england from 1603-1688 james i 1603-1625 charles i 1625-1649 civil war 1642-1649 oliver cromwell...

England from 1603-1688• James I 1603-1625• Charles I 1625-1649• Civil War 1642-1649• Oliver Cromwell 1649-1658• Richard Cromwell 1658-1660• Charles II 1660-1685• James II 1685- 1688• William & Mary 1689

James I • In 1603 James VI of Scotland (r. 1603-

1635), the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, without opposition or incident succeeded the childless Elizabeth I as James I of England.

Difficult situation• The elderly Elizabeth I had been very

popular and was totally identified with the nation.

• James was not well known, would never be popular, and, as a Scot, was an outsider.

• He inherited not only the Crown but a large Royal debt and a fiercely divided Church.

Divine Right of Kings• James strongly advocated the Divine Right of

Kings, a subject on which he had written a book- A Trew Law of Free Monarchies in 1598.

• In this period of time Parliament met only when the Monarch summoned it, which James hoped to do rarely.

• Parliament’s chief business was to grant certain sources of income to the King. “Purse Strings”.

The Religious Problem• Puritans within the Church of England had hoped that

James’s experience with the Scottish Presbyterian Church and his own Protestant upbringing would inline him to help in their efforts to further the reformation of the English Church.

• Since the days of Elizabeth I the Puritans had sought to eliminate elaborate religious ceremonies and replace the hierarchical episcopal system of church governance with a more representative Presbyterian form like that of the Calvinist Churches on the continent.

James response• James firmly declared his intention to

maintain and even enhance the Anglican Episcopacy.

• “A Scottish presbytery, “ he snorted, “agreeth as well with monarchy as God and the Devil. No Bishops, No King”.

War with Spain• Shortly before James death, England

entered a continental war with Spain largely to overcome questions about his soft position on Spain and Catholicism

• James died in 1625 and was replaced by his son, Charles I.

Charles I and Parliament• Parliament had favored war with Spain but

would not adequately finance it because they did not trust his government .

• James resorted to extra-parliamentary measures.– He levied new tariffs and duties and attempted to

collect discontinued taxes.– He subjected the English people to a forced loan

( a tax theoretically to be repaid)– The government quartered troops in private

homes

Parliaments response• When Parliament met in 1628, its

members were furious.

• Parliament expressed its displeasure by making the King’s request for new funds conditional on his recognition of the Petition of Right.

CI- Petition of Right 1628• Parliament forced Charles I to accept the

“petition of right” before voting him new funds

• Petition of right declared illegal:– Quartering of troops in private homes– Forced loans without consent of parliament– Imprisonment without specific charge– Declaration of martial law in time of peace

Petition cont.• Charles actually ruled without calling

another parliament from 1629-1640

Ship Money Tax• Charles minsters exploited every legal

fundraising device.• Starting in 1634, they gradually extended inland

to the whole of England a tax called ship money, normally only paid by coastal locations to pay for naval protection.

• A great landowner named John Hampden mounted a legal challenge to the extension of this tax.

• The King won the case, but landowners were angry.

War with Scotland• Charles might have ruled indefinitely without

parliament had not his religious policies provoked war with Scotland.

• Charles I hoped impose religious conformity on England and Scotland.

• William Laud who was Charles I chief religious advisor held a high church view of Anglicanism.

• He favored powerful Bishops, elaborate liturgy and personal religious observance and devotion rather than the preaching and listening favored by the puritans.

1637• In 1637 Charles I and Laud, against the

opposition of the English Puritans as well as the Scots, tried to impose upon Scotland the English episcopal system and a prayerbook almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer.

• The Scots rebelled, and Charles with insufficient resources for a war was forced to call parliament.

Parliament’s response• Parliament opposed his policies almost as

they wanted to crush the rebellion.

• Led by John Pym, Parliament refused to consider funds for war until the King agreed to deal with a long list of political and religious grievances

The Short Parliament April-May 1640

• The King in response to Pym’s grievances immediately dissolved the Parliament.

• When the Presbyterian Scots invaded England and defeated the English at the battle of Newburn in the summer of 1640, Charles reconvened Parliament, this time on Parliaments terms, for a long duration. (Long Parliament).

The Long Parliament• The landowners and the merchant classes

represented by Parliament had resented the King’s financial measures and paternalistic rule for some time.

• The Puritans in Parliament resented his religious policies.

• The levying of new taxes without the consent of Parliament and the inland extension of the ship money tax now became illegal.

• Finally Parliament resolved that no more than 3 years should pass between its meetings and that it could not be dissolved without its own consent.

Presbyterians vs. Independents• Parliament was divided over the precise direction

to take on religious reform.• Both moderate Presbyterians and the more

extreme Independents wanted the complete abolition of the episcopal system.

• The Presbyterians sought to reshape England religiously along Calvinist lines, with local congregations subject to higher representative governing bodies (Presbyters).

• Independents wanted a much more decentralized Church with every congregation as its own final authority.

Conservatives in Parliament• Many Conservatives in both the House of

Commons and the House of Lords were determined to preserve the English Church in its current form.

1641 Rebellion in Ireland• These divisions intensified in October 1641

when a rebellion erupted in Ireland and Parliament was asked to raise funds for an army to suppress it.

• Pym argued that Charles could not be trusted with an army and that parliament should become the commander in Chief of English Armed forces.

• Parliamentary conservatives were appalled by such a bold departure from tradition.

The Grand Remonstrance• Charles I saw the division within Parliament

as a chance to reassert his power.• On Dec. 1 1641, Parliament presented him

with the “Grand Remonstrance,” a more than 200 article summary of popular and parliamentary grievances against the crown.

• In January 1642, Charles I invaded Parliament with his soldiers.

• He intended to arrest Pym and the other leaders, but they had escaped.

Civil War 1642-1646• The King withdrew from London and

began to raise an army.

• The House of Commons passed the militia Ordinance which allowed the Parliament to raise an army of its own.

• For the next 4 years Civil War engulfed England.

Civil War: 2 Issues• Would and absolute monarchy or a

parliamentary government rul over England.

• Would English Religion be controlled by the King’s Bishops and conform to High Anglican practice or adopt a decentralized Presbyterian system of Church government.

Cavaliers vs. Roundheads

• Charles I’s supporters were known as Cavaliers.

• The parliamentary opposition were known as Roundheads.

• Supporters of both sides included nobility, gentry and townspeople.

• The Chief factor distinguishing them was religion; the Puritans tended to favor parliament.

Solemn League and Covenant

James I 1603-1625• Also James VI of

Scotland• Great Grandson of

Henry VII• Divine Right of Kings• “King is from God and

the Law is from the King”

James’ Problems• Clashed with Puritans who wished to

“purify” the Anglican Church• Parliament resented James’ Divine Right

philosophy• Puritans were a powerful group in the

Parliament• Parliament controlled legitimate means to

raise taxes

Charles I 1635-1649

Charles I, son of James I• Believed in Divine Right

• Still squabbled with Parliament and Puritans

• Had financial problems– Demanded forced loans from his subjects– Quartered troops in private homes at owners

expense

CI’s religious policies were unpopular

• Forced Puritans to conform to the Church of England

• Charles I relaxed restrictions against Roman Catholics

• 1637 Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, tried to force Anglicanism on Scotland

• Charles had to summon Parliament in 1640 to raise money for war preparation against the Scots.

Parliaments response• Parliament refused to raise funds until the King

responded to a list of grievances• Charles I dissolved the Parliament after only

three weeks• The Scots then attacked Charles inadequate

army, Charles agreed to pay the Scots to withdraw again called Parliament

• This led to the Long Parliament

Long Parliament 1640-1660• Parliament forced the King to accept a

whole series of measures to limit his Royal Power

• In 1642, King Charles tried to prevent further Parliamentary action by ordering the arrest of five of the leaders of Parliament in opposition to the King

Civil War 1642-1649• King Vs. Parliament

• King: Cavaliers

• Parliament: Round heads

Oliver Cromwell

Commonwealth 1648-1653Protectorate 1653-1660

English Civil War

1642-1649

Archbishop William Laud• In 1637 against the opposition of the

English Puritans as well as the Scots, Laud tried to impose upon Scotland the English Episcopal system and a prayer book almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer

• The Scots rebelled and Charles I with insufficient funds for a war was forced to call Parliament

Short Parliament 1640-1640• Led by John Pym, Parliament refused

even to consider funds for war until the King agreed to address Parliament’s grievances.

• The King in response immediately dissolved the Parliament

• When the Scottish army defeated the English at the battle of Newburn, Charles reconvened Parliament.

Long Parliament• Laud tried and later executed

• No new taxes without consent of Parliament

• Parliament called at least every three years (triennial act)

• December 1641 Parliament presents Charles I with the Grand Remonstrance- a list of grievances against the crown

Civil War• Puritans vs. Roundheads

• In January 1642, the King invade Parliament with his soldiers

• Pym and the other leaders had been warned and they escaped

Parliament vs. the King• Two factors led to Parliaments victory over

the King:– Parliaments alliance with Scotland, John Pym

persuaded Parliament to accept the terms of the Solemn League and Covenant. This agreement committed Parliament to a Presbyterian system of Church government.

– The reorganization of the Parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell-Independent

Victory over the King• Cromwell’s New Model Army won a

decisive victory over the King at the battle of Naesby 1645.

2nd Civil War• In December 1648, Colonel Thomas Pride

of the New Model Army barred the Presbyterians from the Parliament.

• After Pride’s Purge only a rump of 50 Independents remained in Parliament

• After a trial by a special court, the Rump Parliament executed Charles-and abolished the Monarchy, the House of Lords and the Anglican Church

Republic 1649-1653• Cromwell ruled a Puritan Republic

• During this time Cromwell’s army conquered Ireland and Scotland

• During this time OC also passed the first Navigation Acts

Protectorate 1653-1660• In 1653 the HOC considered disbanding

Cromwell’s expensive army, Cromwell responded by marching in and disbanding Parliament. He ruled thereafter as Lord Protector.

• Cromwell was as intolerant of Anglicans as Charles had been of Puritans. The English people resented his puritanical laws.

• By 1658 the English were ready to end their Puritan/republican experiment and bring back the monarchy