electronic ballast fundamentals dr. bryan m.h. pong hong kong university
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Electronic Ballast Fundamentals
Dr. Bryan M.H. Pong
Hong Kong University
Fluorescent tubes
Much more efficient than incandescent lamps : 2 to 4 times more efficient
The lamps last a lot longer – 10k to 20k hours versus 0.75k to 1k hours for an incandescent lamp
The lamps are much cooler than incandescent lamps
Lamp structure
The lamp is a sealed tube containing mercury vapor and some inert gases such as argon at very pressure
The inside of the tube is coated with phosphor
At the ends of the tube there are filaments or electrodes
Lamp structure
http://home.howstuffworks.com/
How does it work?
When the tube is off it does not conduct It is turned on by a high voltage which excites
the gas inside the tube Once the tube conducts on a lower voltage is
sufficient to maintain conduction The electric current passes through the gas
and emits UV, the internal phosphor coating converters the UV to visible light
The color of the light cab be varied by different combinations of phosphors
How does it work?
http://home.howstuffworks.com/
Lamp starting
When the lamps is off the tube is non -conductive
The tube must be excited or started by a high voltage
After the lamps is started the lamp voltage drops
A current limiting “ballast” is needed in between the power source and the lamp
Start up circuit
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Conventional starter switch
A mechanical starter switch together with an inductive ballast start up the lamp
The starter switch is a small discharge bulb containing a gas like neon.
When connect to a voltage source the gas breaks down and the switch glows
The heat generated bends the bimetallic switch and closes it
One the switch is closed the glow is turned off and the bimetallic switch cools down and opens
When the switch opens a series connected ballast provides a high voltage and strikes on the tube
Starter switch
High frequency ballast
Conventional ballast produces 100/120Hz flicker
High frequency ballast is more efficient than magnetic ballast [3]
High frequency ballast, like most power electronics products, has smaller size and weight
Integrates ballast and starting functions
Rapid start
http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp5.htm
Basics of Electronic Ballasts
Half bridge configuration The resonant circuit strikes on the lamp
C2
C1
L
Lamp preheat & ignition
Before strike on the tube has very high resistance and effectively it is an open circuit
Operation at a high frequency preheats the filaments Operation near resonance produces high voltage across C2 and strikes
on the lamp Ref <start1>
Run
In the steady state the lamp resistance reduces greatly current is controlled by L & C1Ref <steady>
i(R3)
V(C2)
Typical operating points
Types of Ballast circuits
Self oscillating circuitIC driven circuitNew Capacitor Couple Converter (CCC)
circuit developed at the HKU Power Electronics Lab
Self Oscillating Ballast
Simple & low cost
IC driven Ballast
Easy to design
CCC Ballast
Low loss – zero voltage switching Reliable – automatic power limiting
Load101
Look up references on the web
Encyclopediahttp://www.britannica.com/
Bookshttp://www.knovel.com/knovel2/default.jsp
Company web siteshttp://www.irf.com/technical-info/
IEEE/ IEE papershttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/DynWel.jsp
What to do
Understand the fundamentalsDesign the circuit and fill in the
component parametersStart to build the circuit in SeptemberExpect a working circuit in DecemberFurther work on lamp characteristics,
power factor correction, comparison of topologies & dimming
References
1. http://home.howstuffworks.com/
2. http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/flamp.htm#int0
3. “HID Electronic Ballast Testing” Public Interest Energy Research Program (PIER) Program, California, USA
4. T. Ribrarich “A Systems Approach to Ballast IC Design” IR Technical notes.
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