etruscans italic-speaking peoples enter italy by 1000 b.c.e. etruscans dominated northern italy...

EtruscansItalic-speaking peoples enter Italy by 1000 B.C.E.Etruscans dominated northern Italy

Ruled by kingsMilitary ruling classTraded with the Greeks

Etruscans conquered Latium by 6th century B.C.E.Rome fell under Etruscan control and influenceEarly indirect Greek influence on Romans

Roman army, under Etruscan rule, conquered most of Latium

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Royal Rome

Branches of early Roman governmentRoman kings

• Possessed power of imperium• Immense power, even though elected• Candidate chosen by Senate

Senate• Served for life• Most powerful men in the state

Curiate assembly• Made up of all citizens


Early Roman FamilyCenter of Roman life was the familyPower of the father

Powers similar to imperium

Status of womenProtected place in societyCould only be divorced for serious offenses

ClientageTwo classes divided at birth

PatriciansPlebeians


Roman Republic

Last king removed by revolt in 509 B.C.E.

Constitution – unwritten laws and customs

ConsulsTwo patricians elected yearly

Other officials

Centuriate assembly


Struggle of the Orders

Plebeian struggle for political, legal and social equalityPlebeian connection to the army

Elected tribunes

Twelve Tables 450 B.C.E.Plebeians won right to marry patricians 445 B.C.EDecisions of plebeian assembly binding on all Romans – 287 B.C.E.

Wealthy plebeians could enter politics and share privileges of the patrician aristocracy

Domestic peace under a republic constitution


Roman Expansion

Romans defeated Latin League in 338 B.C.E.

Romans did not destroy Latin citiesSome near Rome granted full citizenship

Others farther away granted municipal status

Loyal allies could improve statusEven gaining full Roman citizenship

Policy gave allies a stake in Rome’s future

Most remained loyal under every challenge


Rome and CarthageFirst Punic War 264-241 B.C.E.

Romans built fleet and captured Sicily

Second Punic War 218-202 B.C.E.Hannibal 247-182 B.C.E.

• Battle of Cannae 216 B.C.E.

Scipio Africanus 237-183 B.C.E.• Battle of Zama 202 B.C.E.

Result – Rome ruled the seas

Third Punic War 149-146 B.C.E.Destruction of Carthage

Imperial System- provinces


Conquest of Hellenistic WorldMacedon

Philip V and PerseusMacedon defeated in 168 B.C.E.

SeleucidsAntiochus III Defeated in 189 B.C.E.

Corinth – destroyed in 146 B.C.E.

Spaniards defeated in 134B.C.E.Carthage – city destroyed in 146 B.C.E.


Greek Influence on RomansReligion

Roman gods with Greek equivalents

EducationInitially at home – practical and moralChange because of contact with GreeksStudy of language, literature and philosophyHumanitas – idea of a liberal educationRhetoric

Some fear that it would weaken the RomansUpper class girls received a similar education


Roman Imperialism

Roman conquest unplannedDesigned to provide security for Rome

Conquest brought Rome an empireAnd with it power, wealth, responsibility

Transformation of Roman societyRise of Latifundia

Split between rich and poor• Landed and landless

Tremendous strains on society


GracchiExpressed strains on societyTiberius Gracchus – 168-133 B.C.E.

Tribune on program of land reformTiberius and 300 followers killedTransformation of Roman politicsFundamental concepts and bloodshed

Gaius Gracchus – 159-121 B.C.E.New Colonies for landless veteransStabilizing price of grainGaius and 3000 followers killed


Marius and SullaGaius Marius – 157-86 B.C.E.

Novus homoChanges in army – use of volunteersSemiprofessional clients of their general

Lucius Cornelius Sulla – 138-78 B.C.E.Defeated Marius in civil war, appointed dictator, restored senate, retired 79 B.C.E.Dangerous precedent

• General using loyalty of troops to take power and massacre opponents

Republic is collapsing under the strain


Ciceronian CivilizationCicero – 106-43 B.C.E.

Treatises on rhetoric, ethics, and politicsWorld governed by divine and natural law that human reason could perceive

LawJus gentium – “law of peoples”Jus naturale – “natural law”

PoetryLucretius – On the Nature of ThingsCatullus – personal poetry


Fall of the RepublicFirst Triumvirate

Crassus, Pompey and Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.)

Dictatorship of Julius CaesarReformsAssassination – March 15, 44 B.C.E.

Second TriumvirateMarcus Antonius, Lepidus and Octavian (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)

Battle of Actium – 31 B.C.E.


Augustan PrincipateOctavian as “princeps” or “imperator”Administration

Union of political and military powerReduced inefficiency and corruptionBrought in promising young menSuppressed ambitious individuals

Army and defenseReligion and morality

Restoration of traditional values


Age of AugustusGolden Age

New spirit of the agePatronage of Augustus

Virgil – AeneidHorace – OdesOvid – Ars Amatoria and MetamorphosesLivy – History of RomeArchitecture and sculpture

Massive building programAra Pacis


Rulers of the Early Empire

Augustus – 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.

Julio-Claudian DynastyTiberius 14-37; Caligula 37-41; Claudius 43-54; Nero 54-68; Year of the Four Emperors 69

Flavian DynastyVespasian 69-79; Titus 79-81; Domitian 81-96

Good EmperorsNerva 96-98; Trajan 98-117; Hadrian 117-138; Antonius Pius 138-161; Marcus Aurelius 161-180


Administration of the EmpireRoman goal was to raise urban centers to the status of municipalitiesThe Romans

Enlisted the upper classes of the province in their own governmentSpread Roman law and cultureWon the loyalty of the influential people

Bureaucracy becomes more efficientBut also larger

Conservative and defensive foreign policy


Culture of the Early EmpireSilver Age

Writing is gloomy and pessimisticStoic opposition to power of emperor

ArchitectureCopied Greek ideas, but built much largerPantheon

Social problemsMuch of initial zeal was gonePopulation declinedPeople kept happy with “bread and circuses”Apartment Houses


Jesus of NazarethEffective teacher in tradition of Jewish prophets

Prophets had taught coming of Messiah who would establish Kingdom of God on earth

Jesus insisted Messiah would not establish earthly kingdom– instead Messiah would bring an end to world as humans know it on the Day of JudgmentTaught faithful to abandon worldly concerns and follow the moral code of the Sermon on the MountTold followers to believe in him and divine missionTremendous following among poorDeathBelieved resurrection


Paul of Tarsus - 5-67 C.E.Roman citizen trained in Hellenistic culture

Pharisee who persecuted early ChristiansConversion outside Damascus – 35 C.E.

Split with JudaismDecision to preach to GentilesFelt that Jesus’ followers had to be evangelists

Taught that Jesus would return on day of judgmentFaith in Jesus as the Christ was necessary but not sufficient for salvation

Salvation was a gift of God’s grace


Organization of Early ChurchFew rituals

Baptism by water removed original sinAgape – common mealEucharist – celebration of the Lord’s supper

Simple organizationPresbyters – “elders”Deacons – “those who serve”Bishops – episkopoi or “overseers”

• Maintained communication• Prevented doctrinal and sectarian splintering


Formation of the Early ChurchPersecution of the early churchEmergence of Catholicism

Catholic means “universal”Body of majority opinionBy 2nd century – Orthodox canon included Old Testament, Gospels and Epistles of PaulFaith becomes more complex and rigid

Rome as a center of the early churchPeter and PaulOld center of empire


Crisis of the Third CenturyBarbarian invasion

Germanic tribes – most notably GothsSeptimius Severus and military monarchy

Economic difficultiesShortage of soldiers and workersTrade hampered – bad roads and brigandage

Social order and disorderDistinction between honestiores and humilioresClaudius II Gothicus and Aurelian restore orderArmy mainly made up of German mercenaries


Imperial Reorganization

Diocletian – r. 284-305Tetrarchy

Constantine – r. 306-337Right to rule from god

New capital at Constantinople

Christianity

Peace and unity


Division of the EmpireJulian the Apostate – r. 361-363HunsSplit – Valentinian and Valens in 364

Latin in west and Greek in east

Theodosius – r. 379-395Attempts to reunite empire – failed

West becomes increasing ruralEast flourished under Byzantines

Combination of classical culture, Christian religion, Roman law, eastern artistic influences


Triumph of ChristianityImperial persecutions – DiocletianConstantine and conversionTheodosius – Christianity as official religionAmbrose excommunicated Theodosius in 390Arius of Alexandria – 280-336

Jesus not co-eternal and co-equal with GodAthanasius- 293-373 “orthodox” viewCouncil of Nicaea in 325Nicene Creed


Culture in the Late Empire

Attempts to preserve classical culture

Christian writersJerome – Vulgate Bible

Eusebius of Caesarea – Ecclesiastical History

Augustine – 354-430• Confessions• City of God

City of God was immortal Faith is essential and primary, but not a substitute for reason


“Problem” of the Fall of RomeMany theories for decline and fall of Rome

Soil exhaustionPlagueClimatic changeLead poisoningSlaveryLimitations in science and technologyAnd more…

Maybe it’s simpler – only surprise is that empire lasted as long as it did


etruscans italic-speaking peoples enter italy by 1000 b.c.e. etruscans dominated northern italy...

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