etruscans italic-speaking peoples enter italy by 1000 b.c.e. etruscans dominated northern italy...
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EtruscansItalic-speaking peoples enter Italy by 1000 B.C.E.Etruscans dominated northern Italy
Ruled by kingsMilitary ruling classTraded with the Greeks
Etruscans conquered Latium by 6th century B.C.E.Rome fell under Etruscan control and influenceEarly indirect Greek influence on Romans
Roman army, under Etruscan rule, conquered most of Latium
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Royal Rome
Branches of early Roman governmentRoman kings
• Possessed power of imperium• Immense power, even though elected• Candidate chosen by Senate
Senate• Served for life• Most powerful men in the state
Curiate assembly• Made up of all citizens
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Early Roman FamilyCenter of Roman life was the familyPower of the father
Powers similar to imperium
Status of womenProtected place in societyCould only be divorced for serious offenses
ClientageTwo classes divided at birth
PatriciansPlebeians
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Roman Republic
Last king removed by revolt in 509 B.C.E.
Constitution – unwritten laws and customs
ConsulsTwo patricians elected yearly
Other officials
Centuriate assembly
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Struggle of the Orders
Plebeian struggle for political, legal and social equalityPlebeian connection to the army
Elected tribunes
Twelve Tables 450 B.C.E.Plebeians won right to marry patricians 445 B.C.EDecisions of plebeian assembly binding on all Romans – 287 B.C.E.
Wealthy plebeians could enter politics and share privileges of the patrician aristocracy
Domestic peace under a republic constitution
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Roman Expansion
Romans defeated Latin League in 338 B.C.E.
Romans did not destroy Latin citiesSome near Rome granted full citizenship
Others farther away granted municipal status
Loyal allies could improve statusEven gaining full Roman citizenship
Policy gave allies a stake in Rome’s future
Most remained loyal under every challenge
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Rome and CarthageFirst Punic War 264-241 B.C.E.
Romans built fleet and captured Sicily
Second Punic War 218-202 B.C.E.Hannibal 247-182 B.C.E.
• Battle of Cannae 216 B.C.E.
Scipio Africanus 237-183 B.C.E.• Battle of Zama 202 B.C.E.
Result – Rome ruled the seas
Third Punic War 149-146 B.C.E.Destruction of Carthage
Imperial System- provinces
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Conquest of Hellenistic WorldMacedon
Philip V and PerseusMacedon defeated in 168 B.C.E.
SeleucidsAntiochus III Defeated in 189 B.C.E.
Corinth – destroyed in 146 B.C.E.
Spaniards defeated in 134B.C.E.Carthage – city destroyed in 146 B.C.E.
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Greek Influence on RomansReligion
Roman gods with Greek equivalents
EducationInitially at home – practical and moralChange because of contact with GreeksStudy of language, literature and philosophyHumanitas – idea of a liberal educationRhetoric
Some fear that it would weaken the RomansUpper class girls received a similar education
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Roman Imperialism
Roman conquest unplannedDesigned to provide security for Rome
Conquest brought Rome an empireAnd with it power, wealth, responsibility
Transformation of Roman societyRise of Latifundia
Split between rich and poor• Landed and landless
Tremendous strains on society
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GracchiExpressed strains on societyTiberius Gracchus – 168-133 B.C.E.
Tribune on program of land reformTiberius and 300 followers killedTransformation of Roman politicsFundamental concepts and bloodshed
Gaius Gracchus – 159-121 B.C.E.New Colonies for landless veteransStabilizing price of grainGaius and 3000 followers killed
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Marius and SullaGaius Marius – 157-86 B.C.E.
Novus homoChanges in army – use of volunteersSemiprofessional clients of their general
Lucius Cornelius Sulla – 138-78 B.C.E.Defeated Marius in civil war, appointed dictator, restored senate, retired 79 B.C.E.Dangerous precedent
• General using loyalty of troops to take power and massacre opponents
Republic is collapsing under the strain
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Ciceronian CivilizationCicero – 106-43 B.C.E.
Treatises on rhetoric, ethics, and politicsWorld governed by divine and natural law that human reason could perceive
LawJus gentium – “law of peoples”Jus naturale – “natural law”
PoetryLucretius – On the Nature of ThingsCatullus – personal poetry
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Fall of the RepublicFirst Triumvirate
Crassus, Pompey and Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.)
Dictatorship of Julius CaesarReformsAssassination – March 15, 44 B.C.E.
Second TriumvirateMarcus Antonius, Lepidus and Octavian (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)
Battle of Actium – 31 B.C.E.
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Augustan PrincipateOctavian as “princeps” or “imperator”Administration
Union of political and military powerReduced inefficiency and corruptionBrought in promising young menSuppressed ambitious individuals
Army and defenseReligion and morality
Restoration of traditional values
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Age of AugustusGolden Age
New spirit of the agePatronage of Augustus
Virgil – AeneidHorace – OdesOvid – Ars Amatoria and MetamorphosesLivy – History of RomeArchitecture and sculpture
Massive building programAra Pacis
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Rulers of the Early Empire
Augustus – 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.
Julio-Claudian DynastyTiberius 14-37; Caligula 37-41; Claudius 43-54; Nero 54-68; Year of the Four Emperors 69
Flavian DynastyVespasian 69-79; Titus 79-81; Domitian 81-96
Good EmperorsNerva 96-98; Trajan 98-117; Hadrian 117-138; Antonius Pius 138-161; Marcus Aurelius 161-180
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Administration of the EmpireRoman goal was to raise urban centers to the status of municipalitiesThe Romans
Enlisted the upper classes of the province in their own governmentSpread Roman law and cultureWon the loyalty of the influential people
Bureaucracy becomes more efficientBut also larger
Conservative and defensive foreign policy
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Culture of the Early EmpireSilver Age
Writing is gloomy and pessimisticStoic opposition to power of emperor
ArchitectureCopied Greek ideas, but built much largerPantheon
Social problemsMuch of initial zeal was gonePopulation declinedPeople kept happy with “bread and circuses”Apartment Houses
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Jesus of NazarethEffective teacher in tradition of Jewish prophets
Prophets had taught coming of Messiah who would establish Kingdom of God on earth
Jesus insisted Messiah would not establish earthly kingdom– instead Messiah would bring an end to world as humans know it on the Day of JudgmentTaught faithful to abandon worldly concerns and follow the moral code of the Sermon on the MountTold followers to believe in him and divine missionTremendous following among poorDeathBelieved resurrection
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Paul of Tarsus - 5-67 C.E.Roman citizen trained in Hellenistic culture
Pharisee who persecuted early ChristiansConversion outside Damascus – 35 C.E.
Split with JudaismDecision to preach to GentilesFelt that Jesus’ followers had to be evangelists
Taught that Jesus would return on day of judgmentFaith in Jesus as the Christ was necessary but not sufficient for salvation
Salvation was a gift of God’s grace
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Organization of Early ChurchFew rituals
Baptism by water removed original sinAgape – common mealEucharist – celebration of the Lord’s supper
Simple organizationPresbyters – “elders”Deacons – “those who serve”Bishops – episkopoi or “overseers”
• Maintained communication• Prevented doctrinal and sectarian splintering
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Formation of the Early ChurchPersecution of the early churchEmergence of Catholicism
Catholic means “universal”Body of majority opinionBy 2nd century – Orthodox canon included Old Testament, Gospels and Epistles of PaulFaith becomes more complex and rigid
Rome as a center of the early churchPeter and PaulOld center of empire
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Crisis of the Third CenturyBarbarian invasion
Germanic tribes – most notably GothsSeptimius Severus and military monarchy
Economic difficultiesShortage of soldiers and workersTrade hampered – bad roads and brigandage
Social order and disorderDistinction between honestiores and humilioresClaudius II Gothicus and Aurelian restore orderArmy mainly made up of German mercenaries
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Imperial Reorganization
Diocletian – r. 284-305Tetrarchy
Constantine – r. 306-337Right to rule from god
New capital at Constantinople
Christianity
Peace and unity
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Division of the EmpireJulian the Apostate – r. 361-363HunsSplit – Valentinian and Valens in 364
Latin in west and Greek in east
Theodosius – r. 379-395Attempts to reunite empire – failed
West becomes increasing ruralEast flourished under Byzantines
Combination of classical culture, Christian religion, Roman law, eastern artistic influences
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Triumph of ChristianityImperial persecutions – DiocletianConstantine and conversionTheodosius – Christianity as official religionAmbrose excommunicated Theodosius in 390Arius of Alexandria – 280-336
Jesus not co-eternal and co-equal with GodAthanasius- 293-373 “orthodox” viewCouncil of Nicaea in 325Nicene Creed
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Culture in the Late Empire
Attempts to preserve classical culture
Christian writersJerome – Vulgate Bible
Eusebius of Caesarea – Ecclesiastical History
Augustine – 354-430• Confessions• City of God
City of God was immortal Faith is essential and primary, but not a substitute for reason
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“Problem” of the Fall of RomeMany theories for decline and fall of Rome
Soil exhaustionPlagueClimatic changeLead poisoningSlaveryLimitations in science and technologyAnd more…
Maybe it’s simpler – only surprise is that empire lasted as long as it did
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