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Economic Growth in India and Environmental Kuznets Curve:
State-wise Analysis
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the Degree of
Master of Philosohyin
Economics
!nder the suervision of
"# $MS% #A&I KI#A'
(y
)IMA'I#e*istration 'o+ ,./.0..0
1!'E2 3.0.
SC)445 46 MA'AGEME'7 A'" S4CIA5 SCIE'CES
7)APA# !'I&E#SI78
PA7IA5A 09..9
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A(S7#AC7
Sustainable Development is most common phrase used by the world economies. Sustainable
Development means economic development with ecological sustainability. In this study , 24
states have been taken. These states are divided in 3 parts developed, developing and less
developed states. The data taken or analysis is rom 2!!4 " 2!!#. $oreover, 4 pollutants are
taken Suspended %articulate $atter &S%$', (espirable Suspended %articulate $atter &(S%$',
Sulphur dio)ide &S*2', *)ides o +itrogen &+*)'. The study concludes that o)ides o nitrogen is
partially accepted. In case o sulphur dio)ide, the environmental u-nets curve is not applicable
or Sulphur dio)ide &S*2' emission. The research o or (espirable Suspended %articulate
$atter shows that hypothesis is reected. /ence, environmental u-nets curve is not applicable
or (espirable Suspended %articulate $atter &(S%$'. 0hereas, Suspended %articulate $atteris showing is partial acceptance o hypotheses. It means some o the states are showing inverted
1shaped curve and some o states are showing some other results.
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1
C)AP7E# I
A' 4&E#&IE; 46 EC4'4MIC G#4;7) A'" E'&I#4'ME'7 K!
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But have you ever think about4 5hat environment gives us and what we are giving back to
environment6 5hat is the carrying capacity of environment6 5hat will be the future, if natural
resources depletion and environment degradation is done in the same way6 an we move ahead
to economic growth with sustainability6 5hich sector of the economy is creating more of
environment degradation, is it poor countries, developing countries or developed countries6
7elated to this, different schools of economist have given different view. $ome says
microeconomic policies itself will promote environment sustainability 8like, 1&&'9 where as
some ecological economics such as %aly 81&&1,1&&:9 has suggested that growth should be
limited rather than e3ponential growth to attain sustainable economic scale as resources are
limited. Before proceeding farther, we will discuss but is environment and types of environment
pollutions.
1.; 'atural Environment and its resources
The environment, encompasses all living and non#living things occurring naturally on /arth.
$ome of natural resources are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying
our wants. atural resources may be further classified in different ways4
On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into4
iotic # Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere, such as forests and their
products, animals, birds, fish and other marine organisms. ineral fuels such as coal and
petroleum are also included in this category because they formed from decayed organic
matter.
biotic< Abiotic resources comprise of non#living things. /3amples include land, water,
air and ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.
5ith respect to renewability, natural resources can be categorized as follows4
7enewable resources4 like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are included in this category. These
resources are those resources which can be replenished or reproduced easily. any
renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus
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maintaining a flow. $ome of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal=
others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take
even longer.
on#renewable resources4 inerals and fossils are included in this category. $ince their
rate of formation is e3tremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted
like coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.
1.> Pollutants and its tyes
!n general, substance introduced into the environment has adversely affected the usefulness of a
resource. A pollutant may cause long or short#term damage to the growth rate of plant or animal
species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort, health, or property values.
The following are some of the type of pollutants. They are4
# Air -ollutants
# 5ater -ollutants
# %eforestation
# $oil %egradation and etc.
1.? Environmental Kuznets Curve
!n 1&@@, obel "aureate $imon uznets gave a famous hypothesis an inverse income #
ineCuity relationship named as uznets urve. !n this hypothesis according to uznet, at initial
level income ineCuality increases as income rise and reach to peak where average income level
is attained and further declines with increase in income level. "ater economist +rossman and
rueger in 1&&@ found this hypothesis can be used in conte3t of environment representing the
income#pollution relationship and it was named as )/nvironmental uznets urve*.
/nvironmental uznets urve proposes that there is an inversed #shape relationship between
environmental degradation and income per capita. !n / hypothesis contends that pollution
increases initially as a country develops its industry and thereafter declines after reaching a
certain level of economic progress which is known as turning point 8figure 19. Turning point is
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that point where the environment degradation is at its peak and after that it shows a downfall
with further increase in real per capita +%-.
The environmental uznets curve is bell shape. The reason of bell shaped curve is that as the
countries initiate industrialization little attention is given to environmental resources, which
leads to increase in environmental degradation. After that when industry production system
attains some standard and environmental pollution is at its peak then attention changes from self
interest to social welfare.
7esearcher -anayotou 8;DD>9 has mention > reasons for inversion of environmental pollution.
i. The turning point occurs because of more affluent and progressive communities taking
place. That focuses more on clean environment.
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ii. 5hen industrialization begins, the scale effect will take place, focus is on ma3imizing
output and pollution increases. 0urther firms switch to composition effect and it levels
the rate of pollution. 0inally, technology effect will take place, which reduces pollution
iii. $tructural change is also a cause of up and down of /. 5hen a country has enough
mature companies or industrialization has taken place. Then service sector get
prominence, which will further reduce pollution.
1.@ India and trends of Environment
Air ollution
According to inistry of /nvironment and 0orest 8O/0, ;DD&9 in the world > million
premature deaths occurs each year due to indoor and outdoor air pollution, out of which highest
number asses to occur in !ndia.
The report shows that population growth, vehicular emission, urbanization, industrial sector
growth, power sector 8use of coal9, agriculture waste burning and domestic sector 8indoor air
pollution9 are causes of air Cuality.
There are nearly 1( cities which produce more of air pollution. They are %elhi, -atna,
Eyderabad, Ahmedabad, 0aridabad, -una, Agra, hennai, anpur, umbai, Bangalore, Fharia,Fodhpur, "ucknow, olkata, Garanasi and $holapur.
;ater ollution
According to O/0 8;DD&9 the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture sector
is cause of ground water pollution.
According to O57 8;DDD9 the industrial sector generates @@DDD million cubic meters
wastewater per day, of which :'.@ million cubic meters are dumped directly into local rivers.
According to O/0 8;DD&9 the domestic sector produce over (,;:( million liter of wastewater
per day.
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5and de*radation
According to O/0 8;DD&9 intensive farming activity has contributed to soil erosion, land
salivation, loss of nutrients. /ven the introduction of green revolution in the country has lead to
over e3ploitation of land, water resources.
The burning of wheat and rice straw instead of recycling causes rises in temperature of soil and
change the carbon and nitrogen eCuilibrium. This leads to a loss of .';? million tones of
nitrogen, phosphors, and potassium from the soil.
According to report between ;DD> and ;DD@, the total forest cover has been decreased slightly
by (;' sCuares m in !ndia. The deforestation leads to soil erosion, floods, and landslides.
0+> Chaterisation
The Thesis has been organised into the following five hapters.
Chater 0
hapter#! covers an Overview of /conomic +rowth and /nvironment uznet s urve in !ndia.
The chapter describes the atural /nvironment and its resources. !t also e3poses the -ollutants
and !ts Types. Then after e3plaining the /nvironmental uznets urve in !ndia, it covers the
trends of /nvironment. The last section describes the chapter scheme.
Chater II
hapter !!, discusses the review of literature on /nvironment uznet s urve and its
implications on !ndia. The review helps to know emphasis and direction of research being done,
the time periods of the studies, the scope and limitations of studies conducted, the methodology
adopted for measuring productivity indices, the conclusions drawn from these studies the
ob2ectives fulfilled and the benefits accrued. An attempt has also been made to summarize the
review of studies on /nvironment uznet s urve .
Chater III
!n the subseCuent chapter !!!, model and methodology has been discussed. This chapter outlines
the ob2ectives of the study. !t also e3plains the hypotheses proposed for the study. This chapter
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also discusses the data sources of the present study. 0inally the chapter e3plains the
methodology adopted to achieve the ob2ectives of the study.
Chater I&
hapter !G outlines the state wise environmental status, the level of pollution present in the
states. The analysis shifts to find out whether environmental uznet s curve is prevalent in
different states.
Chater &
0inally, chapter G covers the conclusion of the study and ma2or findings. The chapter also
e3plains the limitations of the study and identifies the future areas of research.
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C)AP7E# II
#E&IE; 46 5I7E#A7!#E
3+0 7eview of literature is must for having a deeper analysis of the topic. !t also e3poses one to the
research done in the field and helps in giving direction to the area of research to be covered.
$ection ;.1 provides an outline of the chapter. $ection ;.; provides the detailed review. 0inally
section ;.> summarizes the review of studies on /nvironment uznet s curve.
;.; #eview of 5iterature
The study by Barua and Eubacek 8Fanuary ;DD'9 e3amined relationship between economic
growth and water pollution for 1: states of !ndia. The study has been done to investigate whether
an environmental uznets curve e3ist for water pollution, with the increase in the state per
capita income. !n this study, Biological O3ygen %emand 8BO%9 and hemical O3ygen %emand
8O%9 have been taken as water Cuality indicators. The result showed that out of 1: states, ?
states did not show any relationship between water pollution and economic growth whereas ?
states follows inverted )* shape curve, : states follow #shape curve and ; states follows
shape curve. The first turning point appears at 7s.@DDD 8$ H1DD9 per capita income level and
second turning point appears at 7s. 1@DDD 8$ H>;D9.
0eridun et al. 8;DD:9 analyse the implication of trade liberalization on environment in
developing countries. The study concludes that the composition impact of free trade is positive
on environment= the scale effect is very strong but negative on the environment and the
techniCue effect of trade liberalization is small but negative on the environment. The result
indicates negative impact of trade liberalization on the environment. !n this study, ordinary least
sCuare 8O"$9 and general least sCuare 8+"$9 methods are being utilized.
ahn and $chwartz 8Fuly ;DD?9 analyse over ;?,DDD alifornia vehicles to estimate
environmental uznets curve. According to the study, scale effect or Cuantity effect shows that
rich people drive more miles than poor people and techniCue effect or Cuality effect shows that
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rich people own new and high Cuality vehicles. But the techniCue effect offsets the scale effect
of driving and results in inverted )* shape curve. Thus, this study indicates that as poorer
people grow richer, the annual vehicle emission rises initially, but beyond an income turning
point richer people pollute less than poorer people.
onnor et al. 8Fuly ;DD19 analysed 1' industrialized countries embodied pollution in trade from
1&(: to 1&&?. The study shows that in last year of analysis, total import of Fapan, $A and
5estern /urope has been increased and results in large air pollutant emissions than local
e3ports. Their study shows that Fapan and 5estern /urope shows an inverted# shape curve
whereas $A sows #shape curve. !n the time of analysis, Fapanese and /uropeans
environmental terms of trade with developing country have been improved whereas American
environmental terms of trade with the developing country tends to be deteriorated. Their study
concludes that relationship between environment Cuality and terms of trade shows positive
relationship. $o this study result suggests that inter#country physical flows may be useful for
sustainable development.
According to $uri and hapman 8Fuly 1&&'9 industrializing countries have higher growth rate
as compared to industrialized countries. This study also show that industrialized countries have
been able to reduce their energy reCuirements as compared to industrializing countries byimporting manufactured goods. The study concludes that e3ports of manufactured goods by
industrializing countries is the main factor for the upward sloping portion and import by
industrialized countries contributed to the downward slope of environmental uznets curve.
According to haudhuri and -faff 8;DD?9 richer households consume more of cooking and
heating services as compared to poorer households. But rich people use higher Cuality fuels
which emits less of air pollutions whereas poorer households use high polluting vintage and
maintain them less which emits more of pollution. The study concludes that poorer people
pollute more as compared to richer peoples. This study has taken the case of -akistan using
household#level data measuring indoor air pollution emissions.
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ole and eumayer 8;DD?9 e3amine link between population size, demographic factors 8like
urbanization and household size9 and pollutants. These researchers have taken cross#nation data
and have e3amined two air pollutants < sulfur dio3ide and carbon dio3ide. According to this
study, carbon dio3ide emission increases proportionately with increase in population. Eigher
urbanization and lower average household size will increase carbon emissions. 0or sulfur
dio3ide case, population#emission elasticity rises at higher population level. But urbanization
and average household size does not seem to be significant determinant of sulfur dio3ide
emissions. This study concludes that the share of increasing global emission will be accounted
by developing countries.
azzanti and assimiliano et al. 8;DD'9 contribute new empirical evidence on delinking and
/nvironmental uznets urves 8/9 for greenhouse gases and other air pollutant emissions in
!taly. A panel dataset based on the !talian A/A 8ational Accounts atri3 including
/nvironmental Accounts9 for 1&&D< ;DD1 is analysed. The highly disaggregated dataset 8;&
production branches, 1; years and nine air emissions9 provides a large. Both value added and
capital stock per employee are used as alternative drivers for analysing sectoral A/A
emissions. Trade openness at the same sectoral level is also introduced among the covariates.
The researchers find mi3ed evidence supporting the / hypothesis. The analysis of A/A#
based data shows that some of the pollutants such as two greenhouse gases 8O; and E?9 and
O, produce inverted #shaped curves with coherent within range turning points. Other
pollutants 8$OI, OI, -1D9 show a monotonic or even #shaped relationship. acro
sectoral disaggregated analysis highlights that the aggregated outcome should hide some
heterogeneity across different groups of production branches 8industry, manufacturing only and
services9. $ervices tend to present an inverted #shape in most cases. anufacturing industry
shows a mi3 of inverted and #shapes, depending on the emission considered. The same is
true for industry 8all industries, not only manufacturing94 although a turning point has been
e3perienced, #shapes may lead to increased emissions with respect to very high levels of the
economic driver. !n general, / evidence is more pronounced for greenhouse gases. The
study concludes that analysis at macro sector 8whole industry, manufacturing only and services9
can be the most promising approach to future research on /.
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The study by "lorca and atthieu et al. 8;DD'9 aims at estimating the /nvironmental uznets
urve 8/9 for the sulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 emissions in a panel of ;' hinese provinces. 0irst,
using a fi3ed effects model, econometric findings reveal an shape / with a turning point
of ?@DD yuans 8inde3 1&&D9. A how test reveals a break in 1&&@, so that the estimation of the
model indicates an increasing linear relationship between +%- per capita and $O; emissions.
The study analyses the previous results which imply that the decrease of the hinese sulphur
dio3ide emissions during 1&&:
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Although trade of material resources and goods increases the carrying capacity of both regions,
and in turn their levels of welfare, it can not prevent the re#linking phenomenon.
The study by Archibald and $andra et al. 8;DD&9 e3amines the effects of political, structural and
economic changes on environmental Cuality in ;@ entral and /ast /uropean countries
8//s9 and the countries of the ommonwealth of !ndependent $tates 8!$9 using selected
water pollution indicators and by testing the environmental uznets curve 8/9. %espite
substantial research on the transition effects from centrally planned economies and totalitarian
political systems to democracy and free market economies, the literature is limited with respect
to the short# and long#term environmental impacts. onsidering the institutional and structural
changes in these economies, rising per capita income and increased trade and investment
openness, these countries can be characterized as early, late and non#liberalizers with respect to
the start and continuation of liberalization processes < a critical element of the systemic
transformation in the //s. 5hile trends in selected economic and social indicators show that
early liberalizers en2oyed positive gains relative to late liberalizers, the selected environmental
indicators do not indicate consistent trends with regard to surface water Cuality. Among early
and late liberalizers, nitrate, orthophosphate and ammonium concentrations decline and
converge over time. -hosphorus concentrations initially dropped but then increased again for
both groups of countries. sing the indicator of biological o3ygen demand 8BO%9 as the
dependent variable and a set of structural and economic measures as the independent variables,
our econometric regression model provides some evidence for the / hypothesis and
estimates the per capita income turning point for industrial BO% effluents to be appro3imately
>'DD
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and #curve are useful tools of analysis and can be used as indicators of economic
development.
;.> ?: Summary results of 5iterature #eview
Author A@out the study Maor contri@utions
$uri and hapman8Fuly1&&'9
#omparison betweenindustrializedcountries andindustrializingcountries
#e3ports of manufactured goods byindustrializing countries is the main factor forthe upward sloping portion and import byindustrialized countries contributed to thedownward slope of environmental uznetscurve
$obhee and $an2eev
. 8;DD?9
#the / conforms to the probabilistic
econometric models usually applied inenvironmental studies.
"lorca and atthieu8;DD'9
#1&&:
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Author A@out the study Maor contri@utions
haudhuri and -faff8;DD?9
#case of -akistan# household# leveldata#measuring indoor air
pollution emissions.
#7ich households consume more of cookingand use higher Cuality fuels which emits lessof air pollutions# poorer people pollute more as compared toricher peoples.
ahn and $chwartz8Fuly ;DD?9
#analyse over ;?,DDDalifornia vehicles
# rich people drive more miles and ownhigh Cuality vehicles.
# as poorer people grow richer, the annualvehicle emission rises initially, but beyond anincome turning point richer people polluteless than poorer people
0eridun et al.8;DD:9
#ordinary least sCuare8O"$9 and generalleast sCuare 8+"$9methods are beingutilized.# the implication oftrade liberalization onenvironment
#the composition impact of free trade ispositive on environment=#the scale effect is very strong but negative onthe environment#the techniCue effect of trade liberalization issmall but negative on the environment
Fanssen and arco8;DD?9
#the relationship between production andvirgin material use can follow an/nvironmental uznets curves or an #shaped curve.
Archibald and $andra8;DD&9
# The effects ofpolitical, structural
and economic changeson environmentalCuality 8BO%9.
# Among early and late liberalizers, nitrate,orthophosphate and ammonium
concentrations decline.# -hosphorus concentrations initially droppedbut then increased again for both groups ofcountries
Barua and Eubacek8Fanuary ;DD'9
#1: states of !ndia#Biological O3ygen%emand 8BO%9 andhemical O3ygen%emand 8O%9
#? states did not show any relationshipbetween water pollution and economic growth#? states follows inverted )* shape curve, #:states follow #shape curve#; states follows shape curve
Fain and handhuri
8;DD&9
# time series data from
1&&D to ;DD@# across countries
# least developed to developing countries are
on the rising part of the inverted #curve.# developing to developed countries are on thefalling part of the inverted #curve.
# developed countries are on the rising part ofthe #curve
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C)APE# III
#ESEA#C) "ESIG' A'" ME7)4"454G8
!n this chapter the model and methodology has been discussed. The chapter is divided into five
sections. $ection >.1 describes the ob2ectives of the study. $ection >.; e3plains the hypotheses
proposed for the study. $ection >.> deals with the data sources and section >.? discusses the
methodology used in the present study.
>.1 4@ectives of the Study
The study has been undertaken with the following broad ob2ectives4
1. To find out whether relationship between et $tate %omestic -roduction and
environment degradation is )inverted * shaped or not.
;. To find out the relation between O3ides of itrogen 8O39 emission and $%-.
>. To find out the relationship between have $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 and $%-.
?. To find out the relationship between 7espirable $uspended -articulate atter
87$-9 and $%-.
@. To find out the relationship between $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9 and
$%-.
>.; )yotheses
The hypotheses proposed for the study are:
)0: $tates having higher economic growth may report higher O3ides of itrogen 8O39
emission.
)3: $tates having higher economic growth may have $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 emission.
)?: $tates having higher economic growth may have $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 emission.
)9: $tates having higher economic growth may possess higher 7espirable $uspended
-articulate atter 87$-9.
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): $tates having higher economic growth may possess higher $uspended -articulate
atter 8$-9.
)>: All pollutants like $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9, 7espirable $uspended
-articulate atter 87$-9, $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9, O3ides of itrogen 8O39 follow
environmental kuznets curve or forms inverted #shape curve.
>.> "ata Sources
The study is based on secondary data. %ata will be collected through !ndiastat database. The
other sources of data are4 7eserve Bank of !ndia Bulletin, Eand Book of $tatistics= $tate
-ollution Boards, /conomic $urveys, entral -ollution ontrol Board 8-B9, inistry Of
/nvironment and 0orest 8+overnment of !ndia9= ation Ambient Air Juality onitoring
8AAJ9. This study analysis ? pollutants $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9, 7espirable
$uspended -articulate atter 87$-9, $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9, O3ides of itrogen 8O39, and
data taken from ;DD? to ;DD'.
>.? #esearch Methodolo*y
Annual Average oncentration of $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9, 7espirable
$uspended -articulate atter 87$-9, $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9, O3ides of itrogen
8O39, shall be calculated. !nter period comparison of $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9, 7espirable $uspended
-articulate atter 87$-9, $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9, O3ides of itrogen 8O39 related to
et $tate %omestic -roduction of the !ndian /conomy.
omparing the result with the definition of /nvironmental uznets urve and, thus,
arriving at a conclusion.
!n this economic growth is taken as et $tate %omestic -roduction of state wise. The
industrial and residential annual average concentration of ? pollutants are taken together.
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CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
hapter !G outlines the state wise environmental status, the level of pollution present in the
states. The analysis shifts to find out whether environmental uznet s curve is prevalent in
different states. $ection ?.1 gives $tate %omestic -roduct at 0actor ost $tate#5ise 8At
onstant -rices9. $ection ?.; gives the detailed account of $ulphur %io3ide levels. This section
presents the /nvironmental uznets urve for %eveloped states for $O; /missions. $ection ?.>
gives the levels of O3ides of itrogen especially itrogen dio3ide 8O;9. Then this section
presents the /nvironmental uznets urve for %eveloped states4 O; /mission. $ection ?.?
presents the details of the -articulate atter. -articulate matter is a mi3ture of many subclasses
of pollutants that contain many different chemical species. $ection ?.@ covers the $-
/missions.
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9+0 State-;ise 'et State "omestic Product
7a@le 9+0: 'et State "omestic Product at 6actor Cost State-;ise $At Constant Prices%
Kear Andhra-radesh
Assam Bihar +oa +u2arat
;DD? 1?&D:( >&;D( :DD?@ :;;@ 11'@;@
;DD@ 1@(&(@ ?11D> :D@(& :'&1 1;@@&&
;DD: 1(1?:; ?>('; (?'>1 (:&? 1>&;:@
;DD( 1'@?:; ?:?>> 'D&&' '?&' 1?&&>>
;DD' ;D@?': ?&;;: &D@:: &??? 1@@::(
Kear handigarh hhattisgarh %elhi Earyana Eimachal-radesh
;DD? @'D? >1>(( :;:&? :&&'' 1@@&:
;DD@ :>&( >>>@: :&?(& (:>D? 1(D&&
;DD: (1?; >:1(: ((>'& '(&?? 1'1(:
;DD( (&': >&>?D '&>D& &@?&& 1&>D'
;DD' &D>@ ?;D'( 1DD'(( 1D>;>: ;D&&D
Kear Fharkhand arnataka erala aharashtra eghalaya
;DD? >:'': 1D&'D' (@?:( ;@D&'& >&&>
;DD@ >((D: 1;;:&( ';@(@ ;(;':D ?;(D
;DD: ?;1>& 1>DD1' &D;?? ;&'(@& ?@?'
;DD( ?@&;; 1??@;( 1DD?;( >;(@&& ?'DD
;DD' ?&@&@ 1@1&>( 111D@& >@(?D; @D:D
Kear anipur adhya-radesh
Orissa -un2ab 7a2asthan Tamiladu
;DD? >;?D (@?DD @1D': (;@'( &D??@ 1?(&&?
;DD@ >@?D (('(? @?D@1 (@?(1 &:D:& 1:@&@>
;DD: >::' ';'>D :D(?: '1D:D 1D>:1: 1'@>1D
;DD( >':: ':?;@ :>'&& ':?DD 111D(D 1&?D&&
;DD' ?DDD &D(': :(';1 &;(&@ 11(?;> ;D>?'@
Kear ttar
-radesh
5est
Bengal
izoram agaland -ondicherry
;DD? 1'@&;D 1@;>'? 1'>& >:(( ?1;@
;DD@ 1&@::1 1:;?&1 1'@' ?D@> >:>>
;DD: ;1DD?? 1(1?'; 1&:( ?>D? >':?
;DD( ;;@?1> 1':@:& ;D(> ?@:: ?1:?
;DD' ;?DD>& ;D1;&: ;;D@ # ?@1;
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9+3% Sulhur dioBide
$O;, is formed when fuel containing sulphur is burned. $ulphur is prevalent in raw materials
such as crude oil, coal, and ore that contains common metals like aluminium, copper, zinc, lead
etc. $O; reacts with other gases in the atmosphere to form sulphates that can cause harm to
human health. /ffects of $O; include respiratory illness, visibility impairment, acid rain and
aesthetic damage. $ulfur o3ides are emitted in significant Cuantities from thermal power plants,
and also from petroleum refining processes. The diesel driven vehicles are specific source of
sulfur dio3ide generated during combustion process.
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7a@le 9+3: S43 levels $Annual Avera*e Concentration in *Dm?% in various states since
3..9-3..>+
Kear Andhra-radesh
Assam Bihar +oa +u2arat
;DD? (.&; ? 1; B%" 1'.&>
;DD@ (.:? @.;@ 1;.@ ? 1@
;DD: (.;@ : 1D B%" 1'.@(
;DD( :.(1 :.(1 1D B%" 1@.(
;DD' :.?@ :.?@ ( B%" 1?.(?
Kear handigarh hhattisgarh %elhi Earyana Eimachal-radesh
;DD? : 1?.( &.:> 1@.:( @
;DD@ B%" 1@ &.11 11.: :.>>
;DD: B%" 1>.:( '.> 11.; ?.:
;DD( B%" 1?.(' :.?? 1D ?;DD' B%" 1:.@@ :.@: 11.: B%"
Kear Fharkhand arnataka erala aharashtra eghalaya
;DD? ;>@ &.: 11.': 1:.1> @
;DD@ ;?.'> '.@> 1D.;; 1(.D> B%"
;DD: ;:.' 1:.& 1D 1:.:: ?
;DD( ;: 1>.' '.;; 1(.? ?
;DD' ;?.:( 1>.> :.D' 1(.:@ B%"
Kear anipur adhya
-radesh
Orissa -un2ab 7a2asthan Tamil
adu;DD? B%" 1>.( ?.(@ 1?.(@ (.>& 1>
;DD@ B%" 11.?@ @.; 1?.; (.?; 1;.1&
;DD: B%" 1;.(; :.:( 1;.> 1D.>1 11.@:
;DD( B%" 11.:( :.:( 11.1& :.&@ 1>.D:
;DD' B%" 11.'& (.?> 1D.@> ( 1;.:>
Kear ttar-radesh
5estBengal
izoram agaland -ondicherry
;DD? 1@.: &.@ B%" B%" ;;.>>
;DD@ 1@.?? 1D.> B%" B%" 1@.:(
;DD: 1@.; (.'@ B%" B%" &.:(
;DD( 1?.@> (.>' B%" B%" ?.>>
;DD' 1;.:& '.@' B%" B%" ?.:(
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9+3+0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloed states: S43 Emissions
Andhra Gujarat2
0
1
0
0
DelhiPradesh 1510
10 5
0
0
Haryana Karnataka2
0
1510
5
0
Maharashtr20 18
1
5105
0
17
16
15
Rajasthan UttarPradesh
2
0
1
5
1
0
5
West15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
Tamil Nadu13.5
1312.5
1211.5
1110.5
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Pondiherry30
20
10
0
4125 3633 3864 4164 4512
9+3+0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloin* states: S43 Emissions
Assam Bihar !hhattis
1
0
1
5
1
20
10
0 0
0
"harkha Kerala Madhya28
26
2422
20
1
5
1
0
5
0
14
12
10
Pradesh
#rissa Punja$8 20
6 15
4 10
2 5
0 0
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9+3+3 7o ten locations with resect to Sulhur "ioBide durin* 3.., in residential areas+
1 aharashtra handrapur +ram -anchayat ?D
;. ttar -radesh hur2a Ahirpara >(
>. aharashtra ashik Building >>
?. Tamil adu Thoothukud 0isheries ollege >;
@. Tamil adu Thoothukudi AG Fewellery Bldg. ;&
: aharashtra handrapur agar -arishad ;(
(. ttaranchal %ehradun lock Tower ;(
'. aharashtra ashik 7TO olony Tank ;:
&. aharashtra "ote halke 5adi ;@
1D. aharashtra -une $wargate ;;
9+3+? : 7o ten locations with resect to Sulhur "ioBide durin* 3.., in industrial areas+
1 ttar -radesh hur2a +7! ?;
;. aharashtra umbai !% ?1
>. Fharkhand Famshedpur Bistupur Gehicle T >'
?. aharashtra handrapur .!.%.. >(
@. Fharkhand Famshedpur +olmuri Gehical T >:
: aharashtra umbai unicipal ouncil >@
(. aharashtra Tarapur -olice howki >1
'. aharashtra Tarapur $ports $tadium >1
&. aharashtra ashik G!- !ndustrial Area >D
1D. adhya -radesh agda hem. %. "abour lub >D
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9+? % 4Bides of 'itro*en
O3ides of nitrogen is a generic term for a group of highly reactive gases that contain nitrogen
and o3ygen in varying amounts. itrogen dio3ide 8O;9 along with particulates is seen as a
reddish brown layer over urban areas. itrogen o3ides are formed when fuel is burned at high
temperature. $ources of nitrogen o3ides includes vehicles, industrial processes that burn fuel.
They also contribute to nutrient overload that deteriorates water Cuality. itrogen dio3ide
irritates the nose and throat, and it appears to increase susceptibility to respiratory infections.
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7a@le 9+?: '43 levels $Annual Avera*e Concentration in *Dm?% in various states since
3..9-3..>+Kear Andhra -radesh Assam Bihar +oa +u2arat
;DD? >D.&; 1?.@ ;: 1D.>> ;'.@>
;DD@ ;&.(> 1@.@ >(.@ 1D ;:.'&
;DD: ;:.& 1?.11 ?1 1D ;@.(
;DD( ;@.(1 1;.:? ?&.@ 1; ;?.(@
;DD' ;@.>' 1>.1' >&.@ 1' ;;.(?
Kear
handigarh hhattisgarh %elhi Earyana Eimachal-radesh
;DD? ;&.:( ;:.;@ ?:.11 ;; 1>.;&
;DD@ 1@.? ;(.?? ?(.>> ;?.:( 1'.;&
;DD: 1;.: ;:.?? ?:.@: ;@.>> 1:.1
;DD( 1?.' ;:.'& ?&.:( ;:.>> 1>.'&
;DD' 1@ ;&.(' @:.:( ;(.>> 1;.?@
Kear
Fharkhand arnataka erala aharashtra eghalaya
;&&? @?.'> ?D.>> 1&.(1 ;:.': 1&
;DD@ ?:.1: >?.(@ 1&.;@ ;(.1> 1;
;DD: @;.? ;&.?@ ;D.1? ;(.?@ 1?.@
;DD( ?&.'> ;&.D& 1'.' ;&.> 1?
;DD' ??.1: ;'.1: 1'.:( >;.?? ;@
Kear
adhya-radesh
Orissa -un2ab 7a2asthan Tamil adu
;DD? ;;.; 1;.1: >( ;@.?? >D.:&
;DD@ 1&.D& 1@.:& >1 ;@.; ;>.@&
;DD: 1'.&: 1@.&> >1.>@ ;?.:? ;>.@
;DD( 1(.@@ 1@.:& >;.1 ;?.(: ;D.@
;DD' 1&.:> 1(.(> >D.(? ;'.'@ ;1.??
Kear
ttar -radesh 5est Bengal izoram agaland -ondicherry
;DD? ;(.'? @:.:( B%" 1(.::
;DD@ ;@.11 @&.D( B%" 1@.>> 1?.:(
;DD: ;:.>? @: 1D.@ 1?.@ 1;
;DD( ;&.11 :D B%" 1? B%"
;DD' ;&.11 :( B%" 1? 11.>>
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Kerala21
20
19
18
17
Uttar Pradesh30
28
26
24
22
Delhi
6040
20
0
9+?+3 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloed states: '43 Emission
Andh
raPradesh
4
0
Haryana3
0
2
0
1
0
0
Maharashtra
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
WestBengal
70
65
60
55
50
Gujarat30
20
10
0
Karnata60
40
200
Tamil40
30
20
10
0
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9+?+3 Environmental Kuznets Curve for develoin* states: '43 Emission
Assam2
0
1
0
0
Bihar60
40
20
0
Himahal
Pradesh2
0
0
!hhattisgarh
3230
2826
24
"harkhand60
40
20
0
MadhyaPrade
sh5
0
#rissa2
0
1
0
0
Punja$40
20
0
Rajasthan30
25
20
Go !handigarh
4
0
3
0
2
0
Nagaland20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
6225 6891 7694 8498
9444
36774053430445664
877
Pondiherry
2
0
1
0
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9+?+? 7o ten locations with resect to 'itro*en "ioBide durin* 3.., in residential areas+
1. %elhi
;. 5est Bengal
%elhi
olkata
Town Eall
oulali
((L
(:L
>. 5est Bengal Eowrah askarpara (>L
?. %elhi %elhi .K. $chool :&L
@. 5est Bengal olkata "al Bazar :&L
:. 5est Bengal olkata into -ark :'L
(. 5est Bengal olkata $alt "ake :?L
'. 5est Bengal Eowrah Bator :1L
&. aharashtra handrapur $7O, Bapat agar :DL
1D. 5est Bengal %urgapur 85B9 -B" lub @&
9+?+9 7o ten locations wrt 'itro*en "ioBide durin* 3.., in industrial areas
1. 5est Bengal Eowrah Bandhaghat &1L
;. 5est Bengal %urgapur 85B9 %ew !ndia "td ';L
>. 5est Bengal olkata Behala howrasta (@
?. %elhi %elhi ayapuri !ndl. Area (@
@. 5est Bengal %urgapur 85B9 wality Eotel (?
:. 5est Bengal Asansol Asansol .. (?
(. 5est Bengal Eowrah Eowrah (?
'. 5est Bengal olkata ossipore -olice $tn :@
&. 5est Bengal olkata %unlop Bridge :>
1D %elhi %elhi $hahdara @'
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9+ 9% Particulate Matter
-articulate matter is a mi3ture of many subclasses of pollutants that contain many different
chemical species. -1D are the particles with upper size limited by a @DM cut at 1D Nm
aerodynamic diameter 8$/-A, 1&&:9. -1D can be formed by physical processes of crushing,
grinding and abrasion of surfaces. ining and agricultural activities are some of the sources of
large size particles.-;.@ are the particles with upper size limited by a @DM cut at ;.@ Nm
aerodynamic diameter 8$/-A,1&&:9.
-articulate matter is called primary if it is in the same form chemical form in which it is
emitted into the atmosphere. The primary particulate matter includes windblown dust such as
road dust, fly ash, soot etc. -articulate matter is called secondary it is formed by chemical
reactions in the atmosphere. $econdary particulate matter include sulphates, nitrates etc.
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems.
$mall particles less than ;.@ micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because they
can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream. umerous
scientific studies have linked particle pollution e3posure to a variety of problems, includingincreased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty
breathing, decreased lung function= aggravated asthma= development of chronic bronchitis=
irregular heartbeat= nonfatal heart attacks= and premature death in people with heart or lung
disease. 8$/-A,;DD'9.
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7a@le 9+9 #SPM levels $Annual Avera*e Concentration in *Dm?% since 3..9-3..>+
Kear Andhra-radesh
Assam Bihar +oa +u2arat
;DD? (@.?; 1>?.@ '; @: 1?;.:
;DD@ (&.: 11; 1D'.@ 1D @;.'&;DD: ';.(@ (:.& 11> ?&.>> 11>.>
;DD( 'D (?.:> 1;> ?'.:( &@.>
;DD' ';.1& ''.@? 1;D @>.:( '(.'?
Kear
handigarh hhattisgarh %elhi Earyana Eimachal-radesh
;DD? 1D(.:( 1'>.1; 1?'.:( 1;&.:: >;.>>
;DD@ &@ 1>'.11 11?.?? 1;@.: >D.:(
;DD: 1D?.; 1>>.;' 1@;.'' 1?'.' &:.>(
;DD( 1DD.: 11'.?? 1?:.@@ 1;'.' 1D'.D&
;DD' 1>@.'& 1>@.'& ;1?.11 1(&.: &@.?;
Kear
Fharkhand arnataka erala aharashtra eghalaya
;DD? 1@(.'> (;.1 (@.(@ '?.'; @(
;DD@ 1>>.>> :?.'@ ::.@? ''.(; @&.@
;DD: 1>@.: :1.(' ::.&; ';.( :(.@
;DD( 1?(.1: (?.>( @D.?; ':.'@ ::.@
;DD' 1:>.'> 'D ?:.; &(.;? (>
Kear
Fharkhand arnataka erala aharashtra eghalaya
;DD? 1@(.'> (;.1 (@.(@ '?.'; @(
;DD@ 1>>.>> :?.'@ ::.@? ''.(; @&.@
;DD: 1>@.: :1.(' ::.&; ';.( :(.@
;DD( 1?(.1: (?.>( @D.?; ':.'@ ::.@
;DD' 1:>.'> 'D ?:.; &(.;? (>
Kearttar-radesh
5est Bengal izoram agaland -ondicherry
;DD? 1:D.1& 11:.1@ :& @D
;DD@ 1(:.&1 111.@> ;(.:: &@.>> @1
;DD: 1(:.:> 11?.> >'.:: (> :@
;DD( 1:'.&1 1D?.&? >&.>> :(.@ @;.@
;DD' 1'>.D@ 1D?.@( >( (1.@ ?&.@
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9+9+0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloed states: #SPM Emission
Andhra Karnataka10
0
50
0
Haryana
Pradesh 20015090
80
70
100
50
0
8
0
60
4
0
2
0
0
Kerala Karnataka10
0
50
0
Maharashtra
100
90
80
70
Tamil Uttar West8
0
6
0
4
0
2
0
0
190180170160150
140
12
0115
110105100
95
Rajasth150
100
50
0
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Bihar150
100
50
0
Himahal Pradesh200
100
0
!hhattisgarh200
150
100
50
0
Delhi250
200
150
10050
0
9+9+0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloin* states: #SPM Emission
Assam150
100
50
0
"harkha200
150
100
50
0
MadhyaPradesh
15
0
10
0
#rissa90
8580
75706560
Goa !handigarh
15
010
0
50
60
40
20
0
6225 6891 7694 8498
9444
Punja$250
200
150
10050
0
Meghal100
50
0
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Mi%oram60
40
20
0
1839 1858 1967 2073 2205
Nagaland150
100
50
0
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?.?.; 7o ten locations with resect to #SPM durin* 3.., in residential areas
1. %elhi %elhi Town Eall ;('
;. -un2ab "udhiana --B Office Bldg. ;:>
>. -un2ab hanna A $ $chool ;>&
?. -un2ab "udhiana Bharat agar howk ;>'
@. %elhi %elhi Fanakpuri ;1&
:. adhya -radesh !ndore othari arket ;1(
(. ttar -radesh hur2a Ahirpara ;1(
'. -un2ab +obindgarh nited 7olling ills ;1:
&. ttar -radesh 0irozabad 7aza a Tal ;1@
1D ttar -radesh anpur %eputy a -arao ;1@
.
9+9+3 7o ten locations with resect to #SPM durin* 3.., in industrial areas
1. -un2ab "udhiana 7ita $ewing achines >@1
;. adhya -radesh $atna $ub#%ivisional Off. ;:@
>. %elhi %elhi ayapuri !ndl. Area ;:>
?. ttar -radesh +haziabad Bulandshahar 7.!.A. ;@(
@. -un2ab hanna arkfed Ganaspati ;@@
:. ttar -radesh hur2a +7! ;?@
(. adhya -radesh !ndore .-. "aghu dyog ;?D
'. ttar -radesh 0irozabad %+! ;>&
&. 7a2asthan Faipur G!A ;>'
1D E.- alaAmb !ndustrial Area ;>?
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$9+9+?% Comosition of Particulate Matter
The ma2or constituents of 7$- are organic and elemental carbon, metalselements like silicon,
magnesium, iron, ions like sulphates, nitrates, ammonium etc. nderstanding composition of
particulate matter is most important to gain insight into the health effects caused and sources to
be controlled.
8i9 Elemental Car@on
/lemental carbon 8/9, also called black carbon or graphitic carbon , has a chemical
structure similar to impure graphite. Atmospheric elemental carbon is from primary
anthropogenic sources. / plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry
because of its adsorptive and catalytic properties, which can capture other pollutants to react on
its surface.
8ii9 4r*anic Car@on
Organic carbon 8O9, a mi3ture of hydrocarbons and o3ygenates. Organic carbon may be
emitted as primary particles directly from sources, but secondary organics can also be formed in
the atmosphere from the low vapor pressure products of atmospheric chemical reactions. O is
a comple3 mi3ture of thousands ofdifferent organic compounds, containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other
components.
8iii9 ElementsDMetals
alcium, aluminum, silicon, magnesium, and iron are some of the crustal material
ost of the elements are emitted from coal, oil combustion, vehicles, industrial processes.
Other sources include from road dust, tyre wear, construction activities etc.
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8iv9 Ions
The common ions found in particulate matter are sodium, sulphates, nitrates, calcium, chloride,
potassium. -otassium and nitrate may be found in both the small size and coarse particles.
-otassium comes from soil in coarse particles and in small size particles it comes from wood
burning. itrate in formed by reaction of nitric acid with gas#phase ammonia forming
particulate ammonium nitrate.
d9 Car@on MonoBide $C4%
arbon mono3ide is a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas. !t is formed by incomplete
combustion of carbon containing fuels. a2or source of O are vehicles. !ncomplete
combustion is most likely to occur at low air#to#fuel ratios in the engine.O enters the
bloodstream through lungs and forms carbo3yhemoglobin which inhibits blood s o3y gen
carrying capacity to organs and tissues. -ersons with heart disease are especially sensitive to
carbon mono3ide poisoning and may e3perience chest pain if they breathe the gas while
e3ercising.
e9 4zone
Ozone is a secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere by reaction between o3ides of
nitrogen and volatile organic compounds 8GOs9 in the presence of sunlight. Gehicles,industrial emissions, gasoline vapours, chemical solvents emit o3ides of nitrogen and GOs that
form ozone. -eak O> levels occur typically during the warmer times of the year.
f9 Ammonia
Ammonia occurs naturally and is produced by human activity. Ammonia and ammonium salts
are also found in small Cuantities in rainwater. !t is an important source of nitrogen which is
needed by plants and animals. Ammonia gas can be dissolved in water and is called liCuid
ammonia. o health effects have been found in humans e3posed to typical environmental
concentrations of ammonia. /3posure to high levels of ammonia in air may be irritating to skin,
eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. "ung damage and death may occur after
e3posure to very high concentrations of ammonia.
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g9 )azardous Air Pollutants
Eazardous air pollutants are also known as to3ic air pollutants which may cause cancer or other
serious health effects such as reproductive effects etc. To3ic air pollutants include benzene,
perchlorethlyene, methylene chloride, dio3in, asbestos, toluene, and metals such as cadmium,
mercury, chromium, and lead compounds. $ome to3ic air pollutants such as mercury can
deposit onto soils or surface waters, where they are taken up by plants and ingested by animals
and are eventually magnified up through the food chain.
7a@le 9+ SPM levels $Annual Avera*e Concentration in *Dm?% in various states since
3..9-3..>+
Kear Andhra -radesh Assam Bihar +oa +u2arat
;DD? 1'D.;1 1&'.@ ;D'.@ 1@?.>> ;11.@>
;DD@ 1&@.?( 1@(.@ ;(' 1@D.>> ;;&.?(
;DD: 1&@.? 1>D.: ;&' 11? ;D:.?
;DD( ;D;.D@ 1;> >11.@ 11>.:: ;D1.:@
;DD' ;D@.& 1>(.'; >D(.@ 1D> 1'&.'?
Kear handigarh hhattisgarh %elhi Earyana Eimachal-radesh
;DD? ;@;.:( ;@'.>' >(>.'& >D@.>> 1&D
;DD@ ;;'.? ;>&.(' >@(.'& ;(1.; 1((.:(
;DD: ;1& ;1(.@@ ?DD.;; ;'D.' ;>(.;(
;DD( ;1(.; ;1& >'1.11 ;?:.' 1&;.(;
;DD' 1'(.' ;:?.'& ?>;.:( ;&:.: 1&>.(1
Kear Fharkhand arnataka erala aharashtra eghalaya
;DD? >(:.1( 1:1.? 11>.' ;>'.(@ (D
;DD@ ;:1.1( 1@;.1? &&.@' ;1>.&@ (:
;DD: ;;1.; 1:@.?; &?.&1 1&:.?( ''
;DD( ;?&.1: 1'D.&> (&.1> 1&@.D@ 1>;
;DD' ;@&.>> 1&'.'@ 'D.?> ;1>.'; &1
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Kear adhya -radesh Orissa -un2ab 7a2asthan Tamil adu
;DD? ;1'.'> 1?:.>' ;'@.?? 1>?.@
;DD@ ;D:.@ 1?(.>' 1&;.@ ;((.@( 1;D.D:
;DD: 1'&.?' 1:;.; ;(?.1? >D;.?( 1;;.@
;DD( ;1&.?@ 1::.:& ;'(.@ ;&?.>' 1>;.(@
;DD' ;?(.>> 1'1.(> ;'@.1: >1?.> 1;?.@;
Kear
ttar -radesh 5est Bengal izoram agaland -ondicherry
;DD? >&(.'' ;;@.@? 1;@ (:;DD@ >&?.@; ;>@.&; &>.>> 1'>.>> 'D.>>
;DD: >';.; ;>:.;: &: 1>@ 11?.::
;DD( >&?.:; ;;>.?; ': 1;?.@ (&.:(
;DD' ?;;.(@ ;1(.@ 'D.>> 1;:.@ &;
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Delhi600
400
200
0
9+ SPM Emissions
9++0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloed states: SPM Emission
Kerala Tamil Nadu
150 140100 130
50 120
0 110
Karnataka Gujarat Andhra200 300
250
Pradesh100
200
100
0 200
150
West Maharashtra
300
200
100
0
Haryana240 400
230 300
220 200210 100200 0
Rajasthan Uttar H P320300280
260
440420400
380
300
200
100
240 360 0
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!hhattisgarh300
200
100
0
Assam300
200
100
0
"harkhand400
300
200
100
0
Punja$400
200
0
Bihar400
200
0
Madhya Pradesh500
0
9++0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloin* states: SPM Emission
!handigar Goa Meghalaya300 200 150
20
0 100
10
0
0
0
0
Mi%oram Nagaland Pondiherry
15
0
10
0
50
10 200
90
80
15
0
10
70
0
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9++3 7o ten locations with resect to SPM durin* 3.., in residential areas
1. ttar -radesh eerut Begum Bridge (D&
;. ttar -radesh eerut Thana 7ailway 7oad @1@
>. %elhi %elhi Town Eall @D'
?. ttar -radesh anpur %eputy a -arao ?'>
@. ttar -radesh hur2a Ahirpara ?(;
:. ttar -radesh anpur %abauli ?(D
(. ttar -radesh 0irozabad 7aza a Tal ?:?
'. ttar -radesh anpur idwai nagar ?:?
&. ttar -radesh oida 7.O, --B ??&
1D. 7a2asthan Fodhpur $o2ati +ate ?>(
9++3 7o ten locations with resect to SPM durin* 3.., in industrial areas
1. %elhi %elhi ayapuri !ndl. Area 3/
;. ttar -radesh 0irozabad %+! @1@
>. ttar -radesh anpur 0azal +an2 ?&:
?. ttar -radesh hur2a +7! ?&>
@. ttar -radesh anpur Fa2mau ?(1
:. %elhi %elhi $hahzada Bagh ?:D
(. %elhi %elhi $hahdara ?@&
'. ttar -radesh +haziabad Bulandshahar ?@:
& Earyana Kamunanagar Ballarpur !ndustries ?>D
1D ttar -radesh "ucknow Talkatora ?;&
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Air $Prevention and Control of Pollution% Act 0/,0
+overnment of !ndia enacted the Air 8-revention and ontrol of -ollution9 Act 1&'1 to arrest
the deterioration in the air Cuality. The act prescribes various functions for the entral -ollution
ontrol Board 8-B9 at the control level and $tate -ollution ontrol Boards at the state level.
The main functions of the entral -ollution ontrol Board are as follows4
To advise the entral +overnment on any matter concerning the improvement of the
Cuality of the air and the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.
To plan and cause to be e3ecuted a nation#wide programme for the prevention, control
and abatement of air pollution.
To provide technical assistance and guidance to the $tate -ollution ontrol Board.
To carry out and sponsor investigations and research related to prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution.
To collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data related to air pollution= and
To lay down standards for the Cuality of air.
7he main functions of the State Pollution Control (oards are as follows:
To plan a comprehensive programme for prevention, control and abatement of air
pollution and to secure the e3ecution thereof.
To advise the $tate +overnment on any matter concerning prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution.
To collect and disseminate information related to air pollution.
To collaborate with entral -ollution ontrol Board in programme related to prevention,
control and abatement of air pollution= and
To inspect air pollution control areas, assess Cuality of air and to take steps for
prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in such areas.
'ational Am@ient Air uality Standards $'AAS%
The ambient air Cuality ob2ectivesstandards are pre#reCuisite for developing program for
effective management of ambient air Cuality and to reduce the damaging effects of air pollution.
The ob2ectives of air Cuality standards are4
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To indicate the levels of air Cuality necessary with an adeCuate margin of safety to
protect the public health, vegetation and property=
To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control of pollutant level=
To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air Cuality at national level= and
To indicate the need and e3tent of monitoring programme.
The entral -ollution ontrol Board had adopted first ambient air Cuality standards on
ovember 11, 1&'; as per section 1: 8;9 8h9 of the Air 8-revention and ontrol of -ollution9
Act, 1&'1. The air Cuality standards have been revised by the entral -ollution ontrol Board
on April 11, 1&&? and were notified in +azette of !ndia, /3traordinary -art#!! $ection >, sub
section 8ii9, dated ay ;D, 1&&?. The revised ational Ambient Air Juality $tandards are
depicted in Anne3ure#! 8Table A#1.19. The guidelines for declaring sensitive areas as
recommended by peercore group of -B are as follows4
Sensitive areas # sensitive area may include the following4
i. 1D kms all around the periphery of health resorts that are notified by $tate -ollution
ontrol Boards in consultation with department of public health of the concerned state.
ii. 1D kms all around the periphery of biosphere reserves, sanctuaries and national parks
that are notified by inistry of /nvironment and 0orest or concerned states.
iii. @ kms all around the periphery of an archeological monument declared to be of national
importance or otherwise that are notified by Archeological $urvey of !ndia 8A.$.!.9 in
consultation with $tate -ollution ontrol Boards.
iv. Areas which are delicate or sensitive to air pollution in terms of important
agriculturalhorticultural crops grown in that area and accordingly notified by $tate
-ollution ontrol Boards in consultation with department of agriculturehorticulture
of concerned state.
v. @ kms around the periphery of centers of tourism andor pilgrim due to their religious,
historical, scenic or other attractions, that are notified by department of
tourism of the concerned state in consultation with $tate -ollution ontrol Boards.
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'ational Air uality Monitorin* Pro*ramme $'+A+M+P+%
Present status of 'AMP:
entral -ollution ontrol Board initiated ational Ambient Air Juality onitoring 8AAJ9
programme in the year 1&'? with ( stations at Agra and Anpara. $ubseCuently the programme
was renamed as ational Air Juality onitoring -rogramme 8.A..-.9. AAJ$ have been
notified for seven parameters viz. $-, 7$-, O;, $O;, O, E> and -b. nder ational
Air Juality onitoring -rogramme 8A-9 presently ambient air Cuality is being monitored at
>?; monitoring stations covering 1;' citiestowns as on >1st arch ;DD& which was at >;'
stations as on >1st arch ;DD'. %uring ;DD'#D&, ?; stations have been sanctioned additionally.
0urther,
i9 -arameters $-, 7$-, $O; and O; are being monitored at all the locations=
ii9 Three more parameters i.e. O, -b, and E> are being monitored at selected
locations in a few cities=
iii9 Other parameters i.e. O>, Benzene, Trace heavy metals and -AEs are being
monitored occasionally at selected locations for creating data base. %uring the year
;DD'#D&, forty one new air Cuality stations were sanctioned in cities like algonda,.
akinada, 5arangal, ellore, hamam hitoor, +untur, Gishakhapatnam, Tinsukhia,
"akhimpur, agaon, albari, Bhirwari, $angli, 7oha, 7ai Bareli, +orakhpur, anpur,
Bareily, uradabad, $aharanpur, nnao and athura covering three states.
The o@ectives of the '+A+M+P+ are as follows4
To determine status and trends of ambient air Cuality=
To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air Cuality standards are violated,
To !dentify on#attainment ities.
To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive
and corrective measures=
To understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment
through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition,
precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated
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&ehicular Pollution Control Measures
!. Vehicular Emission Norms!n order to control vehicular pollution, a road map has been adopted as per the schedule
proposed in the Auto 0uel -olicy 8;DD;9, which includes use of cleaner fuels, automobile
technologies and enforcement measures for in#use vehicles through improved -ollution nderontrol 8-9 certification system. The vehicle emission norms in !ndia are detailed below.
a9 %uring 1&&D#&1, for the first time in !ndia, notified mass emission norms for vehicles at the
manufacturing stage as well as for in#use vehicles were implemented. These norms
were notified under the /-A, the otor Gehicle 7ules and the Air Act.
b9 The emission norms introduced in 1&&: have been crucial in controlling vehicular pollution. 0or
the first time, crankcase and evaporative emission norms were introduced.
c9 0rom April 1&&@, in the four metros # %elhi, umbai, olkata and hennai, passenger cars
were allowed to register themselves only if they were fitted with a catalytic converter.
/mission norms for such vehicles were stricter by @D per cent compared to the1&&: norms.
d9 The testing method for passenger car norms was changed from hot start to cold start. This was a
more stringent reCuirement compared to the earlier one.
e9 Kear ;DDD e3perienced stricter norms which were already notified in 1&&( under the otor
Gehicle 7ules. Automobile manufacturers had to undergo ma2or modifications to meet
these standards.
f9 As per the EonPble $upreme ourtPs directions, only private vehicles conforming to at least
/7O#! norms are to be registered. onseCuently, in umbai, /7O# !! norms for
private vehicles 8? wheelers9 was made applicable from ;DD1. !n olkata, !ndia#;DDD norms
8/7O#!9 were implemented from ovember 1&&&.
g9 0rom October 1, 1&&& emission norms for agricultural tractors were introduced throughout the
country. Bharat $tage#!! and Bharat $tage#!!! emission norms for tractors were scheduled to be
implemented from ;DD> and ;DD@ respectively.
h9 The Bharat $tage#!! norms for new ?#wheeler, private non#commercial vehicles were introducedin umbai from Fanuary ;DD1 and in olkata and hennai from Fuly ;DD1 to October ;?, ;DD1.
i9Only those ta3ies were registered in %elhi, which conformed to Bharat $tage#!! norms.
29Bharat $tate#!! norms for %iesel ?#wheeler transport vehicles were introduced in T from ;?th
October, ;DD1, and in +reater umbai, olkata and hennai from October >1,
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;DD1.
k9 An e3pert committee on the Auto Oil -olicy was constituted during $eptember ;DD1. The
interim report of the committee was submitted to the government on Fanuary 1, ;DDD,
recommending Bharat $tage#!!! emission norms for all categories of ?#wheelers in seven mega
cities from ;DD@ and for the rest of the country by ;D1D. The final report of the
committee was submitted in $eptember ;DD; and includes the road map for control of vehicular
pollution till ;D1D.
!!. Fuel Quality Specifications
0or the first time, diesel and gasoline fuel Cuality with respect to environment related
parameters was notified under the /-A in April 1&&:.
!!!. Traffic Management
a9 7estrictions have been imposed on goods vehicles during day time from August 1&&& in %elhi.
b9 "eft lane of the roads have been made e3clusive for buses and other EG8Eeavy otor
Gehicles9 in %elhi.
c9 Time clocks have been installed at important traffic signals to enable the drivers to switch off
their vehicles depending on the time left in the clocks.
d9 ore fly#overs and subways have been constructed and T#Functions have been closed for bettertraffic flow.
!G. !ublic Transport Systems
a9umber of buses have been increased in ma2or cities to encourage the use of public
transportation and reduce private vehicle use.
b9%elhi and olkata have introduced the etro 7ail system. The +overnment of aharashtra has
also developed a master plan for the umbai etro with implementation in
three phases over nine corridors. Other states like arnataka is in the initial phase of
implementing ass 7apid Transit $ystem 87T$9.
c9To provide better public transport and to ease congestion, proposals for Bus 7apid Transit
$ystem 8B7T$9 have been approved for Ahmedabad, Bhopal, !ndore, Faipur, -une,
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7a2kot, Gi2ayawada and Gisakhapatnam under F7, covering a total length of more than
>1D kms.
G."eduction of Emissions by #sing $ubricants
a9 $pecifications of ;T oil for two stroke engine with respect to smoke emissions were notified
under the /-A in $eptember 1&&', for implementation from April 1, 1&&&
throughout the country.
b9 -re#mi3 ;T oil dispenser has been installed at all petrol filling stations in %elhi so that e3cessive
oil is not being used by the vehicle owners. $ale of loose ;T oil was banned
from %ecember 1&&' in %elhi and olkata.
G!. Technology
a9 0itting catalytic converter for new petrol passenger cars was made compulsory from April 1,
1&&@ in four metros and ?@ cities from $eptember 1, 1&&'.
b9 Two wheeler scooters with four stroke engine were introduced in the market from October
1&&'.
c9 7egistration of only rear engine auto rickshaws was allowed from ay 1&&: onwards.
G!!.%lternate Fuels
a9 + vehicles were introduced in umbai and %elhi. At present more than 'D,DDD +vehicles 81&DDD cars, ?&'1D autos, ?&>@ 7TGs Q ''(? buses9 are plying in %elhi and about
;>,DDD in umbai. All city buses were converted to the + mode in %elhi.
b9 There are more than 111 + filling stations installed in %elhi with an average consumption of
:(? tonnes per day of +.
c9 /mission norms for + Q "-+ driven vehicles have been notified.
d9 -etrol vehicles are running on ethanol blended 8@ per cent9 petrol in states of aharashtra,
Andhra -radesh, +oa,+u2arat, Earyana, arnataka, Tamil adu, ttar -radesh, %aman Q %iu
and nion Territories of %adar Q agar Eaveli, handigarh and -ondicherry.
e9 -lanning ommission, +overnment of !ndia, has announced a ational ission on bio# diesel.
$pecifications for this have been drafted by the Bureau of !ndian $tandards
8B!$9.
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G!!!. &ontrol of !ollution from 'n(use Vehicles
!dling emission norms have been notified for in#use vehicles. -ollution nder ontrol 8-9
certificates are issued for adherence to idling emission norms every >#: months. The number of
computerized - centres in %elhi alone is around >@>.
!I.Mass %wareness !rogrammes
a9 essagesarticles related to vehicular emissions are disseminated through newsletters,
pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, television, radio, internet, workshops and summer
e3hibitions.
b9%isplay of ambient air Cuality data through display systems in ma2or cities through newspapers,
daily news and internet.
c9 +Os working on vehicular pollution control are being encouraged for mass awareness
campaigns.
Industrial Pollution Control
The measures taken for controlling air pollution from industries are as follows4
a9/mission standards have been notified under the /nvironment 8-rotection9 Act, 1&': to check
pollution.
b9 !ndustries have been directed to install the necessary pollution control eCuipments in a time
bound manner and legal action has been initiated against the defaulting units.
c9;? critically polluted areas have been identified. !n all, Action -lan has been formulated forrestoration of environmental Cuality in these areas.
d9 /nvironmental guidelines have evolved for siting of industries.
e9/nvironmental clearance is made compulsory for ;& categories of development pro2ects
involving public hearing+O participation as an important component of the /!Aprocess.
f9 /nvironmental audit in the form of environmental statement has been made mandatory for all
polluting industries.
g9 -reparation of Roning Atlas for setting up industries based on environmental considerations, in
various districts of the country, has been taken up.
h9 -ower plants 8coal based9 located beyond 1DDD kms from the pit#head are reCuired to use low
ash content coal 8not e3ceeding >? per cent9 with effect from Fune 1, ;DD;. -ower plants located
in the sensitive areas are also reCuired to use low ash coal, irrespective of their distance from the
pithead.
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C)AP7E# &
C4'C5!SI4'
0inally, chapter G covers the conclusion of the study and ma2or findings. This chapter e3plains
the limitations of the study. The chapter also e3plains the significance of the study and identifies
the future areas of research.
The present study has been undertaken with the ob2ective to find out whether relationship
between et $tate %omestic -roduction and environment degradation is )inverted * shaped or
not , to find out the relation between O3ides of itrogen 8O39 emission and $%-, to find out
the relationship between have $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 and $%-, to find out the relationship
between 7espirable $uspended -articulate atter 87$-9 and $%- and to find out the
relationship between $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9 and $%-.
0or achieving the above ob2ectives the following hypotheses have been proposed.
)0: The en)ironmental *u+nets cur)e is applicable for ,-ides of Nitrogen .N,-/ emissions.
0rom the above graphs and data of O; ,it can be concluded that > states $ttar -radesh,
handigarh, 5est Bengal9 are not fulfilling the environmental uznets curve condition,
handigarh And ttar -radesh are showing #shape curves whereas, 5est Bengal is showing
#shaped curve. All other states viz. Andhra -radesh +u2arat Earyana arnataka aharashtra
7a2asthan ttar -radesh erala 5est Bengal Tamil adu Bihar hhattisgarh Tamil adu Bihar
hhattisgarh Fharkhand Assam adhya -radesh Orissa -un2ab %elhi Eimachal -radesh,
agaland, +oa are on the marks of /nvironmental uznets curve. The ; states eghalaya and
izoram areelow Detection 5imit &6oncentration less than 4 Ng7m3 9 8B%"9. any of the
developing states are on the stage ; whereas, the less developed states are showing very low
concentration of O; emission.
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)3: The en)ironmental *u+nets cur)e is applicable for Sulphur dio-ide .S,0/ emission
The above figures show that > states 8 Tamil adu, adhya -radesh and +u2rat9 are showing
inverted #shape cuve and > states 8aharashtra, 5est Bengal, Earyana9 are showing #shape
curve. One state 8%elhi9 showing #shape curve and ; states 8-ondicherry, hhattisgarh9 are
showing no conclusion. The diagrams are concluding that some of the developed states are
showing that sulphur dio3ide starts increasing after reaching the >rd
stage. Eence, it can be
concluded that environmental uznets curve is # shape in case of sulphur dio3ide. The states
like +oa, handigarh, agaland, izoram, eghalaya areelow Detection 5imit
&6oncentration less than 4 Ng7m3 9 8B%"9. Eence the above hypothesis is partially accepted.
)?:. The en)ironmental *u+nets cur)e is applicable for "espirable Suspended !articulate
Matter ."S!M/
0rom the above graphs and data of 7$-, it can be concluded that 1; states $Andhra -radesh
+u2arat Earyana arnataka aharashtra 7a2asthan ttar -radesh, Tamil adu Fharkhand
Assam -un2ab %elhi agaland +oa9 are not fulfilling the environmental uznets curve
condition. Andhra -radesh, Earyana, arnataka, aharashtra, 7a2asthan, -un2ab, %elhi,
agaland and ttar -radesh are showing #shape curves and +u2arat is showing inverted #
shaped curve whereas, Tamil adu, Fharkhand, Assam and +oa are showing #shaped curve.
Eence the above hypothesis is re2ected. As the states become developed they generally follow
the uznets curve, but with further increase in income they switch to #shaped curve.
)9: The en)ironmental *u+nets cur)e is applicable for Suspended !articulate Matter .S!M/
0rom the above graphs and data of $-, it can be concluded that : states $Andhra -radesh
Earyana arnataka 7a2asthan ttar -radesh, Tamil adu9 are not fulfilling the environmental
uznets curve condition. Andhra -radesh, arnataka are showing #shaped curves and Tamil
adu is showing inverted #shaped curve whereas, Earyana, ttar -radesh are showing #
shaped curve. Eence the above hypothesis is partially accepted. As the states become developed
they they generally follow the uznets curve, but with further increase in income they switch to
#shaped curve
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Summary of conclusion:
States S43 '43 #SPM SPM
develoed states
Andhra -radesh sta e > sta e > sta e ? sta e ?
+u2arat!nverted #shape stage >
inverted #shape stage >
Earyana stage ? stage; stage ? u#shape
arnataka stage > stage > stage ? stage ?
aharashtra stage ? stage ; stage ? stage >
7a2asthan stage > stage ; stage ? stage ?
5est Bengal stage ? stage ? stage > stage >
ttar -radesh stage > #shape stage ? u#shape
erala stage > stage > stage> stage >
Tamil adu
!nverted #
shape stage > #shape
inverted #
shapedeveloin* states
Bihar sta e > sta e ; sta e ; sta e ;
hhattisgarh stage ; stage > stage >
Fharkhand stage > stage ; #shape stage >
Assam stage ; stage > #shape stage>
adhya -radesh!nverted #shape stage > stage ; stage >
Orissa stage 1 stage ; stage ; stage ;
-un2ab stage > stage ; stage ? stage ;
%elhi u#shape stage ; stage ? stage ;Eimachal -radesh stage > stage ; stage ; stage >
less develoed
states
+oa B%" sta e 1 #sha e sta e ;
handigarh B%" B%" stage;
eghalaya B%" B%" stage 1 stage ;
izoram B%" B%" stage ;
agaland B%" stage 1 #shape stage ;
-ondicherry 0alling falling stage ; bdl
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Si*nificance of the Study:
The present study analyses the implication of /conomic growth on environment in !ndian states.
The analysis will help in analyzing the states which are having high economic growth but low
level of environmental pollution. The policies followed by these states can help the other states
in adopting these for having lower levels of pollution. The analysis will help in analyzing the
states reporting higher level of pollution so that steps can be taken to control the situation.
oreover, the work on this field is found less in !ndia as compare to other countries.
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(i@lio*rahy
Barua and Eubacek 8 9 )5ater pollution and /conomic +rowth4 An /nvironmental uznets
urve Analysis at the 5atershed and $tate "evel.*
ole and eumayer 8;DD?94 )%emographic factors on air pollution*, ;: 819, pp. @#;1.
onnor, 8;DD19, )/mbodied -ollution in trade4 /stimating the )/nvironmental "oad
%isplacement* of industrialized countries, Fuly.
/ugenio /igueroa Androberto -asten4 Gol. >: # S !. Funio ;DD&. -gs. @#>; )ountry#$pecific
/nvironmental uznets urves4A 7andom oefficient Approach Applied Tohigh#
!ncome ountries*
0eridun, Balouga 8;DD:9, )!mpact of Trade "iberalization on the /nvironment in developing
countries*.Earris, F 8Fuly ;DD19, )acroeconomic -olicy and $ustainability +#%A/* working paper no.D1#
D&,
Fain and haudhuri4 The !cfai niversity Fournal of ' /nvironmental /conomics, Gol. G!!, o.
;, ;DD& )The /nvironmental uznets urve4 A 7eaffirmation*
ahn, ./. 81&&'9 )A household level environmental uznets curve* %ecember
. azzanti et al. 4 Gol. ;D, o. >, ;((D1, $eptember ;DD' )/nvironmental uznets
urves for Air -ollutant /missions in !taly4 /vidence from /nvironmental Accounts
8A/A9 -anel %ata*
.A. Fanssen, F..F.. van den Bergh 8;DD?9 4 )!nto the black bo3 of environmental
uznets curves4 Optimal growth and material resource use in two trading countries*
atthieu "lorca and Andre eunie 80ebruary ;DD&9U4 )$O; emissions and the environmental
uznets curve4 the case of hinese provinces* Gol. (, o. 1, , 1
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$chwartz and han 8Fuly ;DD?9, )%o richer people pollute more or less6 ew evidence on
household level vehicle emissions uznets curve*.
$uri and hapman 82uly1&&'9, )/conomic growth, trade and energy4 implications for the
environmental uznets curve* .
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