dr faghihi proffesor of physiology. objectives after studying this chapter, you should be able to:...
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Dr FaghihiProffesor of physiology
OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the importance of granulocytes and
monocyte-macrophage system in the body
Describe the resistance of the body to infection
Identify the steps of inflammation
Understand the significance of responses by
macrophage and neutrophil during inflammation
Explain the importance of leukopenia and leukemias
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Leukocytes (7000 White Blood Cells /µL of blood)
Types of White Blood Cells
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 62.0%
Polymorphonuclear eosinophils 2.3%
Polymorphonuclear basophils 0.4%
Monocytes 5.3%
Lymphocytes
occasionally, plasma cells
30.0%
granulocytes, or, in clinical
terminology, polys
Genesis of the Blood Cells
Figure 33-1 Genesis of white blood cells. The different cells of the myelocyte series are 1, myeloblast; 2, promyelocyte; 3, megakaryocyte; 4, neutrophil myelocyte; 5, young neutrophil metamyelocyte; 6, "band" neutrophil metamyelocyte; 7, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; 8, eosinophil myelocyte; 9, eosinophil metamyelocyte; 10, polymorphonuclear eosinophil; 11, basophil myelocyte; 12, polymorphonuclear basophil; 13-16, stages of monocyte formation.
Life Span of the White Blood Cells
Granulocytes 4 to 8 hours in the blood 4 to 5 days in tissues
Monocytes 10 to 20 hours in the blood tissue macrophages
can live for months
Lymphocytes enter the blood, Then re-enter the lymph and return to the blood again and again. have life spans of weeks or months
Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
Phagocytosis
Oxidizing agents formed by enzymes in the membrane of the phagosome or by a special organelle called the peroxisome
Differentiation and distribution of macrophages
Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
Tissue Macrophages in the Skin and
Subcutaneous Tissues (Histiocytes)
Alveolar Macrophages in the Lungs
Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) in the Liver
Sinusoids
Macrophages in the Lymph Nodes
Macrophages of the Spleen and Bone
Marrow
"Walling-Off" Effect of Inflammation
Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
Tissue Macrophage Is a First Line of Defense Against Infection
Neutrophil Invasion of the Inflamed Area Is a Second Line of Defense
Neutrophilia
TNF, IL-1
Second Macrophage Invasion into the Inflamed Tissue Is a Third Line of Defense Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by the Bone Marrow Is a Fourth Line of Defense
Feedback Control of the Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses
Formation of Pus
Eosinophils
Basophils
LeukopeniaLeukemia lymphocytic leukemias myelogenous leukemias -neutrophilic leukemia - eosinophilic leukemia - basophilic leukemia -monocytic leukemia
Relative Frequencies of the Different Blood Types
O 47%
A 41%
B 9%
AB 3%
Blood Types with Their Genotypes and Their Constituent Agglutinogens and Agglutinins
Genotypes Blood Types Agglutinogens Agglutinins
OO O - Anti-A and Anti-B
OA or AA A A Anti-B
OB or BB B B Anti-A
AB AB A and B -
Blood Typing, Showing Agglutination of Cells of the Different Blood
Types with Anti-A or Anti-B Agglutinins in the Sera
Sera
Red Blood Cell Types Anti-A Anti-B
O - -
A + -
B - +
AB + +
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