energy in world wave energy 12 february 2010
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EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
WAVE ENERGY EXPLOITATION WAVE ENERGY EXPLOITATION
M. Teresa Pontes
LNEG 12 February 2010
ENERGY IN THE WORLD
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION (I)
1974 – 1990s
• R&D started in 1974 after first oil crisis
• Several wave energy converters were investigated
• Leadership by R&D institutions, government funding
• UK, Japan, Norway, Sweden, USA, Denmark, Ireland,
Portugal
• Portugal – Lisbon Technical University (1977) and INETI (1983) • Nine shoreline prototypes ( 8 OWCs – 20 to 500 kW) + TAPCHAN
Norway, Japan, India, China, UK, Portugal, Australia (1985-2000)
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION (II)
Mid 1990s – Present
• Leadership by SMEs, large companies start involvement
• Offshore devices – 1:4 and 1:1 prototypes testing
• Governments adopt market-driven policies
• Test zones (EMEC & Wave Hub, UK; Galway Bay, Ireland; Pilot Zone, Portugal;
Runde Centre- Norway; BIMEP – Catalonia, Spain; France)
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
From: Barstow,Mollison & Cruz.
Global resource is very large : 1-10 TW (World average consumption of electrical energy : 2 TW)
Total usable resource comparable to the one of wind in coastal regions (Portugal 2-4 GW versus 6-7 GW for onshore wind)
• Resource more abundant in moderate to high latitudes (North and South)
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Wave Energy can exhibit large seasonal variation
In northerrn hemisphere resource is generally much,lower in summer than in winter
In southern hemisfere summer –winter variations are much lower
important advantage (Australia,NZ, South Africa, Chile, Argentina, Brasil)
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
SOUTH
NORTH
Average monthly mean lower in relation to annual average
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL CONDITIONS
• Medium / high resource (30 kW/m, deep water); moderate extremes
• Long west coast facing open ocean with majority population
• Electrical grid, harbours, shipyards
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
&
SITE SELECTION
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (I)
WERATLAS – Offshore European Wave Energy Atlas (1996)
EuropeanWave Energy
Atlas(INETI)
• EC CONTRACT
• INETI coordinator
• 6 countries
• Electronic Atlas
• Wave Climate &
Resource statistics
• Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts
www.ineti.pt/proj/weratlas
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL - RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (II)
ONDATLAS
Nearshore Resource Atlas
• Mainland (2003)
Detailed statistics at 85 points
76 nearshore (30-50 km)
5 offshore
2 open ocean
• Madeira Archipelago (www.aream.pt)
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
SITE SELECTION
PEMAP - Potential of Marine Energies in Portugal
Evaluation of theoretical, technical and accessible resources
• Coastal info – bathymetry, geology, faults, ….
• Infrastructures – electrical grid, harbours, shipyards, breakwaters, …
• Protected areas
• Resource
• Conflicts – submarine cables, defense, navigation, fishing, …..
• Administrative Division – districts, council, freguesias
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
PEMAP - GIS Database
Sand Coverage
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
WAVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Corpos oscilantes(com motor hidráulico,
Turbina hidráulica, gera-dor eléctrico linear)
Flutuante
Submerso
Essencialmente translação vertical: AquaBuoy, FO3, Wavebob, Power Buoy, Wave Star
Essencialmente rotação: Pelamis, SEAREV
Essencialmente translação vertical: AWS
Rotação: WaveRoller, Oyster
Estrutura flutuante: Mighty Whale, OE-Buoy, Oceanlinx
Coluna de água oscilante
(com turbina de ar)
Estrutura fixaIsolado: Pico, LIMPET
Em quebra-mar: Sakata, Foz do Douro
Galgamento(com turbina hidráulica
de baixa queda)
Estrutura fixa
Na costa (com concentração): TAPCHAN
Em quebramar (sem concentração): SSG
Estrutura flutuante (com concentração): Wave Dragon
Pico
Limpet
Sakata
Foz do Douro
OE-Buoy
Mighty Whale
Energetech
AquaBuoy
FO3
Wavebob
Power Buoy
Wave StarPelami
sSEAR
EV
Wave Roller Oyster
AWS
TAPCHAN
SSG
Wave Dragon
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Present Situation 1
Co-existence of various basic concepts :
• Oscilanting Water Column (OWC)
• Small oscillating systems (“point absorbers”)
• Large oscillating systems (multi-bodies)
• Run-up systems, ...
Many projects (>50), of which a small number (≈15 ?) attained or is closed to protoitype .
Opposite to wind energy, no dominating technology
Slow convergence to a small number of basic concepts ?
There area several modes of efficiently extracting wave energy.
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Tem
po g
eoló
gico
As in life, the systems that will survive will be the most prone in a Darwinian fight for market survivability.
How long this will take? Who will be the winners?
Floating bodies(with hidraulic motor,
Hidraulic turbinehidráulica, linera
electrical generator)
Floating
Submerged
Essencialmente translação vertical: AquaBuoy, FO3, Wavebob, Power Buoy, Wave Star
Essencialmente rotação: Pelamis, SEAREV
Essentially vertical translation: AWS
Rotação: WaveRoller, Oyster
Floating structure : Mighty Whale, BBDB, Energetech/Oceanlinx
Oscillating Water Column
(air turbine)
Fixed Structure
Isolado: Pico, LIMPET
Em quebra-mar: Sakata, Mutriku
Run-up(with low head hidraulic
turbine)
Fixed Structure
At coast (with concentração): TAPCHAN
In breakwater (no concentration): SSG
Floating structure (with concentration): Wave Dragon
?
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
• Water Reservoir in run-up systems :
Tapchan, Wave Dragon, SSG.
Solar energy (24h period) and tides (12h25m) intermitent sources.
How to store energy?
Wave energy is also intermitent, with much lower period
(5-15 s).
It is necessary to make regular the electrical produced power (electrical grid, electrical equipaments).
• Kinetic energy in a inertia wheel :
Rotor of air turbines in the OWC sistems.
• Gas Acumulator
Oscillating bodies with hydraulic circuit.
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Energy Conversion Systems (product: electrical energy)
Linear Electrical Generator (AWS, vertical oscilating buoys)
•Direct Conversion
• Good golab Efiiciency.
•Prototype Phase . Not avilabale in market?
• High Cost?
• Energy storage ≈ 0: necessary high relation maximum/mean power
Low head hidraulic turbines (Wave Dragon, run-up systems)
• Conventional Equipament.
• High efficiency.
• Energy storage in the water reservoir
..
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Air Turbines ( OWC).
• Several types (Wells, impulse, …).
• Advanced prototype phase .
• Available technology.
• Efficiency (50-60%?) to be increased
• Kinetic Energy storage in rotor (+ in Wells turbine).
Hidraulico motor in high pressure oil circuit ( floating bodies)
• Conventional use of conventional equipment .
• High efficiency (lower at partial load)
• Gas Acumulators (expensive…) for energy storage.
High head hidraulicas turbines (Oyster, AquaBuoy).
•Alternative to high pressure oil.
• Conventional equipment, high efficiency.
• Closed or open circuit (sea water).
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Present situation 2
Technology is more difficult than that of wind energy.
In technical and economic aspects, situation is similar to wind energy technology in the 1980s (?)
Except in some Oscillating Water Columns (Pico 1999, Islay 2000), experience on maintenance, reliability and survivability is small or null, beyond few months.
Information is scarce (and nor much reliable?) on costs and economic aspects.
Often, what is publicised by teams is based on cenarios and projections assuming cost reduction.
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Present situation 3
In general, capacity factor (ratio of annual power/ nominal power) similar to wind energy (≈ 0.3).
In the present technological development stage, electrical energy cost (€/kWh) is comprised between wind and large
PV.
To compete with wind energy, it is necessary 1/3 cost reduction for most advanced systems (1/2 if compared to
offshore wind ).
Relatively large investiments (especially in Europe) by private companies indicate that these cost reductions are believed to
be possible (in 10+ years?).
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL APPROACH 1970s
WHY SHORELINE OWC ?
• Most developed type Europe (UK, Norway, Portugal, Spain)
Japan, India, China, Australia
• Simple and robust
• No moorings
• No submarine cable
but
• Less available space
• Environmental impact
• Conflicts of use
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
OWC - OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN
VALVE
OWC
AIR
TURBINE
WAVES
• Structure(concrete , …)
OWC Air Chamber
• Air Turbine (several types)
• Electrical Generator Other electrical equipment and for Control
• Air Valves (protection, control)
OWC Pico Island, Azores
12m
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (I) OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN
• R&D – OWC + Air turbines
Mathematical modelling and tank testing
Wells Air Turbine
Electrical and control equipment
Impulse Air Turbine
• DemonstrationOWC Pico island - 400 kW (1999) – 1st grid connected in the world
Refurbishment and further testing
Impulse turbine for floating OWC (Ireland)
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
PICO OWC PLANT
400 kW, 1999, 1st pre-commercial grid connected
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Pico Plant : turbine, generator and casing, during initial tests in 1999
Turbine
Valves
Generator
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
TURBINES
Floating OWC
OCEAN ENERGY- Floating OWC (B2D2), Ireland
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
OFFSHORE CONVERTERS
MARTIFER ENERGIA, S.A.
• MARTIFER development
with participation of various
Portuguese research centres
& companies
• Hydraulic PTO
• Prototype: ca. 1 MW
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
PROTOTYPE TESTING (I)
Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS), NL
Bottom mounted converter with oscillating “hat”
Mechanical – electrical conversion: linear generator
1 MW Prototype tested in Portugal (2004)
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
AWS TESTING (2004)
Assembly in the dock
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
MODULE TESTING –
WAVE ROLLER, FINLAND
Peniche Harbour (100 km N Lisbon) 2007
• Bottom mounted flap
• Rotates along axis
• Hydraulic PTO
• h = 10-15 m
• Tank tests at Univ. Porto with IST
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
WAVE FARM
PELAMIS (2008)
Articulated floating converter
PTO: hydraulic
Diameter: 3.5m; length 430 = 120m
Power: 3250 kW = 750 kW
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL AMBITIOUS TARGET FOR REs
• Renewable electricity 45% by 2010 (EC Directive 39%)
• Scenario for energy: waves 50 MW by 2015 (2005)
• Feed-in Tariff & PPA - Decree-Law 225/2007:
- 260 €/MWh for first 20MW, then
decreases
MARKET DEPLOYMENT POLICIES
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
Pilot Zone for Wave Energy Exploitation - Decree-Law 5/2008
- 150 km North of Lisbon, best resource (30+
kW/m pa)
- 320 km2, 30<h< 80m
- Prototypes, pre-commercial and commercial
- Capacity: 250 MW
- Infrastructures, licensing
MARKET DEPLOYMENT POLICIES
PILOT ZONE
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
PILOT ZONE WAVE ENERGY
-
EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
teresa.pontes@lneg.pt
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