Any other (specify)________________

*You can tick mark more than one.

9. Are the assets created under SGSY insured?

13. a. Yes

14.

15.

16.

17. b. No

If ’yes’, are there any insurance claims on assets made so far?

a. Yes

b. No

10. Are the SHGs aware of group life insurance scheme for beneficiaries under the scheme?

a. Yes

b. No

11. Are there any defaulters in group?

107

a. Yes

b. No

If ‘yes’, what is the disciplinary action taken?

a. SHG members are not entertained for further loan proposal/IGA.

b. Group members are discontinued from SHG.

c. Fine/penalty imposed on SHG member.

d. Any other (specify)________________

12. Mention the difficulties faced by SHGs during sanctioning loan proposal & establishing bank

linkage.

a. Lack of coordination from SHG facilitator.

b. Non-cooperation from bank officials.

c. SHG records were not systematic.

d. Any other (specify)_____________

13. What are the problems faced by SHG/ members while working with the other group

members.

a. Lack of leadership skills.

b. Over confidence in some group members.

c. Lack of enthusiasm.

d. Any other (specify)_____________

14. What are the challenges faced by SHG members to sustain the economic activities

undertaken?

a. Lack of marketing support.

b. Lack of training & information on economic activities to be chosen.

c. Lack of efficiency & coordination among group members.


15. What are the steps taken by implementing agency to overcome the challenges faced by the

SHGs?

a. Encouraged SHG participation in exhibitions.

b. Training on skill up gradation.

c. Supervision by DRDA official for coordination.

d. Any other (specify)___________

108

16. Mention the problems faced in handling cases related to SHGs formed under SGSY.

a. Maintaining ratio of 70% BPL & 30% APL member in SHG formation.

b. Improper books of accounts.

c. Coordination among SHG member

d. Any other (specify)----------------

17. How do you process and finalize loan applications.

18. What are your suggestions for further improvement of SHG functioning?

a. Continuous capacity building courses to develop entrepreneurial skill.

b. Regular marketing opportunity at district/taluka level.

c. Timely monitoring/follow-up of SHG performance.

d. Any other (specify)-----------

II. Impact assessment of SHGs:

1. List the differences observed among the group members before & after joining SHG?

Sr.

No.

Items Before After

Not Aware Aware Not Aware Aware

1. Awareness of social issues.

2. Opportunity to start self

employment.

3. No contribution to family income.

4. Participation at village panchayat

gram sabha/social audit.

5. SHG involvement helped to gain

recognition in family/society.

6. Exposed to outside world.

7. Increased self awareness &

empowerment.

8.

Any other (specify)__________

Any other

(specify)__________

109

2. Are the SHG members participating in the following activities?

Sr.

No.

Activities Yes ( ) No ( )

1. Gram Sabha.

2. Group meetings.

3. Household decision-making.

4. Exhibitions organized by implementing

agency.

5. Infrastructure, social development of

village/community.

6. Participation in politics.

3. What are the skills acquired by members after joining SHG?

a. Developed leadership skills.

b. Enhanced entrepreneurship skills.

c. Effective management of SHG accounts & other records.

d. Any other (specify)_______________

II. Training & Capacity Building:

1. Are any meetings organized for SHGs to give necessary guidelines in quality control?

a. Yes

b. No

2. Mention the type of training programmes attended by SHG members.

Sr.

No.

Name of the Training Programme *Tick Mark ( )

1 Orientation training for SHGs.

2. Maintenance of accounts & records of SHGs.

3. Managerial skills-marketing, communication, leadership,

conflict resolution, team work, etc.

4. Entrepreneurship development training-cooking, preparing Jute

bags, candle making, agarbatti making, etc.

5. Any other (specify)_____________

110

*You can tick more than one option.

3. In what way training programmes helped the SHG members?

a. To sort out their difficulties & work smoothly.

b. Able to maintain books of accounts & other records effectively.

c. To conduct group meetings effectively.

d. To identify IGA.

e. Any other (specify)_________

4. Is the groups received training on identified activities?

a. Yes

b. No

If yes, in what way it helped the group?

a. To undertake economic activity.

b. To develop entrepreneurial traits.

c. To identify marketing opportunities. d.

e. Any other ( specify)____________

5. Do the SHG/members train any other group?

a. Yes

b. No

IV. Future Prospects:

1. What are the future plans of implementing agencies /banking institutions with regard to

nurturing of the group? For ex. Marketing tie-up, federation, bank loan, etc

2. Any suggestions for better functioning of SHGs.

111

Annexure-III

Focus Group Discussion

District Block Village

I. Identification of Participants

1. Give following details of participants:

Sr.

No.

Name of the Participant Education Category

(SC/ST/OBC/Gen)

Age Sex

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

112

1. Information about SHGs & awareness about SGSY Scheme

2. Awareness on SGSY Scheme by government t authorities at village/block level.

II. Impact assessment of SHG

1. Impact on participation in family activities.

2. Participation in social activities.

3. Participation in politics.

III. Training & Capacity Building

1. Impact of training & capacity building activities on SHG performance.

V. Constraints:

1. Challenges faced by SHG members in sustaining the economic activity identified and

enhancing capacity building avenues.

2. Following Implementing Agency/Organizations were approached if any & mention some

instances.

a. Bank

b. DRDA

c. NGO

d. Panchayats

e. Marketing agencies

f. Any other (Specify)__________________

113

Annexure-IV

Core Functions of SHG:

Regular Saving, Regular Meeting

Naming the Group & Bank A/C in Group

Name

Selection of Office Bearers&

Exchange of ideas among members

Paricipation in Decision -Making

Identifying IGA, Mutual

helpCore

Functions of

SHGs

114

Annexure-V

Table (1) Block wise number of Sampled Beneficiaries:

Sr.

No.

Name of District Name of Block No. of Villages No. of Sampled Beneficiaries

1. North Goa

Bardez 4 80

2. North Goa

Sattari 4 80

3. South Goa

Canacona 4 80

4. South Goa

Qupem 4 80

Total 320

Table (2) Block wise social status of sampled beneficiaries:

Sr.

No.

Name of Block No. of Beneficiaries SC ST OBC GEN BPL APL

Male Female Total

1. Bardez

7 73 80 4 2 71 4 73 7

2. Sattari

2 78 80 11 14 31 24 47 33

3. Quepem

4 76 80 4 65 9 2 54 26

4. Canacona

7 73 80 0 61 19 0 44 36

Table (3) Block wise Educational Status of sampled beneficiaries:

Sr.

No.

No. of Block Qualification of the Beneficiaries

Total

Illiterate Primary

School

Up to IX X XII Under

Graduation

Above

Graduation

1. Bardez

18 12 10 17 10 6 7 80

2. Sattari

24 15 20 13 4 0 4 80

3. Quepem

59 9 5 7 0 0 0 80

4.

Canacona

26

27

20

6

1 0 0 80